The study of urban form in

Vítor Oliveira, Magda Barbosa and Paulo Pinho CITTA - Centro de Investigação do Território, Transportes e Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do , Rua Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Revised version received 11 June 2010

Abstract. The origins, development and main characteristics of the study of urban form in Portugal are reviewed. After considering contributions during the middle of the twentieth century, attention is focused on recent developments. Fundamental themes in urban morphology as a field of knowledge are identified and characterized. These include the history of urban form, the relationships between urban morphology and building typology, morphological techniques, and the links between description, explanation and prescription.

Key Words: urban morphology, urban form, disciplinary history, Portugal

This review of research on urban morphology Early developments in Portugal includes studies of Portuguese cities by both Portuguese and non-Portuguese Despite the existence of earlier topographical scholars. It includes research on Portuguese writing (see, for example, Costa, 1788) and colonial cities but not on other cities outside historical dictionaries on the processes of city Portugal. building (such as that by Viterbo, 1899), the Reviews of the study of urban form in first Portuguese studies with a clear morph- Portugal are rare. However, Manuel Teixeira ological dimension were carried out as (1993, 2008a) provides two valuable syntheses recently as the middle of the twentieth century. from the perspective of urban history. Both, Owing to the country’s rich history, partic- particularly the earlier one, present the history ularly in the Age of Discovery, Portuguese of the Portuguese city and its planning as cartography was a key source of information interesting objects of study, but they reveal for morphological research. At the beginning these fields to be relatively undeveloped of the second half of the twentieth century two compared with their counterparts in North important works capitalized on this. Silveira America and many other countries in . (1951) brought together the fundamental icon- The study of urban history in Portugal has ography of Portuguese colonial towns around been developing in a fragmented way, with the world. His study is profusely illustrated several historical periods not studied and some with more than 1100 figures, and is structured disciplinary approaches under-represented. according to seven geographical areas –

Urban Morphology (2011) 15(1), 55-66 © International Seminar on Urban Form, 2011 ISSN 1027-4278 56 The study of urban form in Portugal

Morocco, the Azores and Madeira, East for Portuguese and colonial cities. Africa, West Africa, West Asia, East Asia, and Three studies with an architectural Brazil. Silveira argues that Portugal had a perspective on urban morphology are of note. pioneering role in the creation and The first is Casas Portuguesas by Raul Lino establishment of modern colonial towns. He (1933), an architect whose work has been points out the unusual number of Portuguese undervalued owing to its association with the cities established around the world, and the dictatorial regime of 1926 to 1974. It is the number of similarities and differences between result of a careful typomorphological analysis, Portuguese cities and Portuguese colonial noting the main characteristics of Portuguese cities. Five years later, Chicó (1956) residential buildings. The second was published a paper on the influence of ‘ideal’ published by the National Union of Architects plans of Renaissance cities on the structure of and synthesizes the results of an extensive Portuguese cities in India. He compares the survey of regional architecture, carried out Portuguese (apparently more organic) and between 1955 and 1960 (Sindicato Nacional Spanish (supposedly more rational) forms of dos Arquitectos, 1961). Confronted, on the city building. He also compares the one hand, by the oppressive censorship of the Portuguese settlements in Brazil and India, and Portuguese dictatorship and, on the other, by a discusses a number of fundamental issues such radical international style, the Portuguese as the formulation of a theory based on architects felt the need to look for roots in iconography and historical maps, and the vernacular architecture, leading to this supposed monotony of particular cities and comprehensive analysis of the national buildings. At the end of the 1950s, as part of territory. The authors conclude, contrary to the celebration of the fifth centenary of the Lino’s view, that there is neither a specifically death of Henrique o Navegador, Mota and Portuguese architecture nor a typical Cortesão (1960) published Portugaliae Portuguese house. The third study analyses a Monumenta Cartographica. This extensive particular residential type, the so-called collection of early manuscript charts is a major solares in the North of Portugal (Azevedo, contribution to the history of Portuguese 1969). cartography. It comprises six volumes, with In this period the research work of three more than 1000 reproductions of maps, geographers is noteworthy. Ribeiro (1962) covering the period between the fifteenth and analyses a number of aspects of Portuguese the seventeenth centuries. In a book review, colonization, including the characteristics of Crone (1960) considered this research to be settlements in Portugal and their influence on one of the cornerstones of the history of the various colonial territories. Oliveira European cartography. Like Silveira’s book, (1973) produced the first thesis in urban it includes text in English and Portuguese. In geography, focusing exclusively on a addition two other works should be mentioned: particular Portuguese city. He synthesizes Amaral (1978) on the urbanization of ; many of the relevant data on Oporto and and Rodrigues (1979) on the main features of provides a view of its urban development Portuguese colonial planning, focusing on the process and spatial variety. Gaspar (1969) Brazilian cities of Olinda and Recife. explores the geometrical patterns used in the A key work, Lisboa Pombalina e o design of towns in the . A Iluminismo, was published in the mid-1960s number of towns established in the thirteenth (Franca, 1966). This is a historical analysis of century in the Alentejo region, in bordering an individual city. It analyses the recon- territories or in recently colonized areas, are struction of downtown after the analysed and found to have characteristics that earthquake of 1755, which was carried out reflect their planned origin. In addition, according to a plan prepared by Eugénio dos Gaspar (1968) analyses the main spatial Santos and Carlos Mardel. This is an example features of Muslim cities. of early town planning that provided a model The study of urban form in Portugal 57

The history of urban form planning. Focusing on the form of cities with Portuguese origins, Teixeira (2008b) divides Throughout the last decade the work the subject matter into three parts. The first developed in the Instituto Superior de Ciências consists of the morphological characterization do Trabalho e da Empresa under the co- of the Portuguese traçados (street system) – ordination of Teixeira constitutes a major namely Portuguese urban planning, relations contribution to the study of the evolution of between the territory and the traçados, plan the ‘Portuguese city’. It includes work by hierarchy and the main urban elements, the Rosália Guerreiro, Teresa Madeira, Teresa structure of urban blocks and plots, urban Marat-Mendes and Margarida Valla. squares and the planning process. The second First, there has been the construction of a presents the history of Salvador da Baía, in Digital Archive of Urban Cartography (see Brazil, demonstrating how its form synthesizes Teixeira, 2000). This comprises a digital Portuguese town planning of the sixteenth database, including references and images century. Finally, the third part analyses the relating to urban cartography and iconography. plan for the reconstruction of downtown The main objectives of the archive are the Lisbon. identification and organization of historical Like the congress on ‘A praça na cidade urban cartography; the selection and Portuguesa’, the ‘Colóquio Internacional reproduction of the most relevant digital Universo Urbanístico Português, 1415-1822’ cartography; the structuring of a digital (papers collected by Rossa et al., 2001) was a database articulating cartographic records and major contribution to the study of the history digital images; and the dissemination of these of the Portuguese city. This conference was data through the Internet. part of a wider initiative intended to develop Secondly, this research group has been and disseminate knowledge on the history of publishing a journal, Urbanismo de Origem Portuguese urban planning. Portuguesa, the only Portuguese periodical A number of books published by the focused on urban morphology. Its main goal Faculty of Architecture of the University of is the investigation and characterization of Oporto during the last decade have also urban forms in cities of Portuguese origin or constituted a solid input to the study of urban influenced by the Portuguese. form in Portugal. The works of Ferreira Thirdly, three books by these authors merit (1995), Fernandes (1996) and Correia (2008) attention. The work of Teixeira and Valla on the evolution of the Portuguese city should (1999), reflecting the influence of British and also be highlighted. Italian studies, is based on the detailed analysis Ferreira (1995) considers ten Portuguese of the most remarkable examples of the main cities, and seeks to identify the most important stages of the early formation of the Portuguese aspects of urban quality. He analyses the city between the thirteenth and eighteenth evolution of urban forms and their interaction centuries. The research consisted of the with the physical characteristics of collection and careful analysis of historical surrounding areas and concludes that there has cartographic sources to support the authors’ been a steady decline in the quality of graphic representation of the urban Portuguese urban spaces. In the second part of settlements’ evolutionary stages. Teixeira the research, Ferreira focuses his attention on (2001) brings together a set of papers two medium-sized cities, Évora and Viana do presented in the congress on A praça na Castelo. He gives special attention to cidade Portuguesa (The square in the graphical material. He re-draws a set of town Portuguese city). This congress was maps to assure their graphic comparability, concerned with identifying the origins, and to highlight the essential characteristics of genealogies and morphological characteristics urban form. of the public spaces of cities, articulating them Fernandes (1996) studies the urban in relation to Portuguese urban history and morphology and building typology of 58 The study of urban form in Portugal

Macaronésia (the set of four archipelagos of town plan allows observation and Portuguese colonization in the North Atlantic interpretation of the existing situation, the – Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cape representation of planning forecasts and Verde) over a period of 4 centuries. The study planning results so far achieved, and presents a comparative analysis of the urban identification of the most important decision forms and structures of Macaronésia. He then makers. Oliveira (2008) provides a detailed examines recurrent patterns developed on the analysis of this work. Portuguese mainland so that he can specify a In a similar way, Oliveira and Pinho have model of cities of Portuguese origin. been developing a morphogenetic analysis of Correia (2008) studies Portuguese cities in Lisbon and Oporto. They have identified and since the conquest of in the characterized the different periods of urban sixteenth century. Initially he reviews the development in Lisbon and Oporto (Oliveira current state of work on this topic and provides and Pinho, 2006). They have critically a chronological analysis. Then he focuses on reviewed the most influential planning policies the Portuguese presence in North Africa, in these cities since the second half of the highlighting six particular cities: Ceuta, nineteenth century (Oliveira and Pinho, 2008). Alcácer Ceguer, Arzila, Tanger, Safim and Finally, they have evaluated the use of Azmor. Finally, he provides a comparative cartographic redrawing, in the analysis of a synthesis and explores some areas of future particular city over a long period of time research based on the urban rehabilitation of (Pinho and Oliveira, 2009a). Mazagão. A number of articles have sought to explain Salgueiro (1992) studies the process of the evolution of a particular city. França urban development in Portugal, analyses the (1980) and Rodrigues (1973) analyse the urban morphological characteristics of Portuguese history of Lisbon since medieval times, cities in the context of their historical distinguishing the most significant periods. evolution, and examines the role of the Rodrigues (1973) focuses on specific parts of planning system and different actors. She the city, providing a morphological matrix for examines the functional organization of cities, their analysis. Included in the Historical Atlas explaining the territorial appropriations of the of Cities of the , are Calado different activities and social groups. Lamas et al. (1994) on Lisbon and Domingues et al. (1992), analyses , Bairro de (1994) on Oporto. Williams (1983), Oliveira and : though not primarily and Pinho (2010) and Costa-Lobo (1991) concerned with Portuguese cities, this provide city profiles of Lisbon and Oporto. constitutes a key reference for Portuguese There are also papers characterizing a single urban morphologists. Lamas argues for a city at a particular time in history. The second central role for urban morphology and urban half of the eighteenth century and the first half design in the city building process. of nineteenth century have been studied in A number of papers have focused on the detail in a sizeable number of works. Mullin evolution of small samples of Portuguese (1992), Rossa (1998), Heitor et al. (2000) and cities. By studying six northern Portuguese Santos (2002) analyse the history of Lisbon cities, Fernandes (2005, 2008) underlines the during the reconstruction process following importance of cartography and urban planning the earthquake of 1755. In a similar way, documentation as indispensable sources of Ferrão (1985), Mandroux-França (1986), information concerning city growth and Alves (1988) and Nonell (2002) study change. Fernandes sets out the following Oporto’s expansion outside its medieval walls principles: i) the town plan constitutes a under the leadership of , the first and summary of a town’s history, allowing the most notorious President of the Junta das various developmental stages to be recognized; Obras Públicas (Public Works Junta). Finally, ii) examination of town plans facilitates spatial Correia (1997) analyses a small town in comparisons; and iii) the redrawing of the Algarve, Vila Real de Santo António, as one of The study of urban form in Portugal 59 the achievements of Pombal’s urban vision. existence of three historical residential types in He examines for the period 1773-76 the Oporto contributing in a prominent way to the creation and construction of the town, characterization of Oporto’s urban form. analysing its structural forms and reflecting on These he terms mercantilist, enlightened and its significance as a planned town. liberal. He recognizes the existence of a particular residential type in the historical kernel, which is different from the one found Urban morphology and building typology in the city expansion outside the walls in the eighteenth century. Both these residential The research works under this heading were types differ from a third type – the liberal – mainly developed by architects, with some developed since the second half of the contributions from the field of urban history. nineteenth century, and present in the early All the works referred to here were published decades of the twentieth century. In a line of in the last 2 decades. They analyse the research close to that of Walter Rossa, relationship of buildings to territory at four Trindade (2002) develops a similar analysis different scales: the region; the city; the for the city of . neighbourhood, and the street or square. Two books present similar analyses of Four of the six books in the first category particular periods in Oporto and Lisbon. reflect a major influence from Sindicato Berrance (1993) analyses the city of Oporto in Nacional dos Arquitectos (1961). Tostões et the period between 1774 and 1844, focusing al. (2000) and Mestre (2002) complete the on the almadino phenomenon and its influence work of this organization, extending the survey on the city. He develops a typological to the Azores and Madeira. Under the analysis, focusing on the evolution of the city. umbrella of the Centro de Estudos de Viegas (1999) brings together a set of 70 Etnologia, Oliveira and Galhano (1992) drawings produced between 1758 and 1846 by analyse the whole country from a typo- the architects and engineers of the Casa do morphological point of view. Focusing on the Risco das Reais Obras Públicas, an agency rural houses of the Lisbon region in the established by Pombal to plan the city after the eighteenth century, Caldas (1999) explores earthquake of 1755. three different lines of research represented by Finally in this category, Teixeira (1996) Sindicato Nacional dos Arquitectos (1961), investigates the Oporto ilhas, a nineteenth- Lino (1933) and Azevedo (1969). The two century working-class house type, seeking to remaining books in this category were explain its location and physical form, as well influenced by the history of the country in the as the influence of the local socio-economic Age of Discovery. Silveira (1998) studies the context on its spatial and formal character- courtyard house in Goa (India), and Fernandes istics. The ilhas is a result of a partial occu- (1996) analyses the housing types of pation of urban plots with approximately 6 m Macaronésia. frontages, and maximum depths of 100 m. The second category is concerned with the Teixeira takes the view that, at the time, the relationship between the building and the city. ilhas was a residential type well adapted to the Pereira and Buarque (1995), Barata (1996), residents’ economic conditions, as well as to and Trindade (2002) study the evolution of the financial capacity and spatial constraints of housing types in a particular city. The first most building contractors. He acknowledges authors analyse the urban expansion of Lisbon. the rationality of this solution, which involved Different types of construction corresponding the intensive occupation of the plot as well as to different time periods and different social the minimization of construction costs. He classes are studied in a systematic way. points out that the ilhas model can also be a Underlying the whole work is the intention to rational solution to apply in the case of larger move from description and explanation to plots, by constructing side-by-side rows of prescription. Barata (1996) attests the small houses occupying the whole plot. 60 The study of urban form in Portugal

The third category is concerned with Sofia in Coimbra. Vasconcelos (2008) buildings and their relationship to neigh- investigates an important square in Oporto, bourhood. Three studies focus on three Marquês do Pombal, from its origins to the different areas in Lisbon: , Chelas second half of the twentieth century. The and Bairro de Alvalade. Carita (1994) second part of this study focuses on the highlights the capacity of the Bairro Alto evolution of the buildings, identifying the neighbourhood to maintain its identity main changes, including the introduction of throughout time without suffering major commercial uses on the ground floor. breaks despite the several changes it experienced. He seeks to understand the neighbourhood in its different dimensions: Syntactical analysis historical, social, urban and architectural. Heitor (2001) explores the spatial Kruger played an important role in the early characteristics that contribute to the vulner- development of space syntax theory and ability of the built environment of Chelas, one methods and their introduction in Portugal, of Lisbon’s largest neighbourhoods. It is a although with no particular focus on problematic neighbourhood, particularly Portuguese urban forms. Focusing on built vulnerable to neglect. Heitor begins by form connectivity at an urban scale, he identifying the main characteristics of the explored a number of issues (Kruger, 1977, spatial configuration of such an ambitious and 1979a, 1979b, 1980, 1981a, 1981b), including complex housing project. She describes the the description and representation of built- urban space as it is at present, rather than as it form systems, the variations of connectivity was intended to be in the initial version of the and adjacency between different zones, and the project. A significant difference was found. relationships between built-form connectivity With reference to the Versailles School of and adjacency as functions of the urban spatial urban morphology (particularly Castex et al., structure. 1977), Costa (2002) reveals the use of general Despite limited use of Portuguese urban models in the design of Lisbon’s syntactical analysis during the 1980s and the neighbourhoods. These models are able to first half of the 1990s, there has been a steady incorporate different reinterpretations of the increase in this type of research during the last designers’ initial intentions. Costa (2002) 15 years stimulated particularly by the argues that the Alvalade neighbourhood establishment of the International Space constitutes a paradigm of Portuguese town Syntax Symposia. The most consistent line of planning, reflecting its rather eclectic urban research has been developed at the Instituto design. Superior Técnico in Lisbon, mainly promoted In a different approach, using shape by Teresa Heitor, who worked earlier with grammars (see, for example, Stiny, 1980), Kruger. Duarte (2001, 2005) analyses the patio houses At a theoretical level, Cerdeira, Cordovil in Malagueira, a major 1200-unit development and Heitor propose a characterization of axial in Évora, still under construction today. This maps (Cerdeira et al., 1996). With a closer grammar is based on 35 houses designed focus on a Portuguese city, Lisbon, Heitor et between 1977 and 1996. al. (2000) analyse the changes that occurred in Finally, the last category is concerned with the capital after the earthquake of 1755 and buildings and their relationship to streets or study the morphological break that took place squares. Afonso (2000) examines the when the medieval spatial pattern was evolution of Rua das Flores, the most modified by the reconstruction of the city important street of Oporto in the sixteenth centre by Pombal. Also with a focus on a century, and Pires (2001) analyses the opening particular city, Pinho and Oliveira (2009b, of another street, Rua Álvares Cabral. Rossa 2009c) study the evolution of the urban form (2001) carries out a similar study of Rua de of Oporto throughout the nineteenth and The study of urban form in Portugal 61 twentieth centuries: they analyse a set of researchers such as Luz Valente Pereira and fifteen maps that correspond to three Nuno Portas. With a clear prescriptive morphological periods, using six syntactic intention, Pereira (1982) introduces the measures. concept of ‘urban space’ as an object of While the previous papers focus on an planning activity, linking the building and city urban scale, other studies are centred on the scales. In addition, she argues that the design building scale. Heitor et al. (2007) and Heitor of this ‘urban space’ should be informed by and Tomé (2009) apply syntactical techniques careful morphological analysis. In his research in the analysis of educational facilities. André work between 1962 and 1974, Nuno Portas has et al. (2003) and Côrte-Real et al. (2005) use moved from typological research, on collective these techniques in the study of health housing, to the analysis of the city (see, for facilities, analysing signal systems and example, Portas, 1969a, 1969b). In guidance systems in hospitals to improve the subsequent years, he published a number of overall quality of orientation and circulation in papers, the most important being gathered in a complex structures. recent book (Portas, 2005) that covers such In recent years a number of studies have subjects as the Portuguese settlements in explored bridges between space syntax and Brazil; the relationships between planning and other approaches. Heitor et al. (2003) have absolutist regimes; and the evolution of the considered how two different computational urban form of a particular Portuguese town, approaches, space syntax and shape grammars, Vila Viçosa. can be combined into a common framework Influenced by her background in the for formulating, evaluating and generating Direcção Geral de Ordenamento do Território designs. Heitor et al. (2007) have proposed a (National Agency on Spatial Planning), Lobo model based on the linking of space syntax (1994) analyses the production of urban plans and spatial information visualization, in Portugal, focusing on two decades exploring the potential of using Wi-Fi net- following the 1934 law decree on Planos de works as an input for a space-use analysis Urbanização. The author divides this group of model capable of describing and visualizing plans into three types: pragmatic city, garden spatial usage and users’ spatial behaviour in city and radiant city. knowledge-sharing scenarios and correlating Most recently the Centro de Investigação do this information with the spatial structure. Território, Transportes e Ambiente (CITTA) Pinho and Oliveira (2009b, 2009c) combine (Research Centre for Territory, Transport and space syntax with a morphological approach Environment) has been developing a close to that of the Conzenian School, consistent line of research on this issue. identifying a link between morphological Oliveira (2006) assesses the incorporation of periods and integration, both global and local. morphological criteria in the Plano Director Pinho et al. (2009) combine the use of two Municipal (Municipal Plan) for Oporto, with distinct structural methodologies in the reference to a set of planning documents analysis of Oporto metropolitan area – space prepared by members of the Urban syntax, centred on space and urban form, and Morphology Research Group for British and the Structural Accessibility Layer, focused on French towns. Oliveira and Pinho (2008) the land use and transport system. present a critical review of the most influential planning policies on the evolution of the urban forms of the two largest Portuguese cities Urban morphology and urban planning between the second half of the nineteenth century and the present day. With a group of The first research work on urban morphology eight European research centres, CITTA is and planning in Portugal was carried out in the currently developing a project that seeks to Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil link concepts concerning urban form to urban (National Laboratory of Civil Engineering) by metabolism, advancing operational knowledge 62 The study of urban form in Portugal for planning practice (see Schremmer et al., Conclusions 2010). In Portugal, as in many countries, the There is not a Portuguese school of urban morphological dimension of urban planning morphology. Since the middle of the twentieth tended to be less evident towards the end of century, certain relationships between key the twentieth century. During the middle of contributors and their followers have become the twentieth century, however, a number of evident, and some research centres have plans, co-ordinated by planners such as Faria formed, but Portuguese urban morphology da Costa, Etienne de Gröer, Moreira da Silva, mainly consists of unco-ordinated efforts Januário Godinho and Raul Lino, were clearly undertaken by individual researchers. influenced by morphological thought. The It is possible to identify the development of plan of Faria da Costa for the Bairro de different morphological approaches – spatial Alvalade prepared in the 1940s has recently analytical, configurational, process attracted the attention of Costa (2002) and typological, and historic-geographical, to use Marat-Mendes (2006, 2007). In his detailed the terms employed by Kropf (2009). Each of analysis, Costa identifies morphological these tends to be associated with a main elements related to the traditional city and the research centre or with certain individual garden-city movement, as well as to the urban researchers. One of the most characteristic growth projects of Amsterdam and Sieldlung aspects of Portuguese urban morphology – in Berlin, and to the concept of the mainly explored by urban historians and urban neighbourhood unit, fashionable at the time. geographers – is the existence of a rich Marat-Mendes (2006) analyses this plan cartographical collection produced after the alongside the plans for the neighbourhoods of Age of Discovery. Areeiro and Restelo and against the The internationalization of Portuguese background of the municipal plan co-ordinated urban morphology is constrained by the fact by de Gröer (further developed by Marat- that most Portuguese researchers do not Mendes and Sampayo, 2010), revealing the publish in the English language. In fact only morphological contributions of these plans to 30 per cent of the publications in this review the built environment of the Portuguese are in English. Of the others, only a small capital. In addition, Marat-Mendes (2007) percentage include material in more than one analyses the morphological contribution of the language – surprisingly, some of these are the urban plans of Etienne de Gröer and Faria da earliest publications. Costa to a sustainable urban environment. Finally, there is an obvious need to establish More recently, the 2006 Municipal Plan of a Portuguese network linking the different Oporto (Câmara Municipal do Porto, 2005) approaches, developing projects, providing clearly addresses the maintenance of the opportunities for contact between members, character of the city, proposing a form-led and encouraging the dissemination of findings, zoning. This typological approach to zoning both nationally and internationally. began with a comprehensive, rigorous identification of the types of urban tissue covering the whole municipal area. The zone References boundaries and regulations correspond for the most part to the tissues identified in the Afonso, J. F. (2000) A Rua das Flores no século analysis. The plan considers the existing XVI: elementos para a história urbana do Porto forms of each type of tissue as potential quinhentista (FAUP Publicações, Porto). solutions for accommodating human needs in Alves, J. J. B. F. (1988) O Porto na época dos each part of the city. Accordingly, the bases Almadas (Centro de História da Universidade do for the forms prescribed for each particular Porto, Porto). application for a building permit are the Amaral, I. (1978) ‘Contribuição para o conheci- buildings within the same street or plot series. mento do fenómeno de urbanização de Angola’, Finisterra 25, 43-76. 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ISUF 2011: Urban morphology and the post-carbon city

The Eighteenth International Seminar on Urban Typological research and design Form (ISUF 2011), hosted by Concordia University, will take place in Montréal, Canada The official conference languages are English from Friday 26 August to Monday 29 August 2011. and French. There will be a New Researchers’ The theme of the conference is ‘Urban morphology Forum, in which researchers new to the field will and the post-carbon city’. The objective is to take part. critically explore how interdisciplinary research on Founded in 1642 on the banks of the St urban form can contribute to the debates, formation Lawrence River, Montréal is the second largest city of policies, and progressive professional practice in Canada and the second largest primarily French- for addressing the environmental challenges of our speaking city in the world (after Paris), with a times. The organizers and the Council of ISUF metropolitan population of 3.7 million. A invite participation in the conference by interested cosmopolitan, international city known for the academics and professionals. Topics to be covered vitality of its urban neighbourhoods and the include: vibrancy of its cultural scene, Montréal is a UNESCO City of Design. Urban morphological theory Enquiries and suggestions concerning the Urban form in North America conference should be forwarded to Professor Pierre Urban morphology and climatic change Gauthier (e-mail: [email protected]) or Mega-projects and urban morphology Professor Jason Gilliland (e-mail: [email protected]). Urban morphology and transportation The Conference Organizing Committee comprises Urban morphology and brownfield redevelopment Pierre Gauthier, Concordia University; Jason Urban morphology and health Gilliland, University of Western Ontario; Lisa Urban morphology and the automobile suburbs Bornstein and Nik Luka, McGill University; Carole Urban morphology and urban heritage Després and Geneviève Vachon, Université Laval; Urban morphology of pre-industrial cities Kai Gu, University of Auckland; Michael Conzen, Geospatial technology in urban morphology University of Chicago; and J. W. R. Whitehand, Legislation and urban form University of Birmingham. Urban morphology, planning and design

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