DOCSLIB.ORG

Iran Sanctions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iran Sanctions Iran Sanctions Updated January 24, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20871 SUMMARY RS20871 Iran Sanctions January 24, 2020 Successive Administrations have used economic sanctions to try to change Iran’s behavior. U.S. sanctions, including “secondary sanctions” on firms that conduct certain Kenneth Katzman transactions with Iran, have adversely affected Iran’s economy but have had little Specialist in Middle observable effect on Iran’s pursuit of core strategic objectives such as its support for Eastern Affairs regional armed factions and its development of ballistic and cruise missiles. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran economically, Iran’s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited access to its $120 billion in assets abroad. Iran accepted the 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA) in part because it brought broad relief through the waiving of relevant sanctions, revocation of relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and the lifting of U.N. and EU sanctions. Remaining in place were a U.S. sanctions on trade with Iran, Iran’s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which enshrined the JCPOA, there were nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran’s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remained in place. The later ban expires on October 18, 2020. The sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-2017), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. Sanctions are at the core of Trump Administration policy to apply “maximum pressure” on Iran, with the stated purpose of compelling Iran to negotiate a revised JCPOA that takes into account the broad range of U.S. concerns about Iran. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and all U.S. secondary sanctions were reimposed as of November 6, 2018. The effect of the reinstatement has been to drive Iran’s economy into severe recession as major companies have exited the Iranian economy. Iran’s oil exports have decreased dramatically—particularly after the Administration in May 2019 ended sanctions exceptions for the purchase of Iranian oil—and the value of Iran’s currency has declined sharply. Since the summer of 2019, the Administration has sanctioned numerous entities that are supporting Iran’s remaining oil trade, added sanctions on Iran’s Central Bank, and sanctioned several senior Iranian officials. In 2019, the Administration ended several of the waivers under which foreign governments provided technical assistance to some JCPOA-permitted aspects of Iran’s nuclear program. The European Union and other countries have sought to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. In January 2019, the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that circumvents U.S. secondary sanctions, and the EU countries are contemplating providing Iran with $15 billion in credits, secured by future oil deliveries, to facilitate the use of that mechanism. However, the vehicle has not succeeded, to date, in its economic objectives, and Iran has responded by decreasing its compliance with some of the nuclear commitments of the JCPOA and by conducting provocations in the Persian Gulf. Iran has, to date, refused to begin talks with the United States on a revised JCPOA. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack. Congressional Research Service Iran Sanctions Contents Overview and Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 Blocked Iranian Property and Assets ............................................................................................... 1 Executive Order 13599 Impounding Iran-Owned Assets .......................................................... 3 Sanctions for Iran’s Support for Armed Factions and Terrorist Groups .......................................... 4 Sanctions Triggered by Terrorism List Designation .................................................................. 4 Exception for U.S. Humanitarian Aid ................................................................................. 5 Sanctions on States “Not Cooperating” Against Terrorism ...................................................... 6 Executive Order 13224 Sanctioning Terrorism-Supporting Entities ......................................... 6 Use of the Order to Target Iranian Arms Exports ............................................................... 6 Application of CAATSA to the Revolutionary Guard ........................................................ 6 Implementation of E.O. 13224 ............................................................................................ 6 Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) Designations ................................................................. 7 Other Sanctions on Iran’s “Malign” Regional Activities .......................................................... 7 Executive Order 13438 on Threats to Iraq’s Stability ........................................................ 7 Executive Order 13572 on Repression of the Syrian People. ............................................. 8 The Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act (P.L. 114-102) and Hizballah International Financing Prevention Amendments Act of 2018 (S. 1595, P.L. 115-272). ......................................................................................................... 8 Ban on U.S. Trade and Investment with Iran .................................................................................. 8 JCPOA-Related Easing and Reversal ................................................................................. 9 What U.S.-Iran Trade Is Allowed or Prohibited? ...................................................................... 9 Application to Foreign Subsidiaries of U.S. Firms .................................................................. 11 Sanctions on Iran’s Energy Sector................................................................................................. 12 The Iran Sanctions Act ............................................................................................................ 12 Key Sanctions “Triggers” Under ISA ............................................................................... 13 Mandate and Time Frame to Investigate ISA Violations .................................................. 16 Interpretations of ISA and Related Laws .......................................................................... 17 Implementation of Energy-Related Iran Sanctions ........................................................... 19 Iran Oil Export Reduction Sanctions: Section 1245 of the FY2012 NDAA Sanctioning Transactions with Iran’s Central Bank ............................................................. 21 Implementation/SREs Issued and Ended .......................................................................... 22 Iran Foreign Account “Restriction” Provision .................................................................. 23 Sanctions on Weapons of Mass Destruction, Missiles, and Conventional Arms Transfers ........... 24 Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act and Iraq Sanctions Act ................................................. 25 Implementation ................................................................................................................. 25 Banning Aid to Countries that Aid or Arm Terrorism List States: Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 .................................................................................... 26 Implementation ................................................................................................................. 26 Proliferation-Related Provision of the Iran Sanctions Act ...................................................... 26 Iran-North Korea-Syria Nonproliferation Act ......................................................................... 26 Implementation ................................................................................................................. 27 Executive Order 13382 on Proliferation-Supporting Entities ................................................. 27 Implementation ................................................................................................................. 27 Arms Transfer and Missile Sanctions: The Countering America’s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44) ................................................................................ 27 Implementation ................................................................................................................. 28 Congressional Research Service Iran Sanctions Foreign Aid Restrictions for Named Suppliers of Iran...........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • H. Con. Res. 441
    IV 110TH CONGRESS 2D SESSION H. CON. RES. 441 Recognizing the threat that the spread of radical Islamist terrorism and Iranian adventurism in Africa poses to the United States, our allies, and interests. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SEPTEMBER 29, 2008 Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN (for herself, Mr. BURTON of Indiana, Mr. ROYCE, Mr. CHABOT, Mr. FORTUN˜O, and Mr. PENCE) submitted the following concur- rent resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Recognizing the threat that the spread of radical Islamist terrorism and Iranian adventurism in Africa poses to the United States, our allies, and interests. Whereas nearly 500,000,000 Muslims live in Africa, and Islam reportedly is the fastest growing religion on the continent; Whereas according to the World Bank, Africa hosts the world’s largest proportion of people living on less than $1 per day; Whereas despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of Muslims in Africa practice moderate and tolerant forms of Islam, poverty, corruption, and political marginalization have facilitated the spread of radicalism VerDate Aug 31 2005 02:00 Sep 30, 2008 Jkt 069200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6300 E:\BILLS\HC441.IH HC441 smartinez on PROD1PC64 with BILLS 2 in a number in areas in Africa, particularly among grow- ing populations of impoverished and disaffected youth; Whereas the spread of radical Islam undermines the histori- cally moderate influence of Islam in Africa, exacerbates existing political and religious tensions within African na- tions, provides
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Carrots, Better Sticks
    Beyond Carrots, Better Sticks Measuring and Improving the Effectiveness of Sanctions in Africa By Hilary Mossberg October 2019 Beyond Carrots, Better Sticks Measuring and Improving the Effectiveness of Sanctions in Africa By Hilary Mossberg October 2019 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Methodology 3 Sanctions 101 4 A Brief History of Sanctions The Foreign Policy Toolbox Types of Sanctions What is the Process? Compliance and Enforcement De-risking/Unintended Effects of Sanctions Do Sanctions Work? 12 Delisting: The Exit Strategy Symbolic Sanctions Case Studies 16 Liberia 16 Zimbabwe 21 Sudan 26 South Sudan 32 Burundi 38 Central African Republic 43 Democratic Republic of Congo 47 Conclusions 53 Recommendations to Improve Sanctions Effectiveness BEYOND CARROTS, BETTER STICKS TheSentry.org Introduction Sanctions are a potent coercive economic tool in the international community’s arsenal and can be used to address a variety of threats to regional and international stability, including terrorism, nuclear proliferation, drug trafficking, organized crime, armed conflict, corruption, and human rights abuses. In recent history, sanctions programs have become almost the de facto response from the United States, the United Nations (U.N.), and the European Union (EU) to African crises involving armed conflict or human rights abuses. The goal of these sanctions programs is usually to bring about the end of a conflict, to coerce a particular actor or group into negotiating a peace deal or abiding by an existing one, or to impose consequences for human rights abuses. In this context, sanctions are attractive to policymakers because they send a stronger message than diplomatic engagement, but are far less extreme than military action, and policymakers can be seen to be “doing something” in the face of a conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117Th Congress
    Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46750 SUMMARY R46750 Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues March 31, 2021 for the 117th Congress Thomas Lum U.S. concern over human rights in China has been a central issue in U.S.-China relations, Specialist in Asian Affairs particularly since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. In recent years, human rights conditions in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have deteriorated, while bilateral tensions related to trade Michael A. Weber and security have increased, possibly creating both constraints and opportunities for U.S. policy Analyst in Foreign Affairs on human rights. After consolidating power in 2013, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary and State President Xi Jinping intensified and expanded the reassertion of party control over society that began toward the end of the term of his predecessor, Hu Jintao. Since 2017, the government has enacted new laws that place further restrictions on civil society in the name of national security, authorize greater controls over minority and religious groups, and further constrain the freedoms of PRC citizens. Government methods of social and political control are evolving to include the widespread use of sophisticated surveillance and big data technologies. Arrests of human rights advocates and lawyers intensified in 2015, followed by party efforts to instill ideological conformity across various spheres of society. In 2016, President Xi launched a policy known as “Sinicization,” under which the government has taken additional measures to compel China’s religious practitioners and ethnic minorities to conform to Han Chinese culture, support China’s socialist system as defined by the Communist Party, abide by Communist Party policies, and reduce ethnic differences and foreign influences.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)
    DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….
    [Show full text]
  • 4810-AL DEPARTMENT of the TREASURY Office of Foreign
    This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 09/05/2014 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2014-21225, and on FDsys.gov 4810-AL DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of Foreign Assets Control Imposition of Sanctions on Three Individuals and Eight Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13608 SUB-AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets Control, Treasury. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") is providing notice of actions taken by OFAC with respect to three individuals and eight entities to impose sanctions pursuant to Executive Order 13608 of May 1, 2012, “Prohibiting Certain Transactions With and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Foreign Sanctions Evaders With Respect to Iran and Syria” (“E.O. 13608”). DATES: OFAC’s actions described in this notice to impose sanctions pursuant to E.O. 13608 were effective February 6, 2014. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Assistant Director for Sanctions Compliance and Evaluation, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC 20220, tel.: 202/622–2490. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Electronic and Facsimile Availability This document and additional information concerning OFAC are available from OFAC’s web site (www.treasury.gov/ofac) or via facsimile through a 24-hour fax-on demand service tel.: (202) 622–0077. Background On May 1, 2012, the President issued Executive Order 13608, "Prohibiting Certain Transactions With and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Foreign Sanctions Evaders With Respect to Iran and Syria” (“E.O. 13608”). Section 1 (a)(ii) of E.O. 13608 authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to impose on a foreign person certain measures upon determining that the foreign person has, inter alia, “facilitated deceptive transactions for or on behalf of any person subject to United States sanctions concerning Iran or Syria.” Section 7(d) of E.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Sanctions Case 2011-2: EU, US V. Syrian Arab Republic (2011
    Case Studies in Economic Sanctions and Terrorism Case 2011-2 EU, US v. Syrian Arab Republic (2011– : human rights, democracy) Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Peterson Institute for International Economics Jeffrey J. Schott, Peterson Institute for International Economics Kimberly Ann Elliott, Peterson Institute for International Economics Julia Muir, Peterson Institute for International Economics July 2011 © Peterson Institute for International Economics. All rights reserved. See also: Cases 86-1 US v. Syria (1986– : Terrorism) Additional country case studies can be found in Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, May 2008 Summary Post‐2000 the United States has imposed three rounds of sanctions against Syria, in response to: (1) Syria’s support for terrorist groups and terrorist activities in Iraq; (2) its pursuit of missiles and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs; and (3) the occupation of Lebanon. In May 2004, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13338, implementing the provisions in the Syria Accountability Act, including a freeze of assets of specified individuals and a ban on munitions and dual use items, a ban on exports to Syria other than food and medicine, and a ban on Syrian aircraft landing in or overflying the United States. Sanctions also required US financial institutions to sever correspondent accounts with the Commercial Bank of Syria because of money laundering concerns. In April 2006, Executive Order 13399 was implemented, which designates the Commercial Bank of Syria, including its subsidiary, Syrian Lebanese Commercial Bank, as a financial institution of primary money laundering concern and orders US banks to sever all ties with the institution. In February 2008 the United States issued Executive Order 13460, which freezes the assets of additional individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctions Risks Related to Petroleum Shipments Involving Iran and Syria
    DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20220 OFAC Advisory to the Maritime Petroleum Shipping Community Issued: March 25, 2019 Subject: Sanctions Risks Related to Petroleum Shipments involving Iran and Syria The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), with the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Coast Guard, is issuing this advisory to alert persons globally to the significant U.S. sanctions risks for parties involved in petroleum shipments to the Government of Syria. These shipments create significant sanctions risk for entities and individuals in the shipping industry, including shipping companies, vessel owners, managers, operators, insurers, and financial institutions. Countries such as Iran and Russia have been involved in providing the Government of Syria with petroleum. Those who in any way facilitate the financial transfers, logistics, or insurance associated with these or other petroleum shipments are at risk of being targeted by the United States for sanctions. The United States is committed to disrupting illicit financial and other support to the Government of Syria, to include transporting petroleum to its state-owned and -operated ports, regardless of the location or nationality of those facilitating such support. The United States and its international partners continue to demonstrate resolve to disrupt support for the Assad regime by preventing the normalization of economic and diplomatic relations and the provision of reconstruction funding, as well as permanently denying the regime the use of chemical weapons. The United States is committed to isolating the Assad regime and its supporters from the global financial and trade system in response to the continued atrocities committed by the regime against the Syrian people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caucasus Globalization
    Vol. 1 (1), 2006 1 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION INSTITUTE O STRATEGIC STUDIES O THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Vol. 1 (1) 2006 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2 Vol. 1 (1), 2006 OUNDEDTHE CAUCASUS AND & GLOBALIZATIONPUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE O STRATEGIC STUDIES O THE CAUCASUS Registration number: M-770 Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press® Sweden Registration number: 556699-5964 Registration number of the journal: No. 1218 Editorial Council Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council (Baku) ISMAILOV Tel/fax: (994 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Kenan Executive Secretary (Baku) ALLAKHVERDIEV Tel: (994 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Azer represents the journal in Russia (Moscow) SAFAROV Tel: (7 495) 937 77 27 E-mail: [email protected] Nodar represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi) KHADURI Tel: (995 32) 99 59 67 E-mail: [email protected] Kamil represents the journal in Turkey (Ankara) AGHAGAN Tel: (312) 491 60 97 Å-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Nazim Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MUZAFFARLI Tel: (994 – 12) 499 11 74 E-mail: [email protected] (IMANOV) Archil Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Georgia) GEGESHIDZE Tel: (99 – 593) 31 77 29 E-mail: [email protected] Fuad Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MURSHUDLI Tel: (994 – 50) 225 31 01 E-mail:[email protected] Vol. 1 (1), 2006 3 MembersTHE CAUCASUS of Editorial & GLOBALIZATION Board: Mustafa Professor, Ankara University (Turkey) AYDIN Irina D.Sc. (History), Leading research associate of the Institute of Ethnology and BABICH Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) Douglas Professor, Chair of Political Science Department, Providence College (U.S.A.) W.
    [Show full text]
  • S/PV.8428 Briefings by Chairs of Subsidiary Bodies of the Security Council 17/12/2018
    United Nations S/ PV.8428 Security Council Provisional Seventy-third year 8428th meeting Monday, 17 December 2018, 5.20 p.m. New York President: Mr. Ipo ........................................ (Côte d’Ivoire) Members: Bolivia (Plurinational State of) ..................... Mrs. Cordova Soria China ......................................... Mr. Zhang Diabin Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mr. Ondo Nzang Ethiopia ....................................... Mr. Amde France ........................................ Mr. Melki Kazakhstan .................................... Mr. Umarov Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Albanai Netherlands .................................... Mr. Van Oosterom Peru .......................................... Mr. Duclos Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Volgarev Sweden ....................................... Mr. Skoog United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Hickey United States of America .......................... Mr. Hunter Agenda Briefings by Chairs of subsidiary bodies of the Security Council . This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned
    [Show full text]
  • The Perpetrator's Purse Strings: Strategies For
    THE PERPETRATOR’S PURSE STRINGS: STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING MASS ATROCITIES THROUGH SANCTIONS I. INTRODUCTION As President Obama stated when he created the Atrocities Prevention Board in 2011, the prevention of mass atrocities is “is a core national security interest and a core moral responsibility of the United States.”1 But five years after the establishment of the Atrocities Prevention Board, the worthy goal set forth by President Obama of stamping out mass atrocities is not closer to realization. Atrocities continue unabated throughout the world—in places such in Syria, Iraq, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic, to name but a few. Preventing mass atrocities is no small feat; the root causes are legion, and require constant vigilance to remedy. Effective atrocity prevention requires a variety of tools and flexible approaches. At one side of the continuum of approaches is simply acknowledging that such atrocities are occurring and condemning them in the strongest manner. At the other end of the spectrum is the deployment of full-scale military force to stop the atrocities. However, there are many other options in between these two extremes that are often over-looked or under- utilized. A middle approach that requires positive action, but is less costly in blood and treasure, is intermediate measures such as financial, travel, and other sanctions. Sanctions will by no means eliminate atrocities, but they may be effective in certain situations to stigmatize and incapacitate and should remain in our atrocity prevention tool-kit for situations in which they can be effectively employed. This paper explores the need for an atrocities prevention sanctions regime and also discusses what form such a regime should take.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea: a Comparison of S
    North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Dianne E. Rennack Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation January 15, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44344 North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Summary This report compares S. 1747, the North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2015, as introduced in the Senate by Senator Menendez on July 9, 2015; S. 2144, the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2015, introduced in the Senate by Senator Gardner on October 6, 2015; and H.R. 757, the North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2015, introduced in the House by Representative Royce on February 5, 2015, and passed, as amended by the Committee on Foreign Affairs, by the House on January 12, 2016, by a vote of 418-2. Congressional Research Service North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Contents Background ............................................................................................................................... 1 How to Read the Table Comparing the Legislative Proposals .................................................. 1 Tables Table 1. Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 ................................................................. 2 Contacts Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 55 Congressional Research Service North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Background In 2014, the House adopted H.R. 1771 to strengthen
    [Show full text]
  • China's Foreign Aid Political Drivers: Lessons from a Novel Dataset of Mask Diplomacy in Latin America During the COVID-19
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344035590 China’s Foreign Aid Political Drivers: Lessons from a Novel Dataset of Mask Diplomacy in Latin America During the COVID-19 Pandemic Preprint · August 2020 CITATIONS READS 0 2,171 2 authors: Diego Telias Francisco Urdinez Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 9 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS 37 PUBLICATIONS 179 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Foreign Policy Index (Brazil) View project Democratic Peace View project All content following this page was uploaded by Francisco Urdinez on 19 April 2021. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Forthcoming in the Journal of Current Chinese Affairs China’s Foreign Aid Political Drivers: Lessons from a Novel Dataset of Mask Diplomacy in Latin America During the COVID-19 Pandemic Diego Telias Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-0017 & Francisco Urdinez1 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-478X Abstract: This study investigates a novel dataset comprised of a universe of 537 donations in 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, between February 11 and June 20, 2020, which provides a high level of detail on China’s and Taiwan’s mask diplomacy. We describe who the main donors were, who the main recipients were, what was donated to each country, and which variables explain why some countries received more aid than the others. Drawing on previous literature, the article advances understanding about the political determinants of these donations.
    [Show full text]