Indian Constitution and Political System
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5 Editorial 61 Elections (Art. 324-343) 7 Indian Constitution and Political System : 61 Special Provision Relating to Certain Facts to be Remembered Classes 20 The Indian Political System and the 62 Official Language Constitution 63 Emergency Provisions 20 The Background 65 Protection of President and Governors from 21 Major Characteristics of the Constitution Legal Proceedings 24 A Brief History of Constitutional Development 65 Amendment of the Constitution 26 The Framing of the Indian Constitution 65 Temporary Provisions with respect to the 27 Indian Constitution : A Brief Introduction State of Jammu and Kashmir 27 Part I : The Union and its Territory (Art. 1– 4) 66 Commencement of the Constitution 27 Part II : Citizenship (Art. 5 –11) 67 Schedules 28 Part III : Fundamental Rights (Art. 12– 35) 67 Appendices 28 Right to Equality (Art. 14–18) 68 The Constitutional Amendment Acts 29 Right to Freedom (Art. 19–22) (1951–2012) 31 Part IV : Directive Principles of State Policy (Art. 74 Indian Political System 36–51) 78 Nature of the Indian Political System 32 Part IV A : Fundamental Duties (Art. 51A) 81 Fundamental Rights 32 The President 87 Directive Principles of State Policy 33 The Vice-President of India 88 Implementation of Directive Principles of 34 Council of Ministers State Policy 35 Parliament : Union Legislature 89 Human Rights Issues in India 36 Officers of Parliament 93 Nature of Indian Federal System and its Evaluation 41 The Union Judiciary (Art. 124–147) 95 Centre-State Relations 43 Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Art. 98 Efforts for the Improvement of Centre-State 148–151) Relations 44 Part VI : The States 100 Inter-State Relations 48 High Courts in the States 101 Reorganisation of States 49 Subordinate Courts 102 Election of the President : Its Process and 49 The Union Territories Politics 50 Panchayats (Art. 243–243-O) 105 Election of the Vice-President of India 53 The Municipalities (Art. 243 P–243 ZG) 113 Council of Ministers 57 Relations between the Union and the States 114 Position of the Prime Minister 59 Services under the Union and the States 115 Indian Parliament Indian Polity / 3 116 Speaker and Dy. Speaker of the House of the 163 Public Policy in India People 167 Panchayati Raj and Community Development 118 Law Making Procedure Programme 120 Questions in Parliament 168 Organisation of Three Tier Panchayati Raj 127 The Committees of Parliament System 133 Indian Judiciary 173 Political Party System, Pressure Groups, 134 Supreme Court Election Commission and Election Process 139 The Leading Cases of Supreme Court 174 Indian Party System 141 The State Executive 175 Pressure Groups 146 Role and Position of the Chief Minister 176 Election Commission 147 The State Legislature 178 Election Process 150 Civil Services in India : Nature and Role 181 Indian Politics : Style, Nature and Culture 153 Bureaucracy 181 Political Culture 155 The Political Executive (Ministers) vs. The 182 Indian Political Culture Bureaucracy 183 Nature of Indian Politics 155 Generalist vs. Specialist Controversy 186 Important Commissions 156 Committed Bureaucracy 188 Indian Democracy 156 Role of Bureaucracy in Development 189 Political and Constitutional Terminology 158 Governance and Good Governance in India 198 Questions–Answers 159 Planning in India 220 Rules of Procedure and Conduct of 163 Political Impacts of Planned Economic Business in Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha Development 226 Objective Type Questions The concurrence of the views of the Editor is not necessary for any matter or figure published in Pratiyogita Darpan. —Editor Indian Polity / 4 BeBe AwareAware : BeBe HappyHappy Happiness is sought by every- budding youngsters felt happy every creating something new and useful— one, but the search is not focused in centimetre when they kissed the Happiness is like coke, something the right direction. We waste precious noose of the gallows. In short, a per- you get as by-product in the process time seeking happiness in the mirage son experiences happiness, when he of making something else. The of objects, places and people so has the satisfaction of having done reason—one always feels happy much so that some seek happiness with a sense of duty what he believes when he sees that he has created in caves, mountains or on the shifting to be right. At the same time, realisa- something. The great Hindi saint poet sands of deserts, practising severe tion of happiness makes one deta- Tulsidas said who does not like penance. Those who seek happiness ched, silent and contemplative. In the poems written by him whether they in the objective domain, are called philosopher’s language this state of are sweet or not— extroverts. They simply waste their the mind may be called a self-aware- time in wasteless efforts disregarding ness. Once Raman Marshi told to fut d`fo® ds`fg ¥kx u uhd`k ‰ the subject. Kavya Kantha Ganpathi Muni, a ljl gksm vƒok vfr œ`hd`k ‰‰ In fact happiness is a function of Vedic scholar and a devotee of Earl Nightingale said rightly— the subjective. But it is not possible to Shakti, that meditation means just to The happiest people on earth are seek happiness in the subjective be happy. Being conscious of one’s those who are emotionally involved in because subjective cannot become ignorance is meditation. So, our what they do. So two things go to an object of seeking. This means that young men and women will do well make happiness enjoyable—hard to seek happiness in either direction not to feel elated on their gaining work and devotion. If one puts one’s is to miss happiness. knowledge or making achievements. heart and soul into what one does, The more they become conscious of At the same time, happiness is one enjoys that state of conscious- their limitations, the more they would ness which is called bliss. This gives always near us—rather within us. It is be happy and more their path to for us to have it now ? us the all important equation—happi- success would become easy. A great ness is the manifestation of bliss, Suppose we sit to solve a mathe- scientist like Newton used to think which is always within the reach of matical problem. We fail in ten efforts. himself as a child who only sought those, who take work as worship. But succeed in the eleventh one. How pebbles on the sea shore and had not Happiness is not something happy we feel ! At that time we forget dared enter the ocean of knowledge. which can be categorised as subjec- all about our surroundings and even Can happiness be an enduring tive or objectives. It is neither. those ten efforts in which we had to experience in the ups and downs of According to Bulwer—To be happy meet failure. All of us know it full well, actual living ? The answer is both yes one has to forget himself, i.e., he when Archimedes hit upon the idea of and no. If one lives in constant ceases to identify himself with time. density. He left his bathroom and ran awareness, i.e., fully conscious of his A king on waking up told his crying—with no clothes on his body– commitments to life, he is happy. In minister—in my dream, I was a Eureka, Eureka. I am sure, our young case otherwise, he is unhappy. I take butterfly, but on waking I found readers would agree with me that this opportunity to repeat that happi- myself to be a king. Please tell me when we get success in our efforts, ness is not to be sought. It is like a which of these two experiences is the specially after sincere and with one butterfly. The more one chases it, the truth.” The minister replied, “your pointed efforts, we feel happy. So more it eludes him Happiness is highness, doubtless you are king”— happiness lies neither in the objective already here. One may experience it, not a butterfly. The king was not nor in the subjective, it lies within us if he takes the hardships of life with convinced. He said, “how do you which is evoked by doing our work cheer and devotion. know ? It might be that I am the king with full devotion. Had it not been so, Creativity is the core of happi- in the butterfly’s dream.” persons, whom we honour and call ness. As rightly said, we have no great, should not have devoted their more right to consume happiness Obviously, the king was not pre- whole lives in making researches, without producing it. Happiness is not pared to identify himself with the inventions or fighting for country’s in doing, but in liking what you do. In objective or the subjective world. He freedom. Our freedom fighters never the words of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, was quite aware that these experien- felt sorry or bitter for having under- “Happiness and work are wedded ces are quite elusive. gone all sorts of tyrannies or spend- together, for there can be no true To conclude happiness in every- ing the best part of their life behind happiness without feeling that one is day life means walking wakefully in the bars. doing something worthwhile.” A con- this dream world. Self awareness On the other hand, they felt temporary of Nehru Aldous Leonard helps find true happiness. happy and proud for that. Many of our Huxley also connects happiness with ●●● Indian Polity / 5 At a Glance : THE ANNUAL SESSIONS OF THE CONGRESS PARTY AND ITS PRESIDENTS SINCE ITS INCEPTION IN 1885 Year Session Place President Year Session Place President 1885 Bombay Womesh Chand Banerjee 1931 Karachi Vallabh Bhai Patel 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji 1932 Delhi R.