Displaced Persons Act of 1948
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A Nazi War Criminal As a Standard Bearer for Gender Equality? the Strange Saga of Johann Breyer
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice Volume 10 (2003-2004) Issue 2 William & Mary Journal of Women and Article 5 the Law February 2004 A Nazi War Criminal as a Standard Bearer for Gender Equality? The Strange Saga of Johann Breyer Michael M. Pavlovich Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Repository Citation Michael M. Pavlovich, A Nazi War Criminal as a Standard Bearer for Gender Equality? The Strange Saga of Johann Breyer, 10 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 319 (2004), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol10/iss2/5 Copyright c 2004 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl A NAZI WAR CRIMINAL AS A STANDARD BEARER FOR GENDER EQUALITY? - THE STRANGE SAGA OF JOHANN BREYER The modern judicial system's willingness to shield American women from any form of invidious gender-based discrimination and to demand the equal protection of the laws for all, is perhaps best evidenced by a recent courageous decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Breyer v. Meissner.' In this decision, the court upheld the claim of Johann Breyer, an admitted Nazi war criminal who had persecuted thousands in the hellish concentration camps of the Second World War, to American citizenship through his American-born mother. The Third Circuit ruled that two Acts of Congress unconstitutionally discriminated against an American-born woman on the basis of her gender, with the effect of depriving her son of American citizenship at birth.2 The first act, Section 1993 of the Revised Statutes of 1874,' allowed only American citizen fathers to pass their citizenship to their offspring born abroad, while preventing American citizen mothers from doing the same. -
Liberty, Restriction, and the Remaking of Italians and Eastern European Jews
"Liberty, Restriction, and the Remaking of Italians and Eastern European Jews, (1882-1965)" By Maddalena Marinari University of Kansas, 2009 B.A. Istituto Universitario Orientale Submitted to the Department of History and the Faculty of The Graduate School of the University Of Kansas in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy __________________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Moran, Chair __________________________________________ Dr. Donna Gabaccia __________________________________________ Dr. Sheyda Jahanbani __________________________________________ Dr. Roberta Pergher __________________________________________ Dr. Ruben Flores Date Defended: 14 December 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Maddalena Marinari certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: "Liberty, Restriction, and the Remaking of Italians and Eastern European Jews, (1882-1965)" Committee: __________________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Moran, Chair __________________________________________ Dr. Donna Gabaccia __________________________________________ Dr. Sheyda Jahanbani __________________________________________ Dr. Roberta Pergher __________________________________________ Dr. Ruben Flores Date Approved: 14 December 2009 2 Table of Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….3 Chapter 1: From Unwanted to Restricted (1890-1921) ………………………………………...17 Chapter 2: "The doors of America are worse than shut when they are half-way open:" The Fight against the Johnson-Reed Immigration -
The Aftermath of Nuremberg . . . the Problems of Suspected War
NYLS Journal of Human Rights Volume 6 Article 8 Issue 2 Volume VI, Part Two, Spring 1989 1989 The Aftermath of Nuremberg . The rP oblems of Suspected War Criminals in America Natalie J. Sobchak Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_human_rights Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Sobchak, Natalie J. (1989) "The Aftermath of Nuremberg . The rP oblems of Suspected War Criminals in America," NYLS Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 6 : Iss. 2 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_human_rights/vol6/iss2/8 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of Human Rights by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. THE AFrERMATH OF NUREMBERG... THE PROBLEMS OF SUSPECTED WAR CRIMINALS IN AMERICA L INTODUCrON Treblinka. Auschwitz. Sobibor. The mere mention of these places and others like them is a devastating reminder of the ultimate experience in human suffering. These were a few of the many concentration camps -- death camps -- designed to carry out Hitler's Final Solution: to exterminate as many Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, and Homosexuals as possible and create a supreme Aryan' society. Millions upon millions of innocent civilians would suffer miserable deaths before the liberation would come.2 Who were these per- secutors? While the Nazis3 devised "the plan," supplied the materials and man-power to build the camps, and supervised these atrocities, only a few of the death camps were actually located in Germany. The camps were situated in various Slavic countries which had capitulated under Nazi onslaught.' To assist them in their crimes, the Nazis obtained the cooperation of some of the local people and prisoners of war.' Whether their participation was voluntary or not, 1. -
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The Labor of Refuge: Kalmyk Displaced Persons, the 1948 Displaced Persons Act, and the Origins of U.S. Refugee Resettlement By Jessica Johnson B.A., University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 2003 A.M., Brown University, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of American Studies at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May, 2013 © Copyright 2013 by Jessica Johnson This dissertation by Jessica Johnson is accepted in its present form by the Department of American Studies as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date_________________ __________________________________ Robert Lee, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date_________________ __________________________________ Ralph Rodriguez, Reader Date_________________ __________________________________ Naoko Shibusawa, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date_________________ __________________________________ Peter Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii CURRICULUM VITAE Jessica Johnson was born in Wichita, Kansas on July 17, 1981. She received a Bachelor of Arts in History and Chemistry from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities in 2003 and a Master of Arts in Public Humanities from Brown University in 2006. As a doctoral student at Brown University, she worked on public history projects at the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, the John Nicholas Brown Center and the Smithsonian Institution. She also coordinated programs for the Sarah Doyle Women’s Center and taught several undergraduate courses. Johnson’s work has been supported by the Joukowsky Family Foundation Presidential Dissertation Fellowship and the Mary L.S. Downes Dissertation Fellowship from Brown University; the Myrna F. Bernath Fellowship from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations; and the Andrew Mellon Fellowship in Humanistic Studies from the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. -
Of Nazi Forced Labor and Migration« Project
of Nazi Forced Labor and Migration: Paths of Life, Places and Experiences Education Table of Contents Introduction to the »Transnational Remembrance of Nazi Forced Labor and Migration« Project ............. 3 Short Introduction to Displaced Persons (DPs) and the Holdings of the Arolsen Archives.................. 4 CM/1 Applications – the Historical Context of one of the Most Influential Documents for DPs............. 6 How to Use the »Transnational Remembrance of Nazi Forced Labor and Migration« Interactive Map........... 9 Workshop Concept and Materials....................... 10 2 Arolsen Archives International Center on Nazi Persecution arolsen-archives.org Introduction to the »Transnational Remembrance of Nazi Forced Labor and Migration« Project When the Allies liberated Germany and the coun- presenting the project’s potential for use in the tries occupied by Germany, they encountered context of historical education. between 10 and 12 million people who were no Maps make it easier to understand the paths longer in their native countries on account of Nazi people took – especially when the maps can be cus- persecution. The first years after the end of the tomized in line with the interests of individual users. Second World War were thus a time of constant The Interactive Map → in the »Transnational Remem- migration: people were on the move. Millions of for- brance of Nazi Forced Labor and Migration« project mer forced laborers and other individuals who had – see also chapter 4 of this brochure – lets you do been uprooted as a result of the war – and who were exactly that: users can display the biographies of now defined as Displaced Persons (DPs) – lived in individual persons or of entire groups (samples). -
A Historical Overview of Refugee Legislation: the Deception of Foreign Policy in the Land of Promise
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 21 Number 1 Article 6 Fall 1995 A Historical Overview of Refugee Legislation: The Deception of Foreign Policy in the Land of Promise Kathryn M. Bockley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Kathryn M. Bockley, A Historical Overview of Refugee Legislation: The Deception of Foreign Policy in the Land of Promise, 21 N.C. J. INT'L L. 253 (1995). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol21/iss1/6 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Historical Overview of Refugee Legislation: The Deception of Foreign Policy in the Land of Promise Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/ vol21/iss1/6 A Historical Overview of Refugee Legislation: The Deception of Foreign Policy in the Land of Promise Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 254 II. THE ORIGINS OF REFUGEE LAw: 1790-1940 ............... 256 A. Federal Control of Immigration .................... 256 B. The Refugee Crisis in Europe ...................... 260 C. The U.S. Response ................................. 260 III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. REFUGEE LEGISLATION: 1948- 1957 ................................................... 262 A. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 ................. 262 B. The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 .................. 264 C. Refugee Relief Act of 1953 ......................... 265 IV. -
Central Europe
<>&<>0<Z><Z><Z><Z><><Z>0<Z><Z><Z><S><^^ Central Europe DISPLACED PERSONS rr-iHE PERIOD from June 30, 1948, to June 30, 1949, saw the greatest activity in J. the resettlement of the Jewish displaced persons (DP's) since the end of the war. However, the flow was not entirely in one direction. There con- tinued to be some infiltration from the countries within the Russian orbit. During this period approximately 9,000 Jews, most of whom came from Hungary and some from Rumania, made their way to the United States sector of Vienna. A combination of factors induced this clandestine migration. Most of the people left these countries because they could not adjust to Com- munism; many, to elude the ban on migration to Israel; and all, in a large measure, because of the feeling that in these "satellite" countries they were permanently cut off from the rest of Jewry. The Austrian government supplied the basic ration, and the American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), sup- plementary relief, for the needy element of this group. Most of the newcomers appeared to have some resources and those who did not leave promptly for Israel were able to maintain themselves in Vienna while waiting to resettle in other countries. TABLE 1 a GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH DP'S, DECEMBER, 1946-JULY, 1949 Area December, 1946 June 30, 1948 June 30,1949 Germany United States Zone 126,563 91,396 30,408 British Zone 12,809 8,208 3,881 French Zone 3,475 516 293 Austria United States Zone 29,158 15,701 5,844 British Zone — 810 — French Zone — — 1 Italy 25,000 18,249 5,578 Far East not available 4,256 835 Middle East " " 20 40 Other Areas " " 3,780 5,518 TOTALS 197,005 142,936 52,398 " The figures given are the official estimates of the International Refugee Organization (IRO). -
2898 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 7 Mr
2898 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 7 Mr. SMITH of Virginia: Committee on the strengthen its provisions providing for the PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS District of Columbia. H. R. 6104. A bill to imposition of import quotas on agricultural authorize the establishment of an educa commodities when imports of such com Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private tional agency for surplus property within modities tend to interfere with price sup bills and resolutions were introduced the government of the District of Columbia, port or other programs administered by the and severally referred as follows: and for other purposes; without amendment Department of Agriculture, to transfer its By Mr. DONOHUE: (Rept. No. 1734). Referred to the Commit administration from the United States Tariff H. R. 7586. A bill to provide for the renewal tee of the Whole House on the State of the Commission to the United States Depart of patent No. 1,750,816, issued March 18, Union. ment of Agriculture, and for other purposes; 1930, relating to curtain confiners; to the Mr. HARRISON: Committee on House Ad to the Committee on Agriculture. Committee on the Judiciary. ministration. House Resolution 503. Resolu By Mr. PERKINS: By Mr. GARY: tion relative to the contested-election case H. R. 7577. A bill to enable the States to H . R. 7587. A bill for the relief of Mrs. of Stevens against Blackney,_Sixth Congres make more adequate provision for special Coral E. Alldritt; to the Committee on the sional District of Michigan; without amend services required for the education of physi Judiciary. cally handicapped children of school age, and ment (Rept. -
Read in the Same Man- Ner
No. 07-499 In the Supreme Court of the United States DANIEL GIRMAI NEGUSIE, Petitioner, v. MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES Respondent. On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit BRIEF FOR PETITIONER DAN KAHAN ANDREW J. PINCUS TERRI-LEI O’MALLEY Counsel of Record Yale Law School CHARLES A. ROTHFELD Supreme Court Clinic Mayer Brown LLP 127 Wall Street 1909 K Street, NW New Haven, CT 06511 Washington, DC 20006 (203) 432-4800 (202) 263-3000 Counsel for Petitioner i QUESTION PRESENTED The Immigration and Naturalization Act confers upon the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security broad discretion to grant asylum to a “refugee” as defined in the Act, but prohibits the exercise of that discretion in favor of any person who has “ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise partici- pated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particu- lar social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(A) & (2)(A), 1101(a)(42)(A). The Act also provides that when “the Attorney General decides that [an] alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in [a particular] country be- cause of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, mem- bership in a particular social group, or political opin- ion,” the Attorney General may deport the alien to that country only in specified circumstances; this benefit also does not extend to aliens who participate in persecution. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A) & (B). The question presented is: Whether these “persecutor bars” apply to an alien whose involvement in persecutory acts is involuntary because he engaged in the conduct due to credible threats of death or serious bodily harm. -
SENATE 2455 ' Ing of Anti-Poll-Tax Legislation; to the Com Serve Bank of Minneapolis on February 9, Elation, Welch, W
!'950-. CONGRESSIO~AL' RECORD-SENATE 2455 ' ing of anti-poll-tax legislation; to the Com serve Bank of Minneapolis on February 9, elation, Welch, W. Va., reaffirming its stand mittee on House Administration. 1950, petitioning the Congress to review the in favor of Federal aid to education; to the Also, memorial of the Legislature of the question of salaries for members of the Committee on Education and Labor. State of Massachusetts, relative to the pass Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 1924. Also, petition of Mrs. Clair J. Butter ing of antilynching legislation; to the Com System and to establish their annual salaries field, president, Edinqoro State Teachers mittee on the Judiciary. at levels commensurate with the responsi College, Edinboro, Pa., ·requesting that· full Also, memorial of the Legislature of the bilities of their positions, with a view to supp9rt be given Senate bill 246 with cer State of Texas, urging that the attempt to achieving the highest type of public service tain provisions; to the Committee on Edu eliminate or reduce the depletion allowance in the field of monetary and banking policy; cation and Labor. on natural resources be defeated; to the to the Committee on Banking and Currency. _Committee on Ways and Means. 1912. By Mr. HESELTON: Resolutions of the General Court of Massachusetts, mem orializing the Congress of the United States PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS to lower the high cost of food; to the Com SENATE Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private mittee on Agriculture. bills and resolutions were introduced 1913. Also, resolutions of the General TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1950 and severally referred as follows: Court of Massachusetts, memorializing the Congress of the United States to pass anti (Legislative day of Wednesday, February By Mr. -
At the Nexus of Refugee and Labour Migration: US Refugee Policy Formulation After the Second World War
journal of migration history 6 (2020) 326-351 brill.com/jmh At the Nexus of Refugee and Labour Migration: US Refugee Policy Formulation after the Second World War Ruth Ellen Wasem Professor of Policy Practice, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, United States [email protected] Abstract After the Second World War, liberal reformers in the US Congress pushed refugee legislation and included refugee provisions in their immigration reform bills. Presi- dents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower were among those who urged Congress to enact refugee legislation. Without a statutory pathway for persons entering as refu- gees or asylees to become lawful permanent residents (lprs), refugee admissions were reactive. Some presidents would draw on other executive authorities to bring refugees into the United States, relying on Congress to subsequently enact laws providing lpr status. In other instances, Congress would enact refugee legislation aimed at specific populations and limited numbers. As a result, refugee policy was handled in a piece- meal and incremental fashion during this period. It is within this context that this article explores the nexus of refugee and labour migration policies and the role the nativist right-wing political leaders played in shaping US policy in this period. Keywords refugees – displaced persons – labour migration – US immigration policy – asylum © Ruth Ellen Wasem, 2020 | doi:10.1163/23519924-00603003 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-NDDownloaded 4.0 license. from Brill.com10/02/2021 10:16:28PM via free access <UN> At the Nexus of Refugee and Labour Migration 327 1 Introduction1 Forced migration has long been viewed as a distinct area of research among historians and other social scientists. -
Screening Migrants in the Early Cold War: the Geopolitics of U.S
This is a repository copy of Screening migrants in the early Cold War: the geopolitics of U.S. immigration policy. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/110058/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Verovsek, P.J. (2019) Screening migrants in the early Cold War: the geopolitics of U.S. immigration policy. Journal of Cold War Studies, 20 (4). pp. 154-179. ISSN 1520-3972 https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00841 © 2019 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This is an author produced version of a paper subsequently published in Journal of Cold War Studies. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Screening Migrants in the Early Cold War: The Geopolitics of American Immigration Policy* Peter J. Verovšek, Ph.D.† Department of Politics University of Sheffield Elmfield, Northumberland Road Sheffield, S10 2TU United Kingdom [email protected] ABSTRACT: The broad outlines of US immigration policy date back to the early Cold War.