Contribution À L'étude Des Discomycètes Version 2013

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Contribution À L'étude Des Discomycètes Version 2013 Contribution à l’étude des discomycètes Version 2013 René DOUGOUD Résumé : cette « Contribution à l’étude des discomycètes, version 2013 » a pour but une compréhension plus aisée de la classe des Pezizomycetes. Elle traite les caractères nécessaires à la connaissance des genres et des espèces, de leur mode de reproduction à leurs habitats, de leur récolte aux spécificités macroscopiques et microscopiques permettant leur identification, jusqu’à leur mise en herbier. Hormis les caractères macro- scopiques, un accent particulier a été mis pour permettre d’atteindre une bonne mise en évidence des élé- Ascomycete.org, 5 (2) : 63-89. ments de la microscopie, indispensables à une identification précise des espèces. Les commentaires sont Mars 2013 illustrés de photographies et de nombreux dessins. Mise en ligne le 25/03/2013 Mots-clés : discomycètes, étude, caractères, morphologie, identification. Summary: The 2013 version of ‘’Contribution à l’étude des discomycètes” aims at an easier comprehension of the Pezizomycetes. The necessary features to the knowledge of genera and species are delt with, such as reproduction cycle, habitats and collecting devices, along with macroscopic and microscopic specific stu- dies facilitating their identification and the preparation of exsiccata. The study of microscopic features has been emphasized in order to enable an clear description of the necessary features for a precise species iden- tification. A great number of drawings and photographs are given to illustrate the text. Keywords: discomycetes, study, characters, morphology, identification. Avant-propos Une première publication de « Contribution à l’étude des discomycètes » (DOUGOUD, 1994) avait été pro- posée avec pour ambition de favoriser l’intérêt et de faciliter l’étude de ces champignons, souvent relégués ou ignorés par une majorité de mycologues. Pour qui veut les découvrir, les discomycètes peuvent présenter quelques difficultés liées à la taille sou- vent réduite des apothécies et au fait que leurs caractères distinctifs n’apparaissent très souvent qu’au tra- vers de moyens optiques. La mise à jour de cette contribution, plus étoffée et plus richement illustrée, devrait permettre de dépasser ces relatives difficultés. Où trouver ces champignons souvent discrets ? Quelles sont leurs particularités et comment procéder pour les mettre en évidence ? C’est à ces questions générales, ainsi qu’à beaucoup d’autres en particulier, que nous avons souhaité apporter des réponses. La multiplication des publications traitant des discomycètes que nous connaissons depuis un certain nombre d’années, incluant de nombreuses monographies, ajoutées aux facilités d’échanges et d’accès aux ressources qu’offrent l’In- ternet, devraient également inciter et contribuer à faire découvrir ces champignons. Des champignons qui composent une flore merveilleuse, qui n’a de cesse de surprendre et qui réserve encore de nombreuses dé- couvertes inédites. Comme dans la précédente version de cette publication, nous nous sommes limités à décrire les éléments de la microscopie, les réac- tions microchimiques et les colorations, à partir de champignons vivants (BARAL, 1992). Il en est de même s’agissant de la reproduction d’éléments de la microscopie. Pour se familiariser à l’étude des discomycètes, il est conseillé de travailler d’abord avec des espèces connues, d’une certaine dimension, et pour lesquelles on dispose de bonnes références. On ne choisira que des exemplaires matures, soit lorsqu’ils expulsent leurs ascospores. On peut recommander de les récolter sur un substrat identifié, ce qui facilite souvent leur détermination. Les places à feu sont à ce propos particulièrement indiquées. Elles sont en effet riches en espèces et en genres relativement faciles à déterminer et qui possèdent de nom- breux caractères avec lesquels il sera possible de s’habituer. Enfin, une clé d’identification des espèces de ce milieu particulier, intitulée « Clé des discomycètes carbonicoles » a été publiée DOUGOUD (2001). Une mise à jour de cette clé figure en ligne sur le site Ascomycete.org (http://www.ascomycete.org). Adresse de l’auteur : Route de la Gruyère 19 1700 Fribourg Suisse [email protected] 63 Sommaire Chapitre Page N° figure Page Avant-propos ............................................................................................ 63 1 Cycle de vie des Pezizomycetideae ............................................... 68 Matériel de cueillette ............................................................................. 65 2 Schéma de développement des asques ................................... 68 Leur écologie et leur recherche .......................................................... 65 3 Conidiophores et conidiomes ....................................................... 69 Matériel d’étude ....................................................................................... 66 4 Conidiophores et conidies ............................................................. 69 Réactifs et colorants histologiques ................................................... 66 5 Sclérote et stroma ............................................................................. 70 Les discomycètes dans la classification ........................................... 67 6 Subiculum ............................................................................................ 70 • Définition taxinomique de Pezizales ............................................ 67 7 Apothécies, exemples de formes et de couleurs ................... 71 • Définition taxinomique des Helotiales ......................................... 67 8 Apothécies schématisées et coupe ............................................ 71 • Définition taxinomique des Geoglossales ................................... 67 9 Mode de croissance .......................................................................... 72 • Définition taxinomique des Orbiliales ......................................... 67 10 Marge et sa région ............................................................................. 72 Modes de reproduction ........................................................................ 68 11 Hyménium, tableau schématique et synthétique Mycélium, sclérote et stroma .............................................................. 69 des phases de développement de l’hyménium et Le subiculum ............................................................................................. 70 d’ascomes ............................................................................................. 73 Les apothécies .......................................................................................... 70 12 Apothécies dépourvues de pigments caroténoïdes ............ 74 La marge et sa région ............................................................................. 72 13 Sortes de paraphyses ....................................................................... 75 L’hyménium ............................................................................................... 73 14 Noyaux colorés par le carmin acétique ..................................... 76 • Caractères macroscopiques ............................................................ 73 15 Asques, sommets et bases ............................................................. 77 • Caractères microscopiques ............................................................. 74 16 Réaction hémiamyloïde .................................................................. 78 Les paraphyses ......................................................................................... 74 17 Ascospores, divers modes d’arrangements dans Les asques .................................................................................................. 76 les asques ............................................................................................. 79 Sporulation et sporée ............................................................................. 78 18 Ascospores, formes de base .......................................................... 80 Les ascospores .......................................................................................... 79 19 Ascospores de discomycètes operculés, exemples de Le sous-hyménium .................................................................................. 82 formes, de contenus et d’ornementations ................................ 80 L’excipulum ................................................................................................ 82 20 Ascospores de discomycètes inoperculés ................................ 81 • Pratique des coupes ........................................................................... 83 21 Coupes d’excipulum ......................................................................... 83 Clé d’identification des textures ......................................................... 84 22 Photos de textures ............................................................................. 85 Furfurations et poils ................................................................................ 85 23 Furfuration et poils ........................................................................... 86 Quelques conseils .................................................................................... 87 24 Diverses formes de poils ................................................................. 86 • pour la dessiccation des espèces .................................................. 87 25 Diverses formes de poils ................................................................
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