DOCSLIB.ORG

The Use of the Participle in the Hebrew Bar Kosiba Letters in the Light of Aramaic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Use of the Participle in the Hebrew Bar Kosiba Letters in the Light of Aramaic DSD 14,1_Gzella-90-98 11/16/06 12:52 PM Page 90 THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLE IN THE HEBREW BAR KOSIBA LETTERS IN THE LIGHT OF ARAMAIC HOLGER GZELLA Leiden University Even though Simon Bar Kosiba’s political ambitions were doomed to failure, he eventually seems to have revolutionized, albeit long post mortem, people’s views on the linguistic situation in Palestine around the time of Christ. Earlier scholars usually believed that Hebrew as a living language had died out completely soon after the Babylonian Exile; in 1960, however, the caves of Wadi MurabbaÆat, Nahal Hever and Nahal Seelim in the Judaean Desert yielded a number of letters either from himself or from his executives during the upheaval (132–135 CE).1 Several of them are written not in Aramaic or Greek, but in a previously unknown variety of Hebrew; seven Hebrew letters have been preserved sufficiently well to permit a wider-ranging lin- guistic investigation. This discovery quickly brought about a change of the majority opinion towards an acceptance (by now almost unan- imous) of the view that the use of Hebrew was not limited to learned circles, but that it was still a “spoken language” in that time—what- ever the intrinsically vague term “spoken language” is in fact supposed to mean.2 Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that Aramaic became very much dominant and thereby also exercised a growing influence on Hebrew from the fifth century BCE onwards. This has by now been shown in great detail with respect to morphology and lexicon.3 1 Text and sigla cited according to: A. Yardeni, Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 2000). 2 For a very comprehensive and useful survey of the relevant literature see W.F. Smelik, The Targum of Judges (Leiden: Brill, 1995) 1–23. Still many scholars think that the publication of the letters confirmed M.Z. Segal’s view of Rabbinic Hebrew as a later, living development of Biblical Hebrew, rather than Geiger’s opinion that it was an artificial language; cf. E.Y. Kutscher, A History of the Hebrew Language (Jeru- salem: Magnes Press, 1982) 117–18. 3 Cf. the meticulous remarks by K. Beyer, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007 Dead Sea Discoveries 14, 1 Also available online – www.brill.nl DSD 14,1_Gzella-90-98 11/16/06 12:52 PM Page 91 THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLE IN THE HEBREW BAR KOSIBA 91 A re-examination of the evidence indicates that there is still room for discussion, nurturing the hope that some day the linguistic status of Hebrew in Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Palestine can be defined more precisely. Presumably, this enterprise will entail the use of lin- guistic models beyond the traditional polar alternative of a “spoken” versus an “extinct” language, as the latter may actually prove to be a dead end: language death is a gradual phenomenon allowing for many intermediate stages, including unexpected revivals, and languages can still be “spoken” under certain circumstances even if no native speak- ers exist anymore. For the time being, the usual arguments in favour of a considerable Aramaic influence, too, require some fine-tuning: the source-language from which alleged loans spring, such as the analyt- ical genitive construction instead of the construct state, usually cannot be further determined within the chronologically and geographically huge Aramaic dialect continuum. They are thus unable to answer a central question: what kind of Aramaic is in the background? Moreover, many foreign words and forms are restricted to certain very specific contexts, especially legal terminology. The suffix /-eh/ for the third person masculine singular, for example, is typical of the Aramaic languages in general. However, in, e.g., Mur 42 it only occurs in various stereotypical statements at the end of the letter, that is, in the fixed formulae /ka˚a‰eh/ “he has dictated it” (Mur 42:8–9) and in the Aramaic expression /Æal na9p·eh/ “he is obliged to keep the contract” (Mur 42:10). The body of the text, by contrast, has the gen- uinely Hebrew form /l¨/ (Mur 42:6). Hence, the use of /-eh/ in these two examples does not prove “Aramaic influence” on the language of the letters as such, but rather indicates the impact of an existing legal and administrative tradition in Aramaic from which set phrases of this kind were taken over. One may compare this to legal terminology in many Western languages which still depends on Latin technical expressions; the mere existence of such expressions does not prove that the people using them had an active command of Latin. In fact, many instances of borrowing along these lines are inconclusive for determining whether language contact between Hebrew and Aramaic II (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004) 34–36 (general) and 261–62 (concern- ing the Hebrew texts from the Judaean Desert). Beyer is one of the very few scholars nowadays who hold that Hebrew has ceased being people’s native language soon after the exile. Note that he does not say that it was never “spoken” afterwards (his critics in this respect should indeed read him more carefully)..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rotunda ROM Magazine Subject Index V. 1 (1968) – V. 42 (2009)
    Rotunda ROM Magazine Subject Index v. 1 (1968) – v. 42 (2009) 2009.12.02 Adam (Biblical figure)--In art: Hickl-Szabo, H. "Adam and Eve." Rotunda 2:4 (1969): 4-13. Aesthetic movement (Art): Kaellgren, P. "ROM answers." Rotunda 31:1 (1998): 46-47. Afghanistan--Antiquities: Golombek, L. "Memories of Afghanistan: as a student, our writer realized her dream of visiting the exotic lands she had known only through books and slides: thirty-five years later, she recalls the archaeoloigical treasures she explored in a land not yet ruined by tragedy." Rotunda 34:3 (2002): 24-31. Akhenaton, King of Egypt: Redford, D.B. "Heretic Pharoah: the Akhenaten Temple Project." Rotunda 17:3 (1984): 8-15. Kelley, A.L. "Pharoah's temple to the sun: archaeologists unearth the remains of the cult that failed." Rotunda 9:4 (1976): 32-39. Alabaster sculpture: Hickl-Szabo, H. "St. Catherine of Alexandria: memorial to Gerard Brett." Rotunda 3:3 (1970): 36-37. Keeble, K.C. "Medieval English alabasters." Rotunda 38:2 (2005): 14-21. Alahan Manastiri (Turkey): Gough, M. "They carved the stone: the monastery of Alahan." Rotunda 11:2 (1978): 4-13. Albertosaurus: Carr, T.D. "Baby face: ROM Albertosaurus reveals new findings on dinosaur development." Rotunda 34:3 (2002): 5. Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.: Keeble, K.C. "The sincerest form of flattery: 17th-century French etchings of the battles of Alexander the Great." Rotunda 16:1 (1983): 30-35. Easson, A.H. "Macedonian coinage and its Hellenistic successors." Rotunda 15:4 (1982): 29-31. Leipen, N. "The search for Alexander: from the ROM collections." Rotunda 15:4 (1982): 23-28.
    [Show full text]
  • A Day in the Life of Hananiah Nothos: a Story by Magen Broshi
    A Day in the Life of Hananiah Nothos: A Story By Magen Broshi When Hananiah Nothos1 woke up it was still dark outside. He and his companions who shared the cave with him2 did not have to change--they wore the same clothes day and night. After washing their hands,3 they hurried to the morning prayer.4 On the plateau, near the community center,5 stood a group of some hundred and twenty, most of them cave dwellers and a few old and infirm residents of the center. They stood facing east, toward the rising sun, dressed in tattered sandals and ragged clothes, white garb that had known better times.6 1 Hananiah Nothos. A scroll published recently has preserved the names of some members of the Qumran community. This is the only one of the six hundred non-biblical scrolls, which contains such data. Here, the overseer wrote down the names of those he rebuked and the misdemeanors they committed. One of the rebuked was Hananiah Nothos. Cf. Esther Eshel, "4Q477: The Rebukes of the Overseer," Journal of Jewish Studies 45 (1994), pp.110-22. 2 Who shared the cave with him. It seems that most of the inhabitants of Qumran (originally called Secacah, see below) lived in caves. Cf. M.Broshi, "The Archeology of Qumran-a Reconsideration," in The Dead Sea Scrolls, Forty Years of Research , edited by D. Dimant and U. Rappaport (Leiden and Jerusalem: Brill-Magnes, 1992), p. 104. Even if J. Patrich is correct in his contention that only one of the natural caves in the rocky escarpment was used for habitation, he cannot deny that at least six artificial caves below the marl plateau were used for this purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Documentary Papyri from the Judaean Desert on the Study of Jewish History from 70 to 135 CE
    Hannah M. Cotton The Impact of the Documentary Papyri from the Judaean Desert on the Study of Jewish History from 70 to 135 CE We are now in possession of inventories of almost the entire corpus of documents discovered in the Judaean Desert1. Obviously the same cannot be said about the state of publication of the documents. We still lack a great many documents. I pro- pose to give here a short review of those finds which are relevant to the study of Jewish history between 70 and 135 CE. The survey will include the state of publi- cation of texts from each find2. After that an attempt will be made to draw some interim, and necessarily tentative, conclusions about the contribution that this fairly recent addition to the body of our evidence can make to the study of differ- ent aspects of Jewish history between 70 and 135 CE. This material can be divided into several groups: 1) The first documents came from the caves of Wadi Murabba'at in 1952. They were published without much delay in 19613. The collection consists of docu- ments written in Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Arabic, and contains, among 1 For a complete list till the Arab conquest see Hannah M. Cotton, Walter Cockle, Fergus Millar, The Papyrology of the Roman Near East: A Survey, in: JRS 85 (1995) 214-235, hence- forth Cotton, Cockle, Millar, Survey. A much shorter survey, restricted to the finds from the Judaean Desert, can be found in Hannah M. Cotton, s.v. Documentary Texts, in: Encyclo- pedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, eds.
    [Show full text]
  • Storage Conditions and Physical Treatments Relating to the Dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls
    [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 37, No. 1, 1995, P. 21-32] STORAGE CONDITIONS AND PHYSICAL TREATMENTS RELATING TO THE DATING OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS NICCOLO CALDARARO Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132 USA ABSTRACT. The Dead Sea Scrolls have been analyzed by paleographic, non-destructive and destructive testing. The dates of their creation have been in dispute since their discovery. Research has established their authenticity, but a variety of con- ditions including the methods of skin preparation, variation in storage conditions and post-discovery restoration treatments could have introduced changes now affecting dating efforts. Comprehensive analyses were not possible until recently. Such analysis must be performed to establish a concrete framework for all the texts. Professor R. B. Blake told a story in response to a question of why so little remained of writing on leather. He said that on one of his expedi- tions to Asia Minor, one of his native servants exhibited proudly some chamois trousers of his own manufacture, upon which Professor Blake detected with sorrow, traces of medieval writing (Reed 1972). INTRODUCTION A recent 14C study of 14 Dead Sea Scrolls by Bonani et al. (1992) is a welcome addition to the ana- lytical literature on the Scrolls. The authors have undertaken a more comprehensive sampling than any previous study, an effort that T. B. Kahle and I proposed in an article in Nature in 1986. In that article, we commented on amino acid racemization analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls published by Weiner et al. (1980). Our comments then, as mine now, relate to the potential effects on dating results of prior storage conditions and restoration treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Descriptions of Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List
    July 2002 WHC.2002/15 Brief Descriptions of Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List UNESCO 1972 CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE Additional copies of the Brief Descriptions, and other information concerning World Heritage, in English and French, are available from the Secretariat: UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel: +33 (0)1 45 68 15 71 Fax: +33(0)1 45 68 55 70 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.unesco.org/whc/ http://www.unesco.org/whc/brief.htm (Brief Descriptions in English) http://www.unesco.org/whc/fr/breves.htm (Brèves descriptions en français) BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 730 SITES INSCRIBED ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE, UNESCO, July 2002 STATE PARTY the Kbor er Roumia, the great royal mausoleum of Mauritania. Site Name Year of inscription Timgad 1982 [C: cultural; N: natural; N/C: mixed] (C ii, iii, iv) Timgad lies on the northern slopes of the Aurès mountains and was created ex nihilo as a military colony by the Emperor Trajan in A.D. 100. With its square enclosure and orthogonal design based on the cardo and decumanus, the two AFGHANISTAN perpendicular routes running through the city, it is an excellent example of Roman town planning. Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam 2002 (C ii, iii, iv) Kasbah of Algiers 1992 The 65m-tall Minaret of Jam is a graceful, soaring structure, dating back to the (C ii, v) 12th century. Covered in elaborate brickwork with a blue tile inscription at the The Kasbah is a unique kind of medina, or Islamic city.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Monitor #778
    February 13, 2014 | No. 778 Editorial Monitored this issue: In this issue of the Nuclear Monitor we are pleased to present Peter Diehl’s annual review of uranium Uranium Mining Issues: 2013 Review mining issues. The WISE Uranium Project - www.wise-uranium.org - is a unique and remarkable 1. Uranium price resource. Annual uranium reviews stretching back to 2. Uranium exploration projects 1998 are posted at www.wise-uranium.org/indexu.html 3. Uranium mine development projects Australian Engineering Lecturer Dr Gavin Mudd writes: “Peter Diehl has been the leader of the WISE Uranium 4. Alternate uranium recovery projects Project for nearly 20 years and his work acts as a strong global amplifi er for all concerned about the 5. Issues at operating uranium mines fuel stages of the nuclear chain. Such is the meticulous 6. Abandoned mines issues detail of the website that it is used not only by the anti-nuclear movement, but by independent 7. Decommissioning issues researchers, mining companies, governments and 8. Legal and regulatory issues the nuclear industry itself. The WISE Uranium Project deserves all the credit it receives.” 9. Uranium trade and foreign investment issues 10. This and that 1. Uranium price During the course of the year 2013, the uranium price under consideration or under development, increasing decreased further in the aftermath of the Fukushima the uncertainty among companies and investors further. disaster: In the fi rst half of the year, UxC’s weekly spot Consequently, the second half of the year saw an price declined from US$43.50 to US$39.50 per lb unprecedented series of announcements postponing or U3O8.
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT WEST BANK and GAZA Prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University Of
    Draft Environmental Report on West Bank and Gaza Item Type text; Book; Report Authors Speece, Mark; University of Arizona. Arid Lands Information Center. Publisher U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat, Department of State (Washington, D.C.) Download date 23/09/2021 21:34:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227951 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT ON WEST BANK AND GAZA prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 - Mark Speece, Compiler - National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. October 1980 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT ON WEST BANK AND GAZA prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 - Mark Speece, Compiler - National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001-0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. October 1980 THE UNITED STATES NATIO MAN ANO TI-IE 9$OSP1 -IERE Department of Stata, IO /UCS WAs1-IINCZTCN. Q C. 30e20 An Introductory Note on Draft Environmental Profiles: The attached draft environmental report has been prepared under a contract between the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), Office of Forestry, Environment, and Natural Resources (ST/FNR) and the U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program.It is a preliminary review of information available in the United States on the status of the environment and the natural resources of the identified country and is one of a series of similar studies now underway on countries which receive U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Geo-Data: the World Geographical Encyclopedia
    Geodata.book Page iv Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Project Editor Imaging and Multimedia Manufacturing John F. McCoy Randy Bassett, Christine O'Bryan, Barbara J. Nekita McKee Yarrow Editorial Mary Rose Bonk, Pamela A. Dear, Rachel J. Project Design Kain, Lynn U. Koch, Michael D. Lesniak, Nancy Cindy Baldwin, Tracey Rowens Matuszak, Michael T. Reade © 2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale For permission to use material from this prod- Since this page cannot legibly accommodate Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, uct, submit your request via Web at http:// all copyright notices, the acknowledgements Inc. www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may constitute an extension of this copyright download our Permissions Request form and notice. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ submit your request by fax or mail to: are trademarks used herein under license. While every effort has been made to ensure Permissions Department the reliability of the information presented in For more information contact The Gale Group, Inc. this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. not guarantee the accuracy of the data con- 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 tained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 Permissions Hotline: payment for listing; and inclusion in the pub- Or you can visit our Internet site at 248–699–8006 or 800–877–4253; ext. 8006 lication of any organization, agency, institu- http://www.gale.com Fax: 248–699–8074 or 800–762–4058 tion, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or pub- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Cover photographs reproduced by permission No part of this work covered by the copyright lisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabucco in Zion: Place, Metaphor and Nationalism in an Israeli Production of Verdi’S Opera*
    Nabucco in Zion: Place, Metaphor and Nationalism in an Israeli Production of Verdi’s Opera* RACHEL ORZECH Figure 1: Nabucco performed on the outdoor stage with Mount Masada in the background. Photograph by Yossi Zwecker. In June 2010, the Israeli Opera staged a spectacular production of Verdi’s Nabucco at the foot of Masada, a UNESCO World Heritage site of Roman ruins on the edge of the Judaean desert, overlooking the Dead Sea. The site-specific production was not only significant in technical and organizational terms; it was an immensely powerful event that combined opera, national mythology, collective memory, and political circumstances to make a compelling political statement. It transformed a work that has long been understood as symbolic of Italian national pride into an operatic event infused with Israeli nationalism. In this essay I argue that this production of Nabucco in Israel was able to succeed as a nationalist project only because of the work’s reception history in Italy: the history of understanding the work as a metaphor for * I wish to thank Kerry Murphy, David Larkin, Reuben Brown and the anonymous readers for their advice and assistance in the preparation of this article, and Sivan Gabrielovich, Alexander O’Sullivan, and Don King for assistance with translations from Italian and Hebrew. Music & Politics 9, Number 1 (Winter 2015), ISSN 1938-7687. Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mp.9460447.0009.103 2 Music and Politics Winter 2015 the Risorgimento movement in nineteenth-century Italy, and the persistence of this interpretation into the twenty-first century, allowed Nabucco to be interpreted as a Zionist story that resonated with Jewish and Israeli audiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Rasbdb Subject Keywords
    Leigh Marymor, Compiler KEYWORD GUIDE A joint project of the Museum of Northern Arizona and the Bay Area Rock Art Research Association KEYWORD GUIDE Compiled by Leigh Marymor, Research Associate, Museum of Northern Arizona. 1 September 15, 2020 KEYWORD GUIDE Mortars, cupules, and pecked curvilinear nucleated forms. Canyon Trail Park, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA. Compiled by Leigh Marymor, Research Associate, Museum of Northern Arizona. 2 September 15, 2020 KEYWORD GUIDE Aerial Photography .......................................... 9 Archival storage ............................................... 9 Table of Contents Augmented Reality .......................................... 9 Bias ................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION: .................................................. 7 Casts ................................................................. 9 Classification .................................................... 9 SUBJECT KEYWORDS: ........................................... 8 Digital Sound Recording................................... 9 CULTURAL CONTEXT ..............................................8 Digital Storage ................................................. 9 CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ..................8 Drawing.......................................................... 10 Cultural Tourism ...............................................8 Historic Documentation ................................. 10 Community Involvement ...................................8 Laser Scanning
    [Show full text]
  • Graeca Tergestina Storia E Civiltà 3 Graeca Tergestina Storia E Civiltà
    GRAECA TERGESTINA STORIA E CIVILTÀ 3 GRAECA TERGESTINA STORIA E CIVILTÀ Studi di Storia greca coordinati da Michele Faraguna Opera sottoposta a peer review secondo il protocollo UPI – University Press Italiane impaginazione Gabriella Clabot © copyright Edizioni Università di Trieste, Trieste 2016. Proprietà letteraria riservata. I diritti di traduzione, memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale e parziale di questa pubblicazione, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm, le fotocopie e altro) sono riservati per tutti i paesi. ISBN 978-88-8303-687-3 (print) ISBN 978-88-8303-688-0 (online) EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste via Weiss 21, 34128 Trieste http://eut.units.it https://www.facebook.com/EUTEdizioniUniversitaTrieste When West Met East The Encounter of Greece and Rome with the Jews, Egyptians, and Others Studies Presented to Ranon Katzoff in Honor of his 75th Birthday edited by David M. Schaps Uri Yiftach Daniela Dueck EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE Ranon Katzoff Table of Contents IX Notes on Contributors Gabriel Danzig 23 Greek Philosophy and the Mishnah: XV Abbreviations On the History of Love that Does Not Depend on a Thing RANON KATZOFF Susan Weingarten 51 The Rabbi and the Emperors: Dorcades Artichokes and Cucumbers as Symbols XIX Cassovii Laudes of Status in Talmudic Literature David M. Schaps XXI Ranon Katzoff: A View of Rome from HE EWS AND HEIR WN ISTORY Jerusalem T J T O H Nachum Cohen Miriam Pucci Ben-Zeev XXVII Ranon Katzoff: A Student’s View 69 Philo on the Beginning of the Jewish Hava B. Korzakova Settlement at Rome XXIX Lo Ba-Shamaim Hi (It is not in Heaven): Michael Meerson Professor Ranon Katzoff as a Teacher 91 Illegitimate Jesus: Family Matters of Law with “Toledot Yeshu” XXXI Ranon Katzoff—A Bibliography THE LAND OF ISRAEL WHEN WEST MET EAST Werner Eck 117 Die römische Armee und der Ausbau The Editors der heißen Bäder von Hammat Gader 3 Introduction Nachum Cohen 131 A Preliminary Survey of Letters THE JEWS AND GRECO-ROMAN THOUGHT in the Judaean Desert Documents Jonathan J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indigenous World 2018
    THE INDIGENOUS WORLD THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2018 Copenhagen THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2018 Compilation and editing: Pamela Jacquelin-Andersen Regional editors: Arctic and North America: Kathrin Wessendorf Mexico, Central and South America: Alejandro Parellada Australia and the Pacific: Diana Vinding Asia: Signe Leth The Middle East: Diana Vinding Africa: Marianne Wiben Jensen and Geneviève Rose International Processes: Lola García-Alix and Kathrin Wessendorf Cover and typesetting: Spine Studio Maps and layout: Neus Casanova Vico English translation: Elaine Bolton, Rebecca Knight and Madeline Newman Ríos Proofreading: Elaine Bolton Prepress and Print: Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark Cover photographies: Pablo Toranzo/Andhes, Christian Erni, Delphine Blast, Nelly Tokmagasheva and Thomas Skielboe HURIDOCS CIP DATA © The authors and The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs Title: The Indigenous World 2018 (IWGIA), 2018 All Rights Reserved Edited by: Pamela Jacquelin-Andersen Pages: 640 ISSN: 1024-0217 The reproduction and distribution of information con- ISBN: 978-87-92786-85-2 tained in The Indigenous World is welcome as long as the source is cited. However, the translation of articles Language: English into other languages and the of the whole BOOK is not Index: 1. Indigenous Peoples – 2. Yearbook – 3. allowed without the consent of IWGIA. The articles in The Indigenous World are pro- International Processes duced on a voluntary basis. It is IWGIA’s intention that BISAC codes: LAW110000 Indigenous Peoples The Indigenous World should provide a comprehensive update on the situation of indigenous peoples world- REF027000 Yearbooks & Annuals POL035010 wide but, unfortunately, it is not always possible to find Political Freedom & Security / Human Rights authors to cover all relevant countries.
    [Show full text]