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DIVERSITY of GROUND BEETLES (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in PRESPA NATIONAL PARK (ALBANIA) 1. Introduction

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DIVERSITY of GROUND BEETLES (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in PRESPA NATIONAL PARK (ALBANIA) 1. Introduction DIVERSITY OF GROUND BEETLES (Coleoptera, Carabidae) IN PRESPA NATIONAL PARK (ALBANIA) Slavcho Hristovski Macedonian Ecological Society, Skopje, Macedonia [email protected] ; [email protected] tel. +38978450049 1. Introduction Ground beetles of Prespa National Park in Albania have not been surveyed so far. The research conducted in the Macedonian and Greek parts of Prespa watershed indicate presence of a rich fauna, number of endemic species as well as species of conservation importance ((Drovenik and Peks 1994) (Arndt et al. 2011). The main goal of the present survey is to establish: • A comprehensive list of the ground beetles in Prespa National Park • Evaluate the fauna of ground beetles on the basis of presence of endemic and rare species, as well as species of conservation importance (national and international) • Indicate the most important habitats and localities for ground beetles • Recommend conservation measures and management practices within Prespa National Park • Propose indicator species and monitoring scheme 1.1 Literature review (present knowledge) The fauna of ground beetles (Carabidae) of Albania counts up to 550 species (Guéorguiev 2007). However, there are no data for the Albanian part of Prespa. The Macedonian and Greek parts of Prespa have been surveyed to a certain (low) extent ((Drovenik and Peks 1994) (Guéorguiev and Hristovski 2010) (Arndt et al. 2011). The presence of several local endemic species on Galchica Mt. has been proved: Duvalius vignai, Trechus galicicaensis, Nebria macedonica galicica, as well as other subendemic species (Molops rufipes, Zabrus albanicus, Myas chalybaeus, Carabus neumeyeri, etc.). Pelister Mt. (part of the Prespa watershed) shelters many other endemic species, most of them unlikely to be recorded in Prespa National Park in Albania. 1 1.2 Conservation importance of the investigated group Carabid beetles are well known both taxonomically and ecologically ((Lovei and Sunderland 1996); (Niemelä 1996)). This, however, mainly concerns the temperate region of Palearctic. Ground beetles are distributed over broad geographic ranges and inhabit all major habitats, except the driest parts of deserts (Lovei and Sunderland 1996). The importance of ground beetles in nature conservation and management has just recently been acknowledged. Different aspects of ground beetles' importance in conservation have been elaborated by (Rainio and Niemelä 2003). Ground beetles have been widely and successfully used for different kinds of indicator studies. Most of the surveys focus on the response of the species to changing environmental conditions, e.g. forest fragmentation or management practices (e.g. (Niemelä et al. 1988). In addition to these studies, ground beetles have been used in studies on urban ecology (Venn et al. 2003), insecticides (Basedow and Stork 1990), effects of military tanks (Mossakowski et al. 1990), classification of habitat type (Eyre and Luff 1990) etc. Ground beetles can be divided into geographically wide-ranging generalist (ubiquitous) species, species occupying a wide range of habitats (eurytopic), and specialists occurring in one or a few habitats (stenotopic) (Eversham et al. 1996). Each habitat type has certain species assemblage with generalist and specialist species. Thus, individual carabid species or species assemblages can be used as bioindicators (Rainio and Niemelä 2003). However, because of the high number of generalist species ground beetles have been criticized as bioindicators (Rykken et al. 1997). Ground beetles depend on several abiotic and biotic factors. These include (1) temperature or humidity, (2) food conditions, (3) presence and distribution of competitors, and (4) life history and season, including migration between hibernation and reproduction habitat (Lovei and Sunderland 1996). Most vulnerable are the egg, larval, and pupal stages (Lovei and Sunderland 1996). As these requirements are well known for many parts of the world, Ground beetles appear reliable bioindicators. Management practices in grasslands and forests have shown that ground beetles respond quickly to habitat fragmentation, grazing, fertilisation, and forest cutting. This is because they are sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, vegetation, and size of the forest patch ((Eyre and Luff 1990); (Halme and Niemelä 1993); (Butterfield 1996); (Niemelä 2001). However, the ecological requirements of species vary, and consequently, some species are more sensitive to environmental changes than others ((Niemelä et al. 1993). Collection of ground beetles is simple and can be easily standardized. There are several collecting methods for surveying carabid assemblages. These include pitfall traps, sticky traps, sweep netting, Malaise traps, window traps, hand collection, litter washing, and beating (Spence and Niemelä 1994)). Pitfall trapping is the most commonly used field method because Ground beetles can be easily and cost-effectively collected by these traps(Spence and Niemelä 1994). Ground beetle surveys are not independent of sample 2 size, because of the patchy distribution of the species. Therefore, survey results might depend on the number of sites studied (Atlegrim et al. 1997) and replication (several study sites) are recommended. There are seasonal (Maelfait and Desender 1990); (Niemelä et al. 1992) and year-to-year variations in carabid population sizes ((Niemelä et al. 1993); (Abildsnes and Tommeras 2000)). Because of this, surveys covering the whole activity season are recommended (Niemelä 2000). 2. Methodology 2.1 Sampling methods Ground beetles were collected during the field research by means of hand collection as well as pit-fall traps. Beetles were collected by hand mainly under stones or rotten vegetation (on the lake shore and other wetlands or in the forest floor). Only few individuals (mainly Cicindela) were caught by entomological net. Pit-fall traps were set in 10 localities. Each locality had 5-10 pit-fall traps filled with vinegar and 4% of formalin. The material from the pit-fall traps was cleaned and selected. 2.2 Determination of species and their distribution areals All of the specimens (hand collection and pit-fall traps) were analyzed by stereomicroscope. The determination of species was performed with various determination keys (Trautner and Geigenmüller 1987); (Ledoux and Roux 2005); (Freude et al. 2004); (Arndt et al. 2011) The information on the distribution of species was taken from the Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera (Loebl and Smetana 2003) as well as the monographs on Balkan fauna (Apfelbeck 1904); (Georgiev and Guéorguiev 1995); (Arndt et al. 2011); (Ćurčić et al. 2007) and especially the Albanian checklist of ground beetles (Guéorguiev 2007). 3. Investigated area During the field research in 2013 a number of localities within Prespa National Park were visited. However, some parts of Prespa National Park were less studies due to the lack of access roads and their remoteness. The investigated area is presented in Fig. 1. 3 Figure 1. Map of the investigated area for ground-beetles in Prespa National Park, Albania The list of localities and surveyed habitats is presented in the following list: Great Prespa Lake GPL1: 0,5 km south of village Gorica e Vogël (Dolna Gorica), 854m, Meadow, 24.05.- 23.06.2013 GPL2: 0,5 km south of village Gorica e Vogël (Dolna Gorica), 854m, Meadow, 23.06- 23.07.2013 GPL20: Liqenas (Pustec), 860m, Hill pasture, 27.05.2013 GPL21: Mali Grad, 860m, Hill pasture, 25.09.2013 GPL3: 0,5 km south of village Gorica e Vogël (Dolna Gorica), 854m, Wet meadow, 24.05.- 23.06.2013 GPL4: 0,5 km south of village Kallamas (Tuminec), 895m, Pruno webbii-Juniperetum excelsae, 24.05.-23.06.2013 GPL5: 0,5 km west of village Kallamas (Tuminec), 860m, Agricultural land, 24.05.-23.06.2013 GPL6: 1 km east of village Zaroshka (Zrnosko), 852m, Ruderal vegetation, 24.05.-23.06.2013 GPL7: Cerje, 1090m, Hill pasture, 26.05.2013 GPL8: Cerje-Zrnosko, 1100m, Quercus trojana degraded forest, 24.06.2013 GPL9: Gorica e Vogël (Dolna Gorica), 850m, Wet meadow, 27.05.2013 GPL10: Gorica e Vogël (Dolna Gorica), 870m, Hill pasture, 26.05.2013 4 GPL11: Gorica e Vogël (Dolna Gorica), 870m, ruderal site, 23.07.2013 GPL12: Gorica e Vogël (Dolna Gorica), Zavir, 860m, Meadow, 24.05.2013 GPL13: Gollomboc (Globochani), 850m, ruderal site, 26.05.2013 GPL14: Gollomboc (Globochani), 860m, in light bulbs, 23.06.2013 GPL15: Gollomboc (Globochani), 860m, in light bulbs, 25.09.2013 GPL16: Gollomboc (Globochani), 860m, Wet meadow, 22.07.2013 GPL17: Kallamas (Tuminec), 850m, Hill pasture (rocky), 24.05.2013 GPL18: Zaroshka (Zrnosko), 850m, Hill pasture, 27.05.2013 GPL19: Zaroshka (Zrnosko), 850m, Wet meadow, 27.05.2013 Small Prespa Lake SPL1: Small Prespa Lake, v. Shuec, Kalasë së Gradishtës, 858m, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis buxetosum (Buxus thicket), 24.05.-23.06.2013 SPL2: Shpela e Trenit, 860m, Wet meadow, 26.05.2013 SPL3a: Shuec, 860m, Wet meadow, 24.05.2013 SPL3b: Shuec, 860m, Wet meadow, 26.05.2013 SPL4: Zagradec, 900m, Hill pasture, 24.07.2013 SPL5: Rakicko, 1120m, Hill pasture, 26.05.2013 Galichica Mountain GAL1: 1 km south-west of border pass, 965m, Hill pasture, 24.05.-23.06.2013 GAL2: 1 km south-west of border pass Macedonia-Albania, 950m, Hill pasture, 25.05.2013 GAL3: 1 km south-west of border pass Macedonia-Albania, 991m, Quercetum frainetto- cerris (Italian and Turkey oak forest), 24.05.-23.06.2013 GAL4: Above Ceroska Lokva (on the road to Pikina Voda), 1322m, Calamintho grandiflorae- Fagetum (Montane beech forest), 24.05.-23.06.2013
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