O Parque Das Nações Em Lisboa Uma Montra Da Metrópole À Beira Tejo

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O Parque Das Nações Em Lisboa Uma Montra Da Metrópole À Beira Tejo Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Sociologia, especialidade de Sociologia Urbana, do Território e do Ambiente, realizada sob a orientação científica de Luís Vicente Baptista e R. Timothy Sieber. Investigação apoiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia com a bolsa com a referência SFRH/BD/37598/2007, financiada por fundos nacionais do MEC. Aos meus pais e ao Helder. Agradecimentos A todos aqueles que, a título pessoal ou institucional, aceitaram ser entrevistados, conversar ou passear, aqui em Lisboa, mas também em Boston. Sem eles este trabalho não existiria. Ao Luís Baptista por me ter contagiado com o seu entusiasmo pela cidade, pela liberdade que, enquanto orientador, me proporcionou no trabalho, mas também por me incluir em tantos outros projectos, com os quais muito aprendi. Ao Tim Sieber por me ter apresentado Boston e o seu porto e por, mesmo à distância, estar atento e ter sempre uma palavra de incentivo. À Catharina Thörn e ao Heitor Frúgoli Jr. pelo interesse que demonstraram no meu trabalho. Ao Gonçalo Gonçalves, à Graça Cordeiro, à Inês Pereira, ao João Pedro Nunes, à Lígia Ferro e à Rita Cachado pelos projectos partilhados, mas também pelo círculo de simpatia e amizade. Aos amigos Carolina Rojas, Cristina Pinto, Edalina Sanches, Grete Viddal, Hélène Bettembourg, Jim Bettembourg Mendes, Pedro Gomes, Rahul Kumar, Rita António, Rita Santos, Sérgio Paes, Sofia Ferreira e Tiago Mendes, pelos momentos partilhados ao longo dos anos. Ainda aos colegas e amigos Ana Fernandes, Inês Vieira, Joana Lucas, João Martins, Jordi Nofre, Paula Gil, Patrícia Paquete, Rachel Almeida e Rita Burnay, pelas conversas e sugestões. À minha família, em especial aos meus pais pelo apoio e incentivo de sempre. E ao Helder pela paciência e apoio. O Parque das Nações em Lisboa: Uma montra a metrópole à beira-Tejo Ana Patrícia Faria Pereira RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, cidades portuárias em todo o mundo, como Lisboa, têm vindo a ser particularmente afectadas por processos de transformação global que têm alterado de forma decisiva os espaços urbanos e as formas como os urbanitas se relacionam com eles. Estas cidades competem entre si ao nível internacional, pelo que os poderes públicos locais e centrais procuram implementar políticas urbanas e criar infra- estruturas para reorientá-las de acordo com os interesses dos investidores globais. Foi nesse contexto que, associado à realização da Expo’98, se concretizou o projecto de intervenção urbana que deu origem ao Parque das Nações. Esta nova área ribeirinha residencial, comercial e de serviços, tem-se vindo a constituir numa “montra” de Lisboa. Os seus espaços públicos, concebidos como lugares seguros e ordenados, apetecíveis para fins lúdicos, constituem um elemento importante da estratégia de competitividade urbana da capital portuguesa. Recorrendo ao método de pesquisa de terreno, esta investigação explorou os modos de apropriação e interacção que esses espaços públicos suscitam. A partir desse objectivo inicial surgiram várias outras questões às quais se procurou responder ao longo a investigação. Que forças concorrem para a transformação de espaços industriais e portuários em espaços-montra das metrópoles, como o Parque das Nações? Poderemos considerar que o Parque das Nações resultou de um processo de gentrificação? Como é que estas questões se relacionam com a produção e reprodução de desigualdades urbanas e metropolitanas? Ancorado em diferentes escalas de análise, o trabalho buscou ainda contextualizar a edificação e a consolidação do Parque das Nações no âmbito dos processos de expansão da zona oriental de Lisboa e do crescimento metropolitano. O estabelecimento de pontes comparativas com o caso de Boston permitiu lidar com as dimensões globais dos processos de transformação de frentes de água urbana. Palavras-chave: Lisboa; Parque das Nações; frentes de água urbanas, espaços públicos; gentrificação; Sociologia Urbana. ABSTRACT In the last decades, port cities around the world, such as Lisbon, have been particularly affected by globalization related processes that affect urban spaces and the ways urban dwellers relate to them. Port cities are internationally competitive and the local and national governments seek to implement urban policies and to create infrastructures to re-orient them to the interests of global investors. In this context, in association with the Expo’98, Lisbon’s eastern waterfront was submitted to an urban intervention that resulted in the Parque das Nações. This new residential, commercial and service waterfront area became a “showcase” for Lisbon. Its public spaces, conceived as safe and ordered places, attractive for leisure activities, are a fundamental piece of the competitive strategy of the Portuguese capital. Based on fieldwork, this investigation explored the appropriation and interaction patterns afforded by those public spaces. That initial goal suggested other questions. What are the forces that concur to the transformation of industrial and port areas in metropolitan “showcases” like Parque das Nações? Can we consider that Parqueds Nações is the result of a gentrification process? How do these issues relate to the preoductio and reproduction of urban and metropolitan inequalities? Anchored in more than one level of analysis, this research aimed at analysis of the development and consolidation of Parque das Nações in the context of the expansion of Lisbon’s eastern area and of its metropolitan growth. Building comparative connections with Boston’s waterfront allowed dealing with the global dimensions of urban waterfront change. Keywords: Lisbon, Parque das Nações; urban waterfronts; public spaces; gentrification; Urban Sociology. ÍNDICE Índice de Fotografias e Mapas ........................................................................................... i Índice de Quadros ............................................................................................................. ii Abreviaturas .................................................................................................................... iii “Bem-vindo a bordo” ..................................................................................................... 1 1. Uma problemática em torno da transformação de frentes de água urbanas . 11 1.1. Metropolização, globalização e desigualdades sociais 14 1.1.1. Cidades globais, cidades desiguais 17 1.1.2. Novas populações metropolitanas 21 1.2. Frentes de água enquanto “montras” metropolitanas 25 1.2.1. Os novos enquadramentos culturais dos waterfronts urbanos 33 1.3. As frentes de água urbanas lidas a partir da noção de gentrificação 38 1.3.1. Um debate teórico plural 40 1.3.2. Novas realidades e novas geografias da gentrificação 45 1.3.3. A gentrificação das frentes de água 49 1.4. Espaços públicos no novo waterfront 54 1.4.1. O que faz um espaço público? 56 1.4.2. Consumo, cultura, sociabilidade e lazer nos espaços públicos metropolitanos 60 2. Desafios metodológicos e interdisciplinares ...................................................... 65 2.1. O património e o futuro da Sociologia Urbana 68 2.2. O contributo da Sociologia da Vida Quotidiana 77 2.3. A pesquisa de terreno: um método polimórfico de produção de dados 81 2.3.1. A observação participante 88 2.3.2. A entrevista semi-directiva 92 2.3.3. Outros instrumentos de pesquisa 93 3. Do aeroporto ao rio: a expansão da zona oriental de Lisboa .......................... 97 3.1. Sobre o processo de metropolização de Lisboa (1960-2011) 100 3.2. A edificação de Alvalade, Olivais e Chelas 106 3.2.1. Os Programas de Habitação do Estado Novo 110 3.2.2. Alvalade 113 3.2.3. O Decreto-Lei 42.454/59 116 3.2.4. Olivais Norte 119 3.2.5. Olivais Sul 121 3.2.6. Chelas 124 3.2.7. Evolução demográfica (1960-2011) 129 4. O Parque das Nações: um caso de gentrificação em Lisboa? ........................ 133 4.1. Elementos para uma história da frente ribeirinha oriental de Lisboa 134 4.2. Investimento de capital económico numa área desinvestida 141 4.2.1. O processo de desocupação dos terrenos da ZI 145 4.2.2. Implementação de equipamentos públicos e promoção imobiliária 149 4.3. Substituição, deslocação e elitização 159 4.3.1. Um olhar abrangente sobre antigos e novos residentes 162 4.3.2. Olhando de perto a área intervencionada e as populações deslocadas por ocasião da Expo’98 167 4.4. O lugar da memória no processo de renovação urbana 186 5. Génese de uma frente de água urbana para o século XXI ............................. 195 5.1. Das propostas do plano de urbanização ao Parque das Nações 196 5.1.1. O Plano de Urbanização da Zona de Intervenção da Expo’98 197 5.1.2. O contexto urbano do Parque das Nações 199 5.1.3. Centralidade metropolitana e integração local 205 5.2. Estratégias culturais para a criação do ambiente urbano do Parque das Nações 212 5.2.1. Cidade imaginada, cidade fantasia 214 5.2.2. O urbanismo dos promotores 223 5.3. A “economia política urbana” do Parque das Nações 230 5.3.1. Gestão Urbana e qualidade de vida 230 5.3.2. Gestão de fronteiras, proximidades e distâncias: o movimento pela criação da Freguesia do Parque das Nações 237 5.3.3. Fazer “comunidade” no Parque das Nações 249 6. Espaços Públicos e Sociabilidades .................................................................... 255 6.1. Mobilidades quotidianas e sociabilidades: cinco casos 259 6.2. Sociabilidades, segurança e insegurança nos espaços públicos 264 6.3. Tranquilidade e animação: o Terreiro dos Corvos e a Rua da Pimenta 269 6.4. Consumo
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