Beyond Carrots, Better Sticks
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
H. Con. Res. 441
IV 110TH CONGRESS 2D SESSION H. CON. RES. 441 Recognizing the threat that the spread of radical Islamist terrorism and Iranian adventurism in Africa poses to the United States, our allies, and interests. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SEPTEMBER 29, 2008 Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN (for herself, Mr. BURTON of Indiana, Mr. ROYCE, Mr. CHABOT, Mr. FORTUN˜O, and Mr. PENCE) submitted the following concur- rent resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Recognizing the threat that the spread of radical Islamist terrorism and Iranian adventurism in Africa poses to the United States, our allies, and interests. Whereas nearly 500,000,000 Muslims live in Africa, and Islam reportedly is the fastest growing religion on the continent; Whereas according to the World Bank, Africa hosts the world’s largest proportion of people living on less than $1 per day; Whereas despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of Muslims in Africa practice moderate and tolerant forms of Islam, poverty, corruption, and political marginalization have facilitated the spread of radicalism VerDate Aug 31 2005 02:00 Sep 30, 2008 Jkt 069200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6300 E:\BILLS\HC441.IH HC441 smartinez on PROD1PC64 with BILLS 2 in a number in areas in Africa, particularly among grow- ing populations of impoverished and disaffected youth; Whereas the spread of radical Islam undermines the histori- cally moderate influence of Islam in Africa, exacerbates existing political and religious tensions within African na- tions, provides -
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117Th Congress
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46750 SUMMARY R46750 Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues March 31, 2021 for the 117th Congress Thomas Lum U.S. concern over human rights in China has been a central issue in U.S.-China relations, Specialist in Asian Affairs particularly since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. In recent years, human rights conditions in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have deteriorated, while bilateral tensions related to trade Michael A. Weber and security have increased, possibly creating both constraints and opportunities for U.S. policy Analyst in Foreign Affairs on human rights. After consolidating power in 2013, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary and State President Xi Jinping intensified and expanded the reassertion of party control over society that began toward the end of the term of his predecessor, Hu Jintao. Since 2017, the government has enacted new laws that place further restrictions on civil society in the name of national security, authorize greater controls over minority and religious groups, and further constrain the freedoms of PRC citizens. Government methods of social and political control are evolving to include the widespread use of sophisticated surveillance and big data technologies. Arrests of human rights advocates and lawyers intensified in 2015, followed by party efforts to instill ideological conformity across various spheres of society. In 2016, President Xi launched a policy known as “Sinicization,” under which the government has taken additional measures to compel China’s religious practitioners and ethnic minorities to conform to Han Chinese culture, support China’s socialist system as defined by the Communist Party, abide by Communist Party policies, and reduce ethnic differences and foreign influences. -
Reconciling the Protection of Civilians and Host-State Support in UN Peacekeeping
MAY 2020 With or Against the State? Reconciling the Protection of Civilians and Host-State Support in UN Peacekeeping PATRYK I. LABUDA Cover Photo: Elements of the UN ABOUT THE AUTHOR Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s PATRYK I. LABUDA is a Postdoctoral Scholar at the (MONUSCO) Force Intervention Brigade Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and a Non-resident and the Congolese armed forces Fellow at the International Peace Institute. The author’s undertake a joint operation near research is supported by the Swiss National Science Kamango, in eastern Democratic Foundation. Republic of the Congo, March 20, 2014. UN Photo/Sylvain Liechti. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper represent those of the author The author wishes to thank all the UN officials, member- and not necessarily those of the state representatives, and civil society representatives International Peace Institute. IPI welcomes consideration of a wide interviewed for this report. He thanks MONUSCO in parti - range of perspectives in the pursuit of cular for organizing a workshop in Goma, which allowed a well-informed debate on critical him to gather insights from a range of stakeholders.. policies and issues in international Special thanks to Oanh-Mai Chung, Koffi Wogomebou, Lili affairs. Birnbaum, Chris Johnson, Sigurður Á. Sigurbjörnsson, Paul Egunsola, and Martin Muigai for their essential support in IPI Publications organizing the author’s visits to the Central African Adam Lupel, Vice President Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Albert Trithart, Editor South Sudan. The author is indebted to Namie Di Razza for Meredith Harris, Editorial Intern her wise counsel and feedback on various drafts through - out this project. -
Africa's Role in Nation-Building: an Examination of African-Led Peace
AFRICA’S ROLE IN NATION-BUILDING An Examination of African-Led Peace Operations James Dobbins, James Pumzile Machakaire, Andrew Radin, Stephanie Pezard, Jonathan S. Blake, Laura Bosco, Nathan Chandler, Wandile Langa, Charles Nyuykonge, Kitenge Fabrice Tunda C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2978 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0264-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: U.S. Air Force photo/ Staff Sgt. Ryan Crane; Feisal Omar/REUTERS. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Since the turn of the century, the African Union (AU) and subregional organizations in Africa have taken on increasing responsibilities for peace operations throughout that continent. -
Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community
Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community A Study by Bronwen Manby for UNHCR September 2018 Commissioned by UNHCR Regional Service Centre, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 2 September 2018 STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... i List of Boxes ................................................................................................................................ i Methodology and acknowledgements ...................................................................................... ii A note on terminology: “nationality”, “citizenship” and “stateless person” ........................... iii Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. iv Key findings and recommendations ....................................................................... 1 1. Summary ........................................................................................................... 3 Overview of the report .............................................................................................................. 4 Key recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 Steps already taken .................................................................................................................. -
4810-AL DEPARTMENT of the TREASURY Office of Foreign
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 09/05/2014 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2014-21225, and on FDsys.gov 4810-AL DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of Foreign Assets Control Imposition of Sanctions on Three Individuals and Eight Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13608 SUB-AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets Control, Treasury. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") is providing notice of actions taken by OFAC with respect to three individuals and eight entities to impose sanctions pursuant to Executive Order 13608 of May 1, 2012, “Prohibiting Certain Transactions With and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Foreign Sanctions Evaders With Respect to Iran and Syria” (“E.O. 13608”). DATES: OFAC’s actions described in this notice to impose sanctions pursuant to E.O. 13608 were effective February 6, 2014. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Assistant Director for Sanctions Compliance and Evaluation, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC 20220, tel.: 202/622–2490. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Electronic and Facsimile Availability This document and additional information concerning OFAC are available from OFAC’s web site (www.treasury.gov/ofac) or via facsimile through a 24-hour fax-on demand service tel.: (202) 622–0077. Background On May 1, 2012, the President issued Executive Order 13608, "Prohibiting Certain Transactions With and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Foreign Sanctions Evaders With Respect to Iran and Syria” (“E.O. 13608”). Section 1 (a)(ii) of E.O. 13608 authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to impose on a foreign person certain measures upon determining that the foreign person has, inter alia, “facilitated deceptive transactions for or on behalf of any person subject to United States sanctions concerning Iran or Syria.” Section 7(d) of E.O. -
Economic Sanctions Case 2011-2: EU, US V. Syrian Arab Republic (2011
Case Studies in Economic Sanctions and Terrorism Case 2011-2 EU, US v. Syrian Arab Republic (2011– : human rights, democracy) Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Peterson Institute for International Economics Jeffrey J. Schott, Peterson Institute for International Economics Kimberly Ann Elliott, Peterson Institute for International Economics Julia Muir, Peterson Institute for International Economics July 2011 © Peterson Institute for International Economics. All rights reserved. See also: Cases 86-1 US v. Syria (1986– : Terrorism) Additional country case studies can be found in Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, May 2008 Summary Post‐2000 the United States has imposed three rounds of sanctions against Syria, in response to: (1) Syria’s support for terrorist groups and terrorist activities in Iraq; (2) its pursuit of missiles and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs; and (3) the occupation of Lebanon. In May 2004, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13338, implementing the provisions in the Syria Accountability Act, including a freeze of assets of specified individuals and a ban on munitions and dual use items, a ban on exports to Syria other than food and medicine, and a ban on Syrian aircraft landing in or overflying the United States. Sanctions also required US financial institutions to sever correspondent accounts with the Commercial Bank of Syria because of money laundering concerns. In April 2006, Executive Order 13399 was implemented, which designates the Commercial Bank of Syria, including its subsidiary, Syrian Lebanese Commercial Bank, as a financial institution of primary money laundering concern and orders US banks to sever all ties with the institution. In February 2008 the United States issued Executive Order 13460, which freezes the assets of additional individuals. -
Sanctions Risks Related to Petroleum Shipments Involving Iran and Syria
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20220 OFAC Advisory to the Maritime Petroleum Shipping Community Issued: March 25, 2019 Subject: Sanctions Risks Related to Petroleum Shipments involving Iran and Syria The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), with the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Coast Guard, is issuing this advisory to alert persons globally to the significant U.S. sanctions risks for parties involved in petroleum shipments to the Government of Syria. These shipments create significant sanctions risk for entities and individuals in the shipping industry, including shipping companies, vessel owners, managers, operators, insurers, and financial institutions. Countries such as Iran and Russia have been involved in providing the Government of Syria with petroleum. Those who in any way facilitate the financial transfers, logistics, or insurance associated with these or other petroleum shipments are at risk of being targeted by the United States for sanctions. The United States is committed to disrupting illicit financial and other support to the Government of Syria, to include transporting petroleum to its state-owned and -operated ports, regardless of the location or nationality of those facilitating such support. The United States and its international partners continue to demonstrate resolve to disrupt support for the Assad regime by preventing the normalization of economic and diplomatic relations and the provision of reconstruction funding, as well as permanently denying the regime the use of chemical weapons. The United States is committed to isolating the Assad regime and its supporters from the global financial and trade system in response to the continued atrocities committed by the regime against the Syrian people. -
Somalia Fragile State Analysis: Policy Options for the Government of Canada
SOMALIA FRAGILE STATE ANALYSIS: POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA Zeinab Ali Samantha Nicholl Zach Salzmann January 2017 Table of Contents I) Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 2 II) Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 2 III) Authority- Legitimacy- Capacity (ALC) ....................................................................................................... 3 IV) Timeline of Fragility .................................................................................................................................. 3 V) Key Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................................... 4 VI) Fragility Risk Assessment (6-12 months) ..................................................................................................... 5 VII) Theoretical Approach: ALC...................................................................................................................... 11 VIII) Scenarios ................................................................................................................................................ 12 IX) Policy Options ........................................................................................................................................ 12 X) Conclusion -
S/PV.8428 Briefings by Chairs of Subsidiary Bodies of the Security Council 17/12/2018
United Nations S/ PV.8428 Security Council Provisional Seventy-third year 8428th meeting Monday, 17 December 2018, 5.20 p.m. New York President: Mr. Ipo ........................................ (Côte d’Ivoire) Members: Bolivia (Plurinational State of) ..................... Mrs. Cordova Soria China ......................................... Mr. Zhang Diabin Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mr. Ondo Nzang Ethiopia ....................................... Mr. Amde France ........................................ Mr. Melki Kazakhstan .................................... Mr. Umarov Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Albanai Netherlands .................................... Mr. Van Oosterom Peru .......................................... Mr. Duclos Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Volgarev Sweden ....................................... Mr. Skoog United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Hickey United States of America .......................... Mr. Hunter Agenda Briefings by Chairs of subsidiary bodies of the Security Council . This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned -
The Perpetrator's Purse Strings: Strategies For
THE PERPETRATOR’S PURSE STRINGS: STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING MASS ATROCITIES THROUGH SANCTIONS I. INTRODUCTION As President Obama stated when he created the Atrocities Prevention Board in 2011, the prevention of mass atrocities is “is a core national security interest and a core moral responsibility of the United States.”1 But five years after the establishment of the Atrocities Prevention Board, the worthy goal set forth by President Obama of stamping out mass atrocities is not closer to realization. Atrocities continue unabated throughout the world—in places such in Syria, Iraq, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic, to name but a few. Preventing mass atrocities is no small feat; the root causes are legion, and require constant vigilance to remedy. Effective atrocity prevention requires a variety of tools and flexible approaches. At one side of the continuum of approaches is simply acknowledging that such atrocities are occurring and condemning them in the strongest manner. At the other end of the spectrum is the deployment of full-scale military force to stop the atrocities. However, there are many other options in between these two extremes that are often over-looked or under- utilized. A middle approach that requires positive action, but is less costly in blood and treasure, is intermediate measures such as financial, travel, and other sanctions. Sanctions will by no means eliminate atrocities, but they may be effective in certain situations to stigmatize and incapacitate and should remain in our atrocity prevention tool-kit for situations in which they can be effectively employed. This paper explores the need for an atrocities prevention sanctions regime and also discusses what form such a regime should take. -
North Korea: a Comparison of S
North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Dianne E. Rennack Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation January 15, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44344 North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Summary This report compares S. 1747, the North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2015, as introduced in the Senate by Senator Menendez on July 9, 2015; S. 2144, the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2015, introduced in the Senate by Senator Gardner on October 6, 2015; and H.R. 757, the North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2015, introduced in the House by Representative Royce on February 5, 2015, and passed, as amended by the Committee on Foreign Affairs, by the House on January 12, 2016, by a vote of 418-2. Congressional Research Service North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Contents Background ............................................................................................................................... 1 How to Read the Table Comparing the Legislative Proposals .................................................. 1 Tables Table 1. Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 ................................................................. 2 Contacts Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 55 Congressional Research Service North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 Background In 2014, the House adopted H.R. 1771 to strengthen