Doktorska Disertacija Mentor: Kandidat: Prof. Dr Maja Karaman Mr

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Doktorska Disertacija Mentor: Kandidat: Prof. Dr Maja Karaman Mr Diverzitet gljiva razdela Ascomycota na području Fruške gore sa posebnim osvrtom na red Helotiales Doktorska disertacija Mentor: Kandidat: Prof. dr Maja Karaman Mr Dragiša Savić Novi Sad, 2016. Zahvalnice Najveću zahvalnost dugujem Hans Otto-Baralu, velikom askomikologu i velikom čoveku, koji mi je svih ovih godina ne sebično pomagao u determinaciji vrsta i prikupljanju literature Zahvaljujem se mentoru dr Maji Karaman i članovima komisije dr Draganu Radnoviću i dr Miroslavu Markoviću na korisnim savetima i sugestijama koji su mi pomogli u realizaciji ovog rada Zahvaljujem se Eleonori Bošković koja je uradila molekularne analize za novu vrstu Psilocalycina fraxini-orni, kao i na tumačenju dobijenih rezultata Zahvaljujem se dr Predragu Radišiću koji mi je u početku mojih istraživanja dozvolio korišćenje mikroskopa u Laboratoriji za palinologiju Zahvaljujem se Zoranu Novakoviću koji mi je poklonio mikroskop i time omogućio da mnogo lakše i brže analiziram prukupljene uzorke gljiva Zahvaljujem se svojim roditeljima i porodici na podršci i razumevanju svih ovih godina tokom rada na disertaciji Zahvaljujem se i JP Nacionalni park Fruška gora na svesrdnoj podršci Sadržaj 1.UVOD .............................................................................................................................. 1 2.OPŠTI DEO ..................................................................................................................... 1 2.1.Razdeo Ascomycota ............................................................................................... 1 2.1.1.Opšte karakteristike ....................................................................................... 1 2.1.2.Morfologija i anatomija ................................................................................. 2 2.1.3.Razmnožavanje ............................................................................................ 10 2.1.4.Ekologija i rasprostranjenost ....................................................................... 11 2.1.5.Evolucija ...................................................................................................... 12 2.1.6.Značaj za ljude ............................................................................................. 13 2.1.7.Sistematika ................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Red Helotiales (klasa Leotiomycetes) ..................................................................19 2.2.1.Morfologija i ekologija ………………………………………………….... 19 2.2.2.Anatomija ……………………………………………………………….... 20 2.2.3.Taksonomija ……………………………………………………………… 31 2.3.Prirodne karakteristike istraživanog područja ...................................................... 32 2.3.1.Geografija .................................................................................................... 32 2.3.2.Geologija i geomorfologija ......................................................................... 33 2.3.3.Hidrologija ................................................................................................... 33 2.3.4.Klima ........................................................................................................... 33 2.3.5.Pedologija .................................................................................................... 34 2.3.6.Flora i vegetacija .................... ..................................................................... 35 2.4.Istorijat mikoloških istraživanja na Fruškoj gori ................................................. 36 3.POSEBNI DEO ............................................................................................................. 39 3.1.Ciljevi istraživanja ............................................................................................... 39 3.2.Materijal i metode ................................................................................................ 40 3.2.1. Sakupljanje materijala ................................................................................ 40 3.2.2.Obrada materijala ........................................................................................ 42 3.2.3.Determinacija ............................................................................................ 43 3.2.4.Prikaz rezultata ............................................................................................ 44 3.3.Rezultati ............................................................................................................... 45 3.3.1.Pregled gljiva razdela Ascomycota na Fruškoj gori .................................... 45 Cl. Taphrynomycetes ...................................................................................... 45 Cl. Arthoniomycetes ....................................................................................... 45 Cl. Dothideomycetes ...................................................................................... 46 Cl. Eurotiomycetes ......................................................................................... 52 Cl. Lecanoromycetes ...................................................................................... 53 Cl. Leotiomycetes ........................................................................................... 67 Cl. Orbiliomycetes .......................................................................................... 78 Cl. Pezizomycetes ........................................................................................... 79 Cl. Sordariomycetes ........................................................................................ 84 Cl. Incertae sedis ............................................................................................. 93 3.3.2.Red Helotiales (klasa Leotiomycetes) ......................................................... 94 Familija Arachnopezizaceae ……………………………………………… 154 Familija Calloriaceae ………………………………………………...…… 136 Familija Cenangiaceae ................................................................................. 108 Familija Chlorociboriaceae ……………………………………………….. 112 Familija Cordieritidaceae …………………………………………………. 114 Familija Dermateaceae ……………………………………………………. 116 Familija Drepanopezizaceae ........................................................................ 138 Familija Gelatinodiscaceae ……………………………………………..… 119 Familija Helotiaceae .................................................................................... 122 Familija Heterosphaeriaceae …………………………………………….... 134 Familija Hyaloscyphaceae ………………………………………………... 166 Familija Lachnaceae ……………………………………………………… 158 Familija Mollisiaceae ……………………………………………………... 144 Familija Pezizellaceae …………………………………………………….. 175 Familija Ploettnerulaceae …………………………………………………. 140 Familija Rutstroemiaceae ………………………………………………….. 95 Familija Sclerotiniaceae …………………………………………………… 100 Strossmayeria podgrupa …………………………………………………... 152 Incertae sedis ……………………………………………………………… 188 3.4.Diskusija .................................................................................................................. 191 3.5.Zaključci ................................................................................................................... 203 3.6.Literatura .................................................................................................................. 220 Diverzitet gljiva razdela Ascomycota na području Fruške gore sa posebnim osvrtom na red Helotiales Doktorska disertacija 1.UVOD Gljive (Fungi) su veoma velika i raznovrsna grupa organizama zastupljena u gotovo svim ekosistemima (Hood, 2006). One su stanovnici Zemlje još od paleozolika, o čemu svedoče fosilni zapisi stari oko 438 miliona godina (Chang & Miles, 2004). Gljive su organizmi specifični po mnogo čemu - nemaju hlorofil, a nisu životinje, sesilne su, ali nisu biljke; na granici su biljnog i životinjskog sveta i po svojim anatomskim, biohemijskim i fiziološkim karakteristikama zaslužile su da i same dobiju rang Carstva organizama. Do sada je opisano oko 98000 vrsta, od kojih razdelu Ascomycota pripada oko 64000 a razdelu Basidioomycota oko 32000 vrsta, ali se pretpostavlja da je njihov ukupan broj daleko veći, čak 1,5 milion vrsta (Hawksworth, 2001; Moore et al. 2011). Republiku Srbiju karakteriše visok stepen genetskog, specijskog i ekosistemskog diverziteta zbog čega ona predstavlja jedan od šest centara biodiverziteta u Evropi. Biološka raznovrsnost brojnih grupa organizama je visoka i čini značajan udeo u biodiverzitetu Evrope (Stevanović, 1995). Za razliku od flore i delom faune, fungia Srbije je relativno slabo istražena, posebno kada su u pitanju gljive razdela Ascomycota. Prema raspoloživim podacima do sada je u Srbiji registrovano prisustvo oko 3000 vrsta gljiva od kojih veći deo, oko 1700 vrsta, pripada razdelu Basidiomycota, iako je realno očekivati da je diverzitet askomiceta znatno veći jer one čine 75% svih do sada opisanih vrsta u svetu (Radnović i sar. 2007). Gljive iz razdela Acomycota su veoma raznovrsne i žive u svim tipovima staništa. Po načinu života najveći broj njih su saprobi, uglavnom na ostacima uginulih biljaka, ali takođe brojne su i parazitske vrste, kako na biljkama tako i na životinjama. Veliki broj vrsta ulazi u mutualističke odnose sa algama gradeći lišajeve, što se smatra jednim od najvažnijih izvedenih načina života kod Ascomycota (Brodo et al. 2001). Lišajevi čine oko 40% opisanih vrsta Ascomycota i ovaj tip zajednice je evoluirao samostalno kod više nepovezanih grupa (Webster & Weber, 2007). Askomicete, zajedno sa drugim gljivama
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