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“Fungi Fimicoli Italici”: an Update on the Occurrence of Coprophilous Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes in Italy with New Records and Descriptions

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“Fungi Fimicoli Italici”: an Update on the Occurrence of Coprophilous Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes in Italy with New Records and Descriptions Mycosphere Additions to “Fungi Fimicoli Italici”: An update on the occurrence of coprophilous Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes in Italy with new records and descriptions. Doveri F* Via Baciocchi 9, I–57126–Livorno. Doveri F. 2011 – Addition to “Fungi Fimicoli Italici”: An update on the occurrence of coprophilous Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes in Italy with new records and descriptions. Mycosphere 2(4), 331–427. “Fungi Fimicoli Italici”, the first monograph on coprophilous fungi from Italy, is regarded as the starting point of a survey on Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes obligatorily or facultatively growing on any kind of dung. All fimicolous species recorded from Italy and described in that work or in subsequent author's papers are listed and their dung sources are mentioned. The occurrence on dung of different genera and species is reported in separate Tables, and their frequency on different types of excrements is discussed and compared with other parts of the world. An update on the families Gymnoascaceae, Microascaceae and Sporormiaceae, and keys to genera of Gymnoascaceae and Microascaceae, and to Italian species of Gymnoascus s.l. and Sporormiella with 8-celled ascospores are provided. Chaetomidium fimeti, C. ancistrocladum, C. murorum, Gymnoascus dankaliensis, G. littoralis, G. ruber, Hypocopra equorum, Iodophanus difformis, Kernia cauquensis, Lophotrichus bartlettii, Orbicula parietina, Pithoascus intermedius, and Sporormiella affinis are first described from Italy. Key words – damp chambers – fimicolous fungi – frequency – keys – natural state – survey Article Information Received 7 March 2011 Accepted 18 April 2011 Published online 14 September 2011 *Corresponding author: Francesco Doveri – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction The present work must be regarded as “Fungi Fimicoli Italici” (Doveri 2004a) is complementary to the paper recently published the first monograph on Basidiomycetes and in this journal (Doveri 2010b). Ascomycetes living on faecal material in Italy, and one of few recent monographs worldwide Methods on coprophilous fungi. I have stressed before Dung samples of the following animals (Doveri 2004a, 2010b) that this work has more were collected intermittently from January than a regional significance and can be helpful 1992 to December 2010 and usually incubated to studies of these fungi in any part of the in non-sterile damp chambers. world, which so very easily spread through cat- The design of the damp chambers, the tle freight. The finding, after my monograph, of examination of the incubating dung samples, several taxa new to Italy, developed either in and the description of macroscopic features of the naural state or in damp chamber cultures, species appearing on incubated dung or detec- induced me to update the work with the intro- ted in the field, follows those suggested by duction of new keys, descriptions of species, Doveri (2004a, 2010b). and an account on their ecology. 331 The microscopic characteristics of spe- of Basidiomycota and 214 of Ascomycota cies from damp chambers were studied on fresh growing both in the natural state or in damp material, those of species collected from the chamber cultures. Since then my research has field were usually studied on dried material, continued resulting in many publications using water, Congo red, Melzer's reagent, lactic (Doveri 2004b, 2005, 2006, 2007a,b, 2008a,b,c, cotton blue (or methyl blue), and Indian ink as 2010a,b, Doveri et al. 2005, 2010a,b, Doveri & mounting media. Coué 2008a) reporting 43 additional species (5 All Basidiomycetes and most Asco- Basidiomycota; 38 Ascomycota) new to Italy, mycetes were preserved as dried material or, 13 of which are described in this work, and one exceptionally, as slides in the author's personal genus (Rodentomyces Doveri et al.), four herbarium (CLSM) or rarely in herbarium of species (Podospora alexandri Doveri, Sporor- Pisa Botanical Garden (PI). Chaetomium muro- miella hololasia Doveri, Thecotheus neoapi- rum, Cleistothelebolus nipigonensis, and Ro- culatus Doveri & Coué, Coprinellus mitrino- dentomyces reticulatus were also preserved as dulisporus Doveri & Sarrocco), one variety living cultures (PI) (Tripterosporella heterospora var. octaspora Doveri) and one form (Thecotheus formosanus Results f. collariatus Doveri & Coué) new to science In my monograph on coprophilous fungi (Table 1). from Italy (Doveri 2004a) I described 81 taxa badger (Meles meles) goose (Anser sp.) porcupine (Hystrix cristata) beech marten (Martes faina) hare (Lepus sp.) rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bird (various, except for Anser sp.) hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) rat (Rattus rattus) cattle (Bos taurus) horse (Equus caballus) rock goat (Capra ibex ibex) chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) insect (various) roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) deer (Cervus elaphus) lizard (Lacerta sp.) sheep (Ovis aries) dog (Canis familiaris) marmot (Marmota marmota) snail (Helix sp.) donkey (Equus asinus) marten (Martes martes) squirrel (Sciurus sp.) dormouse (Glis glis) mouflon (Ovis musimon) toad (Bufo sp.) fallow deer (Dama dama) mouse (Mus musculus) tortoise (Testudo sp.) ferret (Mustela furo) mule (Equus mulus) weasel (Putorius nivalis) fox (Vulpes vulpes) ostrich (Struthio camelus) wild pig (Sus scrofa) gecko (Tarentola mauritanica) pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) wolf (Canis lupus) goat (Capra hircus) polecat (Putorius foetidus) I have recorded, at present, 544 collec- cervine (23%), equine (18%), leporine (13%), tions of 92 Basidiomycota species from 722 ovine (12%), and caprine (3%) dung, the dung samples in Italy. remaining 4% on dung of other animals, with a 303 records of 88 species came from 303 slight preponderance of pyrenomycetes s.l. samples detected and identified in the field, (53%) on discomycetes (45%), and with a listed as substrate sources, but not cultured. All marked preponderance of Sporormiella (19%), but two (Sebacina epigaea; Sphaerobolus followed by Ascobolus Pers. (8%), Lasiobolus stellatus) are Agaricales, whose occurrence in Sacc. (8%), Sordaria Ces. & De Not. (8%), Italy has recently been reported (Doveri 2010 Cheilymenia Boud. (7%), Podospora Ces., b). The overall picture is unchanged, so I limit (7%), and Schizothecium Corda (7%). The myself to summarise the results (Tables 2–3) preference for bovine dung is marked (72%) in and refer to that work for details. Cheilymenia, slighter in Ascobolus (29%) and I have recorded, at present, 2312 collec- Schizothecium (20%), while a preference for tions of 256 Ascomycota species from Italy. cervine dung is manifest in Lasiobolus (38%), 573 records of 156 species came from samples Sporormiella (30%) and Podospora (29%), for detected and identified in the field. Leaving out leporine dung (36%) in Sordaria. 29 records from unidentified animals, most Another 432 dung samples of 42 animal findings (96%) were made on bovine (27%), species were cultured in damp chambers and 332 Mycosphere Table 1 List of coprophilous Basidiomycota and Ascomycota from Italy. BASIDIOMYCOTA Stropharia dorsipora Coprotus sexdecimsporus Saccobolus saccoboloides Agrocybe molesta (Lasch) Esteve–Rav. & Barrasa (H. Crouan & P. Crouan) (Seaver) Brumm. Singer Kimbr. & Korf Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Stropharia luteonitens Coprotus Saccobolus succineus Fayod s. Watling (Vahl) Quél. subcylindrosporus J. Brumm. Moravec Agrocybe praecox (Pers.) Stropharia semiglobata Delitschia didyma Auersw. Saccobolus truncatus Fayod (Batsch) Quél. Velen. Agrocybe subpediades Volvariella gloiocephala Delitschia gigaspora Cain Saccobolus verrucisporus (Murrill) Watling s. (DC.) Boekhout & Enderle Brumm. Watling Agrocybe temulenta (Fr.) ASCOMYCOTA Delitschia gigaspora Cain Saccobolus versicolor (P. Singer s. Watling Aphanoascus fulvescens var. ceciliae Doveri Karst.) P. Karst. (Cooke) Apinis Bovista aestivalis (Bonord.) Arnium arizonense Delitschia intonsa Luck– Schizothecium aloides Demoulin (Griffiths) N. Lundq. & Allen (Fuckel) N. Lundq. J.C. Krug Bolbitius coprophilus Arnium caballinum N. Delitschia leptospora Schizothecium conicum (Peck) Hongo Lundq. Oudem. (Fuckel) N. Lundq. Bolbitius vitellinus var. Arnium cervinum N. Delitschia marchalii Berl. Schizothecium dakotense titubans (Bull.) Bon & Lundq. & Voglino (Griffiths) N. Lundq. Courtec. Bolbitius vitellinus var. Arnium imitans N. Lundq. Delitschia patagonica Schizothecium glutinans variicolor (G.F. Atk.) Speg. (Cain) N. Lundq. Krieglst. Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.) Arnium inaequilaterale Delitschia vulgaris Schizothecium inaequale Fr. var. vitellinus (Cain) N. Lundq. & J.C. Griffiths (Cain) N. Lundq. Krug Conocybe alboradicans Arnium septosporum N. Delitschia winteri Plowr. Schizothecium Arnolds Lundq. ex G. Winter miniglutinans (Mirza & Cain) N. Lundq. Conocybe antipus (Lasch) Arnium sudermanniae N. Enterocarpus grenotii Schizothecium pilosum Fayod Lundq. Locq.-Lin. (Mouton) N. Lundq. Conocybe aurea (Jul. Ascobolus albidus H. Fimetariella microsperma Schizothecium simile (E.C. Schäff.) Hongo Crouan & P. Crouan J.C. Krug Hansen) N. Lundq. Conocybe brunneidisca Ascobolus brassicae H. Gymnoascus dankaliensis Schizothecium (Murrill) Hauskn. Crouan & P. Crouan (Castell. ex J.F.H. Beyma) squamulosum (H. Crouan Arx & P. Crouan) N. Lundq. Conocybe cettoiana Ascobolus carletoni Boud. Gymnoascus devroeyi (G.F. Schizothecium tetrasporum Hauskn. & Enderle Orr) Arx (G. Winter) N. Lundq. Conocybe coprophila Ascobolus costantinii Gymnoascus littoralis (G.F. Schizothecium vesticola (Kühner) Kühner Rolland Orr) Arx (Berk. & Broome) N. Lundq. Conocybe fuscimarginata Ascobolus crenulatus
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