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Melolonthinae Leach, 1819, Rutelinae Macleay, 1819 Y Dynastinae Macle

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Melolonthinae Leach, 1819, Rutelinae Macleay, 1819 Y Dynastinae Macle UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MATEMÁTICA ESCUELA DE BIOLOGÍA TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN Diversidad y distribución altitudinal de las subfamilias: Melolonthinae Leach, 1819, Rutelinae Macleay, 1819 y Dynastinae Macleay, 1819 (Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802) en el Parque Nacional Montecristo, Santa Ana, El Salvador PRESENTADO POR: KATERIN ALEXANDRA SERRANO CHICAS. PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE: LICENCIADA EN BIOLOGÍA CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN SALVADOR, JULIO DEL 2019. UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MATEMÁTICA ESCUELA DE BIOLOGÍA TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN Diversidad y distribución altitudinal de las subfamilias: Melolonthinae Leach, 1819, Rutelinae Macleay, 1819 y Dynastinae Macleay, 1819 (Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802) en el Parque Nacional Montecristo, Santa Ana, El Salvador PRESENTADO POR: KATERIN ALEXANDRA SERRANO CHICAS. PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE: LICENCIADA EN BIOLOGÍA DOCENTE ASESOR: Lic. JOSÉ DAVID PABLO CEA CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN SALVADOR, JULIO DEL 2019. UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR RECTOR MTRO. ROGER ARMANDO ARIAS ALVARADO VICERRECTOR ACADÉMICO DR. MANUEL DE JESUS JOYA ABREGO VICERRECTOR ADMINISTRATIVO ING. NELSON BERNABÉ GRANADOS SECRETARIO GENERAL LIC. CRISTÓBAL HERNÁN RÍOS BENÍTEZ FISCAL LIC. RAFAEL HUMBERTO PEÑA MARÍN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MATEMATICA DECANO LIC. MAURICIO HERNÁN LOVO CÓRDOBA VICEDECANO LIC. CARLOS ANTONIO QUINTANILLA DIRECTORA DE LA ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA MSc. ANA MARTHA ZETINO DEDICATORIA Esta tesis se la dedico a Jehová Dios, que siempre guía mis pasos y es mi fortaleza, sus múltiples bendiciones me permitieron rebasar todos los obstáculos que esta tesis implicó y sin el nada soy, a mis amados padres, a mi hermana, sobrinos y a Francisco Serrano, mi amigo del alma. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis padres José Enrique Serrano Serrano y Maritza del Carmen Chicas de Serrano por su eterno e incondicional apoyo, gracias por darme la motivación para superarme, y a pesar de las dificultades, siempre se las arreglaron para sacarme adelante aun si eso significaba sacrificar sus propias cosas, ustedes que siempre han sido mi motor para salir adelante y que me han enseñado a nunca rendirme gracias de todo corazón mis amados padres. A mi asesor José David Pablo Cea, por incentivarme a investigar y ampliar mis horizontes en este trabajo, gracias por ayudarme a embarcarme en esta aventura contra el tiempo, por permitirme aprender juntos y ser mejores investigadores cada día, Al Ing. Agr. Leopoldo Serrano Cervantes que apenas conociéndome aceptó darme sus consejos y todos sus conocimientos, y de facilitarme equipo del laboratorio de protección vegetal de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de La Universidad de El Salvador Al PhD. Ángel Solís, del Departamento de Historia Natural del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica por su enseñanza, colaboración y hospitalidad en el proceso de identificación de los especímenes colectados. Al PhD. German Vega Araya, del Departamento de Historia Natural del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica por recibirnos en el museo y encargarse de todos los trámites necesarios para recibir nuestros especímenes para la identificación. Al M.Sc. René Fuentes Morán y al Lic. José Rodrigo Belloso Orellana, quienes en su labor como jurado me ayudaron, apoyaron y enseñaron como mejorar mi trabajo. A la Lic. Maritza Guido quien como directora del Parque Nacional Montecristo brindó todo el apoyo logístico necesario con el equipo de guarda recursos y vigilantes en el parque para la realización exitosa de la fase de campo. Al cuerpo de guarda recursos del Parque Nacional Montecristo, especialmente a Reynaldo, Anibal, Francisco, Fredy, Carlos y Vidal, por brindar apoyo durante todos los muestreos. A la Lic. Gloria Nohemy López Guerra del Parque Nacional Montecristo por su gran apoyo logístico y colaboración en los muestreos que en gran medida hicieron posible para que los muestreos se llevaran a cabo en su plenitud. Al Director General de Sanidad Vegetal Douglas Ernesto Escobar Vásquez por su asesoría y apoyo para él envío de los especímenes al Museo Nacional de Costa Rica A mi amiga Reyna Judith Flores por su apoyo en el muestreo de mis especímenes y por hacer amena las desveladas. A Diego Fernando Herrera que resaltó la belleza del parque plasmada en fotografía hasta la posteridad en este trabajo y su padre Jorge Herrera por ayudar con el traslado del equipo. A Francisco Alejandro Serrano Peraza que no tengo palabras para describir lo agradecida que estoy, por su incondicional apoyo, por acompañarme en esta aventura, porque has estado para mí en los buenos y malos momento, porque cuando no creía sacar la tesis a tiempo tú me animaste a seguir adelante y aliviaste mi estrés, siempre estaré eternamente agradecida. A mi hermana Karla Maritza Serrano y mis adorados sobrinos, Camila Serrano y Mateo Serrano, ustedes que fueron mi refugio cuando la tensión de la Universidad me acongojaba, me sumergieron en un mundo de risas y de buenos momentos, los extraño en la distancia. CONTENIDO Contenido Número de página ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ..................................................................................................................... IV ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ...................................................................................................................... IX RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................................... XII I. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................................... 1 II. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................................... 4 III. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO ....................................................................................................... 5 3.1. Grupo de estudio. ................................................................................................................ 5 3.1.1. Subfamilia Dynastinae. ............................................................................................... 7 3.1.1.1. Antecedentes. .......................................................................................................... 7 3.1.1.2. Características taxonómicas. ................................................................................... 8 3.1.1.3. Clasificación. ........................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1.4. Ciclo de vida............................................................................................................ 9 3.1.2. Subfamilia Rutelinae. .................................................................................................. 9 3.1.2.1. Antecedentes. ........................................................................................................ 10 3.1.2.2. Características taxonómicas. ................................................................................. 11 3.1.2.3. Clasificación. ......................................................................................................... 12 3.1.2.4. Ciclo de vida.......................................................................................................... 12 3.1.3. Subfamilia Melolonthinae. ........................................................................................ 12 3.1.3.1. Características taxonómicas. ................................................................................. 14 3.1.3.2. Antecedentes. ........................................................................................................ 14 3.1.3.3. Clasificación. ......................................................................................................... 15 3.1.3.4. Ciclo de vida.......................................................................................................... 15 3.2. Factores ambientales y gradientes altitudinales. ............................................................... 15 3.2.1. Gradientes ambientales en las montañas. .................................................................. 17 3.2.2. Temperatura. ............................................................................................................. 17 3.2.3. Precipitaciones. ......................................................................................................... 18 3.2.4. Turbulencia y velocidad del viento. .......................................................................... 18 3.2.5. Presión atmosférica. .................................................................................................. 19 3.2.6. Humedad relativa. ..................................................................................................... 19 3.2.7. Decline y cresta de la riqueza de especies con la altitud. .......................................... 20 I IV. METODOLOGÍA ..................................................................................................................... 21 4.1. Descripción y ubicación del área de estudio. .................................................................... 21 4.1.1. Hidrología.................................................................................................................. 22 4.1.2. Clima y temperatura. ................................................................................................. 22 4.1.3. Vientos. ....................................................................................................................
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