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Questions and Answers Q1. What Are the Different Types Of Questions and Answers Q1. What are the different types of softwares? Explain each type. Types of Softwares:- 1. Systems Software 2. Application Software 3. Embedded Software • Systems Software:- 1. Designed to operate and control the Computer Hardware. 2. Designed to provide a platform for running Application Software. 3. May also include Software Development tools (like a Compiler, Linker or Debugger). • Application Software:- 1. Helps a computer to perform useful tasks beyond the running of the computer itself. 2. Examples include Accounting Software, Enterprise Software, Graphics Software, Media Players, and Office Suites. • Embedded Software:- 1. Software written to control machines or devices that are not typically thought of as computers. 2. Specialized for the particular Hardware that it runs on 3. Time and Memory Constraints. 4. Mostly Initiated/Controlled not through Human Interface, but through Machine Interface Q2. What is operating software and what are its applications?? Operating software (OS) An operating software/system or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. An understanding of how a user uses a System. For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, GNU/Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows,Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these, except Windows and z/OS, share roots in UNIX. The following schematic explains the entire function of the Operating Software (Operating System) Operating software types As computers have progressed and developed so have the operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories. GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. System 7.x Windows 98 Windows CE Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and different times. See the multi-user definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user operating systems. Linux Unix Windows 2000 Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems. Linux Unix Windows 2000 Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems. Unix Windows 2000 Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are: Linux Unix Windows 2000 Application of Operating Software Personal Computer Mobile phone Military Purposes Video Games Supercomputers Web-servers Q3. What are the future trends in computer Hardware? What is Moore's law, and explain its significance in development of computers. Moore’s Law states that: 1) The power of microprocessors doubles every 18 months 2) Computing power doubles every 18 months 3) The price of computing falls by half every 18 months The exponential increase in processing power and the decrease in cost of producing microprocessors since the 1960s has resulted in rapid development in computer hardware over the past 40 years. It is also used as by the semi-conductors industry as a baseline for long term growth and to set targets their research and development activities Based on the above trends in computer Hardware, we can predict the following future trends: 1) Processing speed: Increased exponentially over the past 60 years. Roughly, increases by 100% every 18 months. 2) Size: Size has been getting smaller and smaller. The early computers used to be large enough to fill an entire room. Today’s computers can be easily carried in the palm of a hand. Computers which are smaller and lighter tend to be more comfortable for the user. This is likely to be a driver for design of lighter computers in the future. 3) Mobility: Over the past 10 years, with the advancements in microprocessors have meant many handheld phones and tablets are now performing functions traditionally performed by computers. Due to the increasing advances in communication technologies, mobile devices are well on the way to replace desk computers as the most used devices to access the internet. 4) Cost: Only Government and large institutions were able to afford them. Over the years, the price has steadily fallen. The cost of computer hardware will keep on declining, even more so vis-à-vis computer software, and this will result in increased penetration for computers throughout the world. Questions Q1- WHAT IS NETWORKING AND WHAT ARE THE USES OF NETWORKING IN BUSINESS APPLICATIONS? Ans: Networking: Networking is a a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology. Computers are able to exchange information. It is a practice of linking two or more computing devices together. (1) Client-Server Model: For smaller companies, all the computers are likely to be in a single office orperhaps a single building, but for larger ones, the computers and employees maybe scattered over dozens of offices and plants in many countries. Nevertheless, a sales person in Headquarters of a company might sometimes need access to a product inventory. Networking maybe used to join the individual networks at different sites into one extended network.In other words, the mere fact that a user happens to be far awayfrom his data should not prevent him from using the data. This whole arrangement is called the client-server model. It is widely usedand forms the basis of much network usage. The most popular realization is thatof a Web application, in which the server generates Web pages based on its databasein response to client requests that may update the database. The client-servermodel is applicable when not only the client and server are both in the same building (andbelong to the same company), but also when they are far apart. For example,when a person at home accesses a page on the World Wide Web, the same modelis employed, with the remote Web server being the server and the user’s personalcomputer being the client. Under most conditions, one server can handle a largenumber (hundreds or thousands) of clients simultaneously. (2) Communication Medium: A computer network can provide a powerful communication medium among employees. Virtually every company that has two or more computers now has email (electronic mail), which employees generally use for a great deal of daily communication. Employees at distant locations can see and hear each other as they hold a meeting. This technique of Computer Networking is a powerful tool for eliminating the cost and time previously devoted to travel. Desktop sharing letsremote workers see and interact with a graphical computer screen. This makes iteasy for two or more people who work far apart to read and write a shared blackboardor write a report together. When one worker makes a change to an online document, the others can see the change immediately, instead of waiting severaldays for a letter. Such a speedup makes cooperation among far-flung groups ofpeople easy where it previously had been impossible. More ambitious forms ofremote coordination such as telemedicine are only now starting to be used (e.g., remote patient monitoring) but may become much more important. (3) E-commerce: A third goal for many companies is doing business electronically, especiallywith customers and suppliers. This new model is called e-commerce (electroniccommerce) and it has grown rapidly in recent years. Airlines, bookstores, andother retailers have discovered that many customers like the convenience of shoppingfrom home. Consequently, many companies provide catalogues of their goodsand services online and take orders online. Manufacturers of automobiles, aircraft,and computers, among others, buy subsystems from a variety of suppliersand then assemble the parts. Using computer networks, manufacturers can place orders electronically
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