Lessons from US Allies in Security Cooperation with Third Countries
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Lessons from U.S. Allies in Security Cooperation with Third Countries The Cases of Australia, France, and the United Kingdom Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Celeste Ward Gventer, Stephanie Pezard, Laurence Smallman Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited PROJECT AIR FORCE The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract FA7014-06-C-0001. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lessons from U.S. allies in security cooperation with third countries : the cases of Australia, France, and the United Kingdom / Jennifer D. P. Moroney ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8330-5262-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Australia—Military relations. 2. France—Military relations. 3. United Kingdon—Military relations. 4. United States—Military relations. 5. Military relations—Case studies. I. Moroney, Jennifer D. P., 1973- UA870.L47 2011 355'.031—dc23 2011037150 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2011 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2011 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface The U.S. Air Force (USAF) has long worked with partner countries in the context of security. Many U.S. allies conduct similar activities, sometimes with the same partners. However, nei- ther the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the combatant commands, nor the military services have the full picture of how, where, and why these allies engage the same countries; whether working together in particular areas is a worthwhile or viable option; or whether spe- cific lessons can be learned from the experiences of our allies, for example, in the areas of plan- ning, resourcing, and assessments. The research documented in this report is a first step toward filling these critical knowledge gaps for Department of Defense (DoD) and USAF planners, programmers, and resource managers. This report documents research performed as part of a fiscal year 2010 study, “Support to the Air Force Campaign Support Plan and AF/A5X International Programs.” The work was sponsored by the Director of Operational Planning, Policy and Strategy, Headquarters United States Air Force (AF/A5X), and was conducted within the Strategy and Doctrine Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE. It is the latest in a series of RAND studies supporting the USAF’s efforts to work with partner air forces across the spectrum of operations. Other RAND documents that address security cooperation and building partnerships issues include the following: • Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Joe Hogler, Jefferson P. Marquis, Christopher Paul, John E. Peters, and Beth Grill, Developing an Assessment Framework for U.S. Air Force Building Partnerships Programs, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-868-AF, 2010. • Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Kim Cragin, Eric Gons, Beth Grill, John E. Peters, and Rachel M. Swanger, International Cooperation with Partner Air Forces, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-790-AF, 2009. • David E. Johnson, Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Roger Cliff, M. Wade Markel, Laurence Smallman, and Michael Spirtas, Preparing and Training for the Full Spectrum of Military Challenges: Insights from the Experiences of China, France, the United Kingdom, India, and Israel, MG-836, 2009. RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S. Air Force’s federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. PAF pro- vides the Air Force with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development, employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future air, space, and cyber forces. iii iv Lessons from U.S. Allies in Security Cooperation with Third Countries Research is conducted in four programs: Force Modernization and Employment; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource Management; and Strategy and Doctrine. Additional information about PAF is available on our website at: http://www.rand.org/paf/ Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Figures ........................................................................................................... ix Tables ............................................................................................................ xi Summary .......................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ xix Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xxi CHAPTER ONE Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 2 Research Approach ............................................................................................... 3 Key Terminology ................................................................................................. 4 Organization of the Report ..................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO Australia’s Approach to Security Cooperation ............................................................ 9 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9 Australia’s Strategic Outlook ...................................................................................10 Defence White Paper 2009 ..................................................................................10 Australia’s Interests, Defense Policy, and Capabilities ....................................................11 The Royal Australian Air Force ...............................................................................11 Australia’s Approach to Security Cooperation ...............................................................13 Australian Security Cooperation: Structure, Process, and Priorities ......................................15 International Engagement Plans ............................................................................15 Lessons Learned and Assessments ..........................................................................15 Funding ........................................................................................................16 Australia’s Defense Relationships and Partner Selection Process ........................................17