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Universidad Austral De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias Escuela De Graduados UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS ESCUELA DE GRADUADOS DESCRIPCIÓN DE LARVAS DEL ENSAMBLE DE ESCARABAEIDOS PRESENTES EN PRADERAS Y ROL DE FACTORES DEL SUELO Y PLANTAS EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DE DOS ESPECIES NATIVAS. TESIS DOCTORAL ERNESTO SEGUNDO CISTERNAS ARANCIBIA VALDIVIA - CHILE 2011 DESCRIPCIÓN DE LARVAS DEL ENSAMBLE DE ESCARABAEIDOS PRESENTES EN PRADERAS Y ROL DE FACTORES DEL SUELO Y PLANTAS EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DE DOS ESPECIES NATIVAS. Tesis presentada a la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Austral de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Agrarias. por ERNESTO SEGUNDO CISTERNAS ARANCIBIA Valdivia - Chile 2011 Un buen caminante no deja huellas. / Un buen orador no se equivoca ni ofende. / Un buen contable no necesita útiles de cálculo. / Un buen cerrajero no usa barrotes ni cerrojos, y nadie puede abrir lo que ha cerrado. / Quien ata bien no utiliza cuerdas ni nudos y nadie puede desatar lo que ha atado… Tao-Te-King, LaoTse ii INDICE DE CONTENIDOS Cap. Pag. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL 1 2. DESCRIPCIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL ESTADO LARVAL DE 13 DOS ESPECIES DE SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE: TRIBU INSERTAE SEDIS. DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE OF Phytholaema herrmanni 14 Germain AND Phytholaema dilutipes (Fairmaire and Germain) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE ABSTRACT 14 RESUMEN 15 INTRODUCTION 15 MATERIAL AND METHODS 16 RESULTS 17 DISCUSSION 21 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 21 REFERENCES CITED 21 3 DESCRIPCIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL ESTADO LARVAL DE 27 DOS ESPECIES DE SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE: MACRODACTYLINI DESCRIPTION OF THIRD INSTAR OF Pristerophora picipennis 28 (Solier) AND Schizochelus modestus Philippi FROM SOUTHERN CHILE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE: MACRODACTYLINI). ABSTRACT 28 RESUMEN 29 INTRODUCTION 29 MATERIAL AND METHODS 30 RESULTS 31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 REFERENCES CITED 36 DESCRIPCIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL ESTADO LARVAL DE 4. UNA ESPECIE DE SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE: 42 LICHNIINI . iii DESCRIPTION OF THE THIRD INSTAR OF Arctodim mahdii 43 Hawkins (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE: LICHNIINI). ABSTRACT 43 RESUMEN 43 INTRODUCTION 44 MATERIAL AND METHODS 45 RESULTS 46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 48 REFERENCES CITED 48 5. DESCRIPCIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL ESTADO LARVAL DE 52 DOS ESPECIES DE SCARABAEIDAE: RUTELINAE: ANOPLOGNATHINI: BRACHYSTERNINA. DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE OF Hylamorpha elegans 53 Burmeister, 1844 AND Aulacopalpus punctatus (Fairmaire and Germain, 1860) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: RUTELINAE: ANOPLOGNATHINI. ABSTRACT 53 RESUMEN 53 INTRODUCTION 54 MATERIAL AND METHODS 55 RESULTS 56 DISCUSSION 60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 61 REFERENCES CITED 62 6. SELECCIÓN DEL SITIO DE OVIPOSICIÓN DE Hylamorpha 68 elegans (Burm.) (SCARABAEIDAE: RUTELINAE). OVIPOSITION SITE SELECTION BY THE SCARABAEID 69 BEETLE Hylamorpha elegans (Burm.) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: RUTELINAE), IN RESPONSE TO PLANTS , SOIL TYPE AND COVERS ABSTRACT 69 INTRODUCTION 70 MATERIAL AND METHODS 71 RESULTS 75 DISCUSSION 76 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 79 REFERENCES 80 7. SELECCIÓN DEL SITIO DE OVIPOSICIÓN DE Phytholaema 92 herrmanni Germain (SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE). ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE 93 SELECTION OF OVIPOSITION SITE OF THE POLYPHAGOUS SCARABAEID Phytholaema herrmanni Germain (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE) ABSTRACT 93 INTRODUCTION 94 MATERIAL AND METHODS 96 RESULTS 99 DISCUSSION 101 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 105 REFERENCES 106 8. EFECTO DEL TIPO DE SUELO Y LAS RAICES SOBRE EL 118 CRECIMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DE LAS LARVAS. Hylamorpha elegans (Burm.) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: RUTELINAE). GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMENT OF Hylamorpha elegans 119 Burmeister RUTELINAE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES WITH AND WITHOUT ROOTS. ABSTRACT 119 INTRODUCTION 119 MATERIAL AND METHODS 121 RESULTS 124 DISCUSSION 126 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 129 REFERENCES CITED 129 9. EFECTO DEL TIPO DE SUELO Y LAS RAICES SOBRE EL 149 CRECIMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DE LAS LARVAS. Phytolaema herrmanni Germain (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE). FITNESS OF Phytholaema herrmanni Germain (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE) LARVAE, REARED IN v DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES WITH AND WITHOUT ROOTS 150 ABSTRACT 150 INTRODUCTION 151 MATERIAL AND METHODS 152 RESULTS 155 DISCUSSION 158 RESUMEN 162 CONCLUSIONS 162 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 163 LITERATURE CITED 164 10. DISCUSIÓN GENERAL 184 BIBLIOGRAFIA 191 ANEXOS 201 vi INDICE DE CUADROS Pag. CAPITULO 1 Cuadro 1. Posición sistemática de las especies de scarabaeidos que se describen 6 en esta tesis de acuerdo a Evans y Smith, 2009. CAPITULO 6 Table 1. Soil texture of the tested soils 84 CAPITULO 7 Table 1. Soil texture of the tested soils 110 CAPITULO 8 Table 1. Chemical characteristics of the soils used. 134 Table 2. Particulate matter content of organic matter (POM) greater than 53 µm 135 in the studied soils. Table 3. Basal respiration of the soils (CO2 mg. h-1.kg dry soil-1). 136 Table 4. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements 137 for larval live weight per instar of H. elegans. Table 5. Average weight per larval stage of H. elegans in three soil types, with 138 and without roots. CAPITULO 9 Table 1. Chemical characteristics of the soils used. 169 Table 2. Particulate matter content of organic matter (POM) greater than 53 µm 170 in the studied soils. Table 3. Basal respiration of the soils (CO2 mg. h-1.kg dry soil-1). 171 Table 4. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements 172 vii for larval live weight per instar of P. herrmanni. Table 5. Average weight per larval stage of P. herrmanni in three soil types, 173 with and without roots. viii INDICE DE FIGURAS Pag. CAPITULO 2 Figs. 1-8. Phytholaema herrmanni, third instar. 1) Head, frontal view, distal 23 antennomere dorsal view; 2) Distal antennomere lateral view; 3) Epipharynx; 4) Mandibles, ventral view a) left and b) right; 5) Mandibles, dorsal view a) right and b) left; 6) Maxilla, a) dorsal view and b) ventral view; 7) Apex of lacinia and galea showing unci; 8) Detail of maxillary stridulatory area. Bar = mm. Figs. 9-15. Phytholaema herrmanni, third instar. 9) Labium dorsal view; 10) 24 Hypopharynx; 11) Thoracic spiracle; 12) Respiratory plate; 13) Tarsungulus of a) prothoracic leg, b) mesothoracic leg, and c) metathoracic leg; 14) Sclerotized vestigial structure on A9; 15) Last abdominal segment, ventral view of raster. Bar = mm. Figs. 16-23. Phytholaema dilutipes, third instar. 16) Head, frontal view, distal 25 antennomere dorsal view; 17) Distal antennomere, a) ventral view, b) lateral view; 18) Epipharynx; 19) Mandibles, ventral view a) left and b) right; 20) Mandibles, dorsal view a) right and b) left; 21) Maxilla, a) dorsal and b) ventral view; 22) Apex of lacinia and galea showing unci; 23) Detail of maxillary stridulatory area. Bar = mm. Figs. 24-30. Phytholaema dilutipes, third instar. 24) Labium, dorsal view; 25) 26 Hypopharynx; 26) Thoracic spiracle; 27) Respiratory plate; 28) Tarsungulus of a) prothoracic leg, b) mesothoracic leg, and c) metathoracic leg; 29) Sclerotized vestigial structure on A9; 30) Last abdominal segment, ventral view of raster. Bar = mm. CAPITULO 3 Figs. 1-8. Pristerophora picipennis, third instar. 1) Head, frontal view, distal 38 antennomere dorsal view; 2) Distal antennomere lateral view; 3) Epipharynx; 4) ix Mandibles, ventral view a) left, b) right; 5) Mandibles, dorsal view a) right, b) left; 6) Maxilla a) dorsal view, b) ventral view; 7) Apex of lacinia and galea showing unci; 8) Detail of maxillary stridulatory area. Bar = mm. Figs. 9-14. Pristerophora picipennis, third instar. 9) Labium dorsal view; 10) 39 Hypopharynx; 11) Thoracic spiracle; 12) Respiratory plate; 13) Tarsungulus of a) prothoracic leg; b) mesothoracic leg; c) metathoracic leg 14) Last abdominal segment, ventral view with raster. Bar = mm. Figs. 15- 22. Schizochelus modestus, third instar. 15) Head, frontal view, 16) 40 Distal antennomere ,a) dorsal ; b) ventral ;and c) lateral view; 17) Epipharynx; 18) Mandibles, ventral view, a) left and b) right; 19) Mandibles, dorsal view, a) right and b) left; 20) Maxillae, a) dorsal view and b) ventral view; 21) Apex of lacinia and galea showing unci; 22) Maxillary stridulatory area. Bar = mm. Figs. 23-28. Schizochelus modestus, third instar. 23) Labium dorsal view; 24) 41 Hypopharynx; 25) Thoracic spiracle; 26) Respiratory plate; 27) Tarsungulus of a) prothoracic leg, b) mesothoracic leg, c) metathoracic leg; 28) Last abdominal segment, ventral view of raster. Bar = mm. CAPITULO 4 Figs. 1-8. Arctodium mahdii, third instar. 1) Head, frontal view; 2) Distal 50 antennomere, a) lateral and b) ventral view; 3) Epipharynx; 4) Mandibles, ventral view a) left and b) right; 5) Mandibles, dorsal view a) right and b) left; 6) Maxillae, a) dorsal, b) ventral and c) lateral view; 7) Apex of lacinia and galea showing unci; 8) Maxillary stridulatory area. Bar = mm. Figs. 9-15. Arctodium mahdii, third instar. 9) Labium, dorsal view; 10) Hypopharynx; 11) Thoracic spiracle; 12) Abdominal spiracle A1; 13) Respiratory plate; 14) Tarsungulus of legs a) prothoracic leg, b) mesothoracic 51 leg, c) metathoracic leg, 15) Last abdominal segment, ventral view of raster. Bar = mm x CAPITULO 5 Figs. 1-8. Hylamorpha elegans, third instar. 1) Head, frontal view, distal 64 antennomere dorsal view ; 2) Distal antennomere lateral view; 3) Epipharynx; 4) Mandibles, ventral view, a) left and b) right; 5) Mandibles, dorsal view, a) right and b) left); 6) Maxillae, a) dorsal view and b) ventral view; 7) Apex of mala showing unci; 8) Maxillary
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