Download the Scanned

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Download the Scanned AmericanMineralogist, Volume 66, pages 100-105,1981 Wonesite:a new rock-forming silicate from the Post Pond Volcanics,Vermont FneNr S. Spean'. Ronpnr M. HazpN AND DoucLAS RUMBLEIII Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington ll/ashington, D. C. 20008 Abstract A new, Na-rich, trioctahedral layer silicate with the composition (Caoo*NaorroKo,or)orr" (Mg, ,noFeo77sMno o*Cro oorTb oroAL.ro), ,r4(Alr 534SL 466)8 0ooOro(OH,F)a has been discovered in the Post Pond Volcanics,Vermont. The mineral is similar in optical, chemical,and phys- ical properties to phlogopite, the major differencesbeing the high Na/K and smaller d-, (:9.574). Monoclinicunit-cell dimensions are a:5.312(3), b : 9.163(5),c : 9.825(6)A,F : 103.18(6)"and Y :465.6(5)A3. The mineral coexistswith phlogopite,talc, chlorite,cordier- ite, gedrite,anthophyllite, qvartz and plagioclase(An,o-ro), and is thought to be a stableequi- librium phaseunder metamorphicconditions. The mineral has beengiven the name wonesite in honor of David R. Wones. Introduction qtartz, cordierite, gedrite, anthophyllite, chlorite, A sodium-rich, trioctahedral layer silicate inter- talc, wonesite,phlogopite, plagioclase(An,o .o), ru- mediate in composition between talc and Na, tile, and apatite.The amphiboles(gedrite and antho- (Mg,Fe)uAlrSiuOro(OH)ohas been discoveredin the phyllite) exist as discretegrains and as mutual inter- Post Pond Volcanics,Vermont. The mineral is simi- growths, and some are slightly retrograded to lar optically and chemically to phlogopite but con- chlorite. Type material has beendeposited at the Na- tains an excessof Na over K as the alkali cation. To tional Museum of Natural History, Washington, the authors' knowledge,there are no published re- D.C., under catalog# NMNH 145724. ports of a mineral similar in optical, physical,X-ray, Optical, physical,and chemicalproperties or chemical properties.The mineral has been given the name wonesitein honor of David R. Wones,and Wonesite was discoveredduring routine electron the name and mineral description have been ap- microprobe analysisof biotites from the Post Pond proved by the International Mineralogical Associa- Volcanics, and is closely associatedor intergrown tion. A briefaccount ofthis occurrencewas given by with phlogopite,talc, or both. Except where the two Spearer al. (1978). mineralsare in contact,the mineral is extremely dif- Severalsamples containing wonesite were col- ficult to distinguish from ordinary phlogopite under petrographic lected from the Ordovician Post Pond Volcanics in the microscope,owing to the similarity in optical properties. Pleochroismin wonesite is the southwestcorner of the Mt. Cube Quadrangle, New Hampshire and Vermont. The samplescome strong and is similar to that of coexistingphlogopite: from the staurolite-kyanitezone approximately 20 m c is pale brown and B and y are dark brown. In below the Siluro-Devonian unconformity. Temper- grains that are optically continuous intergrowths of ature estimatesfor the metamorphism in this area wonesiteand phlogopite, the wonesite is slightly paler phlogopite (Fig. rangefrom 485oto 535'C (Spear,1977). The rocks than the l); intergrown talc is phlogopite. are typically medium-grained(average grain size is much paler than either wonesiteor phlogo- approximately 0.5 mm) and include the minerals Textural relations between wonesite and pite (Fig. l) are very similar to those observedfor muscovite-paragoniteintergrowths (Eugster et al., 'Presentaddress: Department ofEarth andPlanetary Sciences, 1972,Fig.7). Typical "bird's-eye maple" extinction, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts characteristicof nonbrittle micas, is observed in 02139. wonesite, and indices of refraction are similar to 0003-ffi4x/ I | /0 l 02-0I 00$02.00 100 SPEAR ET AL.: WONESITE t0l Fig. l. (A) Photomicrograph of wonesite (Na), phlogopite (K), talc (Tc), chlorite (Ch), anthophyllite (An), and quartz (Qt) taken in plane-polarized light. The intergrown micas in the cent€r of the photograph are optically continuous. Wonesite is slightly paler than phlogopite and darker than talc. (B) Photomicrograph ofwonesite (Na), phlogopite (K), and cordierite (Cd) taken in plane-polarized light. The intergrown micas in the center of the photograph are optically continuous; wonesite is slightly paler than phlogopite. The box shows the area ofthe X-ray photographs C and D. (C) X-ray photograph, Na radiation. Intensity drops offin NW and SE corners of photograph as a result of the spectrometer geometry. (D) X-ray photograph, K radiation. Scale bar is 200 pm. thoseof phlogopite:B : y : 1.608+0.002and a : relatively homogeneous in composition, both within 1544+0104,6= 0.06and 0o < 2V <5o. a single grain and from grain to grain in a single thin Single crystals of wonesite are irregular basal- section. Traverses across grain boundaries demon- cleavageplates of typical mica habit. Twinning is ob- strate that the compositional break between coexist- served in single-crystalphotographs with composi- ing wonesite and phlogopite is sharp. The Si/Al and tion plane(001) and twin axis[310], as is typical with Mg/Fe ratios of wonesite are intermediate to those of other biotites. Wonesite, phlogopite, and talc form coexisting talc, which is higher in these ratios, and macroscopicepitaxial intergrowths of the (001) phlogopite, which is lower. Wonesite is also alkali- plane. deficient, with approximately 1.0 alkali cation per Table I givesthe chemicalcompositions of coexist- formula unit (out of a possible 2.0 based on 22 oxy- ing wonesite,phlogopite and talc, as determined by gens) compared with coexisting phlogopite with l.z$- electron microprobe analysis.All three phases are 1.5 alkali cations. The talc also has unusually high t02 SPEAR ET AL: WONESITE Table |. Representativeel€ctron microprobe analysesof cm-' and 3662cm-' is interpretedas indicative of the coexistingwonesite, phlogopite, and talc presenceof oH- in wonesite. A broad absorption Z oxides band in the region around 3400 cm-' may indicate wonesite Phlogopi te 1a1C minor HrO in the interlayer position (George Ross- si02 48,53 40.28 60.75 man, personalcommunication). AI2O3 13.73 17.70 2.87 The compositionof wonesitecan be describedfor TiO2 0.77 0.77 0.06 Cr203 0.08 0.07 0.0 the most part in terms of the hypothetical end-mem- 14gO 22.rL 19.61 27.34 Fe0* 7,02 8.87 4,25 ber NarMguAlrSLOro(OH)oand the substitutions K Mn0 0.04 0.04 0.03 cao 0.04 0.0 0.01 e2 Na, Fe ? Mg, Al"'+ Alt" C Mg + Si, tr + Si c Na2O 3,O7 0.50 o,32 K20 0.85 7.84 0,17** Na * Al'" and F e OH (Figs. 2 and 3). There is a Ff 0.15 0.26 0.11 small amount of K Na substitution in wonesite, Totalft 96.39 95.94 95.92 P Cations based on 22 orygens Na/(Na + K) typically being 0.85-0.95.There is sl e.,,ool- -^- s.zo+I - more than 30 percentsubstitution of the type Al'' + : -^; > 8.000 ; ^:. ) 8.000 '..* alrV L.)ic J z.zto ) 3'133) LtVr 0.620\ 0.660\ Al'" C Mg * Si, so that wonesitehas a substantial TI 0.074 | 0.07e I 3:333 Cr 0.008t-^-. 0.0041- l componentof the Na-eastoniteend member (seeFig. 5.874 5.ej4 ''"0 Mg ;'a;0 ) ;'i;0 ) ?'.1,,) 3). Another substitution,which resultsin octahedral Fe o.i?B I t.oat I Mn o.oo4) o.oo4) 3:i"J vacancies,is 2E + Tio* = 3R'*. Ca 0.004I 0.0 ) Na 0.790) 0.939 0.137l 1.550 Considerablesubstitution of the type n(Interlayer) K 0.145) 1.413J i,in)"' Fe/ (I'e + ug) 0.151 0.202 + Si'" a: Na + Al'" also occurs in wonesite. This type of substitutionis common in the alkali-deficient *r11 F6 -^nh,1raA ac Fa^ **K2O content of this taic is anonaTo\sTg high and nag represent and silica-rich dioctahedral micas, illite and bram- contamination with phfogopite. Most tafc anafgses shaw 0.02-0.O5 ft Z K2O. mallite. In fact, wonesitemight best be describedas +Fiuorine anafgsis bg R. Jones. ++ideal H2O content for phfogopite is 4.3f wt %, which wolLd "trioctahedral brammallite" and the corresponding bting totaTs up to apptoxinatelV fO, fr z. structuralformula is (Na,K),,,(Mg,Fe,Al)o(Sir- ur,Al,-,r)Oro(OH,F)owith Na > K and Mg > (Fe + Al). Wonesite,like illite, contains little or no inter- Al,O3 (2.5-3.7wt. percent)and NarO (0.3-0.6 wt. layer water,is not penetratedby organicliquids, does percent) contents.2Wonesite, phlogopite, and talc not expand irreversibly when heated, and does not from these rocks also contain 0.1-0.2 wt. percent when treated with glycol. Wonesite,therefore, fluorine, as determinedby electronmicroprobe anal- swell is both chemicallyand physically relatedto the sodic ysis (R. Jones,analyst, University of California, Los Angeles). illite brammallite. The reasonfor the alkali deficiencyin wonesiteis Infrared spectrawere obtained with a Perkin El- not known, but we believethat reportedvalues repre- mer model 180spectrophotometer (G. Rossman,an- equilibrium alkali contentsunder metamorphic alyst, California Insitute of Technology). A 2l-pm- sent If the alkali deficiencywere due to leach- thick cleavagefragment was positioned over a 200- conditions. ing from a more Na-rich phase,a completerange of pm-diameteraperture in a metal disk and mounted alkali contents would be expected;however, we at the focus of a 6x reflectingbeam condenser.The found that individual grains are relatively homoge- convergentnature of the infrared beam at the sample neousin compositioneven where in contactwith talc. ensuredthat componentsof the sample beam were Moreover,the systematicpartitioning of Na, K, and traveling in suchdirections that vibrational modesof vacanciesbetween wonesite, phlogopite, and talc OH- polarized normal to the cleavagefragment (Fig. 2) are evidencefor the attainment of equilib- could be excited. Absorption in the region of 3593 rium amongthe alkali cationsin thesephases. 2 Crystallography Talc analyses with Al2O3 and Na2O values of 2.36 to 3.42 and 0.33 to 0.88 wt.
Recommended publications
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals-10-00395-V2.Pdf
    minerals Article Slatecalculation—A Practical Tool for Deriving Norm Minerals in the Lowest-Grade Metamorphic Pelites and Roof Slates Hans Wolfgang Wagner 1,* , Dieter Jung 2, Jean-Frank Wagner 3 and Matthias Patrick Wagner 4 1 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Im Nettetal 4, D 56727 Mayen, Germany 2 Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D 20146 Hamburg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Behringstrasse 21, D 54296 Trier, Germany; [email protected] 4 Institute of Geography, Kiel University, D 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 26 April 2020; Published: 29 April 2020 Abstract: Roof and wall slates are fine-grained rocks with slaty cleavage, and it is often difficult to determine their mineral composition. A new norm mineral calculation called slatecalculation allows the determination of a virtual mineral composition based on full chemical analysis, including the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). Derived norm minerals include feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore-minerals, and quartz. The mineral components of the slate are assessed with superior accuracy compared to the petrographic analysis based on the European Standard EN 12326. The inevitable methodical inaccuracies in the calculations are limited and transparent. In the present paper, slates, shales, and phyllites from worldwide occurrences were examined. This also gives an overview of the rocks used for discontinuous roofing and external cladding. Keywords: mineralogy; roof slates; shales; phyllites; norm mineral calculation; hydro-micas; illite 1. Introduction Under the term “roof and wall slates”, rocks that have good cleavage and high suitability for overlapping and discontinuous roofing as well as external cladding.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Minerals in Coal As the Hosts of Chemical Elements: a Review
    The importance of minerals in coal as the hosts of chemical elements: A review Robert B. Finkelmana,b, Shifeng Daia,c,*, David Frenchd a State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, China b University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA c College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China d PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia *, Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Coal is a complex geologic material composed mainly of organic matter and mineral matter, the latter including minerals, poorly crystalline mineraloids, and elements associated with non- mineral inorganics. Among mineral matter, minerals play the most significant role in affecting the utilization of coal, although, in low rank coals, the non-mineral elements may also be significant. Minerals in coal are often regarded as a nuisance being responsible for most of the problems arising during coal utilization, but the minerals are also seen as a potentially valuable source of critical metals and may also, in some cases, have a beneficial effect in coal gasification and liquefaction. With a few exceptions, minerals are the major hosts of the vast majority of elements present in coal. In this review paper, we list more than 200 minerals that have been identified in coal and its low temperature ash, although the validity of some of these minerals has not been confirmed. Base on chemical compositions, minerals found in coal can be classified into silicate, sulfide and selenide, phosphate, carbonate, sulfate, oxide and hydroxide, and others.
    [Show full text]
  • ATOMIC ENERGY £2?A L'energie ATOMIQUE of CANADA LIMITED \Fijt DU CANADA,LIMITEE
    w *£.''• 7 / J, i. AECL-7792 ATOMIC ENERGY £2?A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA LIMITED \fijT DU CANADA,LIMITEE THE CONVERSION OF SMECTITE TO ILLITE IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW LA CONVERSION OE LA SMECTITE EN ILLITE DANS LES SYSTEMES HYDROTHERMIQUE: EXAMEN DES TRAVAUX PUBLIES R.M. Johnston Whiteshell Nuclear Research Etabiissement de recherches Establishment i>ucleaires de Whiteshel! Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1LO June 1983 juin Copyright © Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1983 ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED THE CONVERSION OF SMECTITE TO ILLITE IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW by R.M. Johnston Whiteshell Nuclear "esearch Establishment Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1L0 1983 June AECL-7792 LA CONVERSION DE LA SMECTITE EN ILLITE DANS LES SYSTÈMES HYDROTHERMIQUE: EXAMEN DES TRAVAUX PUBLIÉS par R.M. Johnston RESUME Dans les systèmes schisteux diagénétiques naturels, la smectite se transforme en illlte et en illite-smectite à couche mixte en moins d'un mil- lion d'années, en présence de températures se situant entre 75°C et 200°C. De ce fait, certaines questions se posent quant à la stabilité des tampons de bentonite à base de smectite par rapports aux conditions propres â une enceinte d'évacuation nucléaire• Les données expérimentales et géologiques obtenues indiquent que la réaction dépend de la disponibilité des K*" et que le taux de réaction des systèmes pauvres en K* (tels que les enceintes d'é- vacuation) peut être bien inférieur â ce que l'on observe dans le schiste. La présence de Na+, de Ca2+ et de Mg2+ dans le système ralentie la réaction et peut même l'arrêter complètement à des températures inférieures.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Scanned
    BOOK REVIEWS THE INTERPRETATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION PHOTOGRAPHS, bv N. M. F. HrNnY, H. Lrrson arvl W. A. Woosrnn, MacMillan and Co., London, 1951, ix*258 pages, price 42 shillings. (American price $8.50, obtained from D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.) This book is intended "to help students and research workers to understand the theory and practice of the interpretation of r-ray difiraction photographs'" The discussion is carried up to the subject of crystal-structure determination but does not include more than passing reference to space groups and their recognition by means of *-ray diffraction. Had a chapter on space groups been included, and it would have required no more space than that devoted to Laue photographs in the present volume, all materials needed pre- paratory to crystal structure work would have been brought together. The omission is the more regrettable because the authors state that "a sufficient number of tables has been included to facilitate calculations without the necessity of a reference book." Many who do not embark upon crystal structure work do attempt the determination of space groups and a statement of the space group, now considered part of a complete mineral description, is to be found in several recently published mineralogical reference books. What seems to this reviewer the pedagogical excellence of Henry, Lipson and Wooster's book is probably due in part to the fact that the authors have been associated with the very thorough course in crystallography which has been ofiered at the University of Cambridge for many years.
    [Show full text]
  • Brammallite (Sodium-Iuite),. a New Mineral from Llandebie, South Wales
    304 Brammallite (sodium-iUite),. a new mineral from Llandebie, South Wales. By F. A. BANNISTER,M.A. Deputy Keeper, Mineral Department, British Museum. [Read June 4, 1942.] URING a study of the petrography and mineral constituents separated from D various shales overlying the coal-measures of South Wales, Dr. Alfred Brammull noticed on several hand-specimens from Llandebie a white infilling to fissures or a coating on slickensided surfaces which could be readily detached from the matrix. Chemical examination showed that this coating, unlike the shales themselves, contained more sodium than potassium. The present note gives an account of subsequent chemical, X-ray, and optical work , which confirms Dr. Brammall's suggestion that the white incrustation contains a new sodium- rich mineral allied to mica. It is not, I hope, an unfitting tribute to his work in this field as well as to his interest in recent advances in mineralogy that I have named this mineral brammallite. A short account of its nature and relationship to illite, which is the chief constituent of the shale itself (see preceding paper, p. 297), will now be given. Examination under the binocular microscope revealed that most of the in- crustation consists of a soft fibrous mineral; and, when this is detached with a knife, small compact tufts of elongated plates about ram. long, reminiscent of small fragments of satin-spar, can be distinguished and isolated for optical and X-ray work. Not sufficient material, however, was available for a micro- chemical analysis. Dr. M. H. Hey carried out an alkali determination on 15 mg.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    767 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 38, pp. 767-776 (2000) BOOK REVIEWS Crystal Habits of Minerals, by Ivan Kostov and Ruslan Chapter 6, Crystal habits of Important Minerals I. Kostov, 1999. 415 pages, hardbound. Prof. Marin (248 pages), is divided into: (1) native elements Drinov Academic Publishing House & Pensoft Publish- (15 pages), (2) sulphide and related minerals (44 pages), ers, Sofia, Bulgaria. Full address: Akad. G. Bonchev (3) oxide and hydroxide minerals (26 pages), (4) halide Str., Bl6, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. $65 + $7 shipping and minerals (9 pages), (5) silicate minerals (91 pages), (6) handling (US). Credit card payment is acceptable. borate minerals (6 pages), (7) phosphate and related minerals (14 pages), (8) molybdate and tungstate min- Every now and then, a book is published and my erals (6 pages), (9) sulphate minerals (14 pages), (10) reaction is “Why wasn’t this published long ago?” Crys- carbonate minerals (19 pages), (11) chromate, nitrate tal Habits of Minerals is such a book. The Bulgarian and iodate minerals (2 pages) and (12) organic minerals father and son who put this book together are to be con- (2 pages). gratulated for compiling a massive amount of data on this fascinating subject. In doing this, they also acted as Chapter 7, Applied Crystal Morphology (16 pages), a “bridge” between Bulgarian/Russian literature and that consists of (1) General Notes, (2) Crystal Habits Ap- of the western world. The text is well written and does plied to Geosciences and Crystal Habits Applied to In- not suffer from the failings of many books written by dustries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature of the Micas
    Mineralogical Magazine, April 1999, Vol. 63(2), pp. 267-279 Nomenclature of the micas M. RIEDER (CHAIRMAN) Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic G. CAVAZZINI Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia, Universith di Padova, Corso Garibaldi, 37, 1-35122 Padova, Italy Yu. S. D'YAKONOV VSEGEI, Srednii pr., 74, 199 026 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia W. m. FRANK-KAMENETSKII* G. GOTTARDIt S. GUGGENHEIM Department of Geological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607-7059, USA P. V. KOVAL' Institut geokhimii SO AN Rossii, ul. Favorskogo la, Irkutsk - 33, Russia 664 033 G. MOLLER Institut fiir Mineralogie und Mineralische Rohstoffe, Technische Universit/it Clausthal, Postfach 1253, D-38670 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany A. M, R. NEIVA Departamento de Ci6ncias da Terra, Universidade de Coimbra, Apartado 3014, 3049 Coimbra CODEX, Portugal E. W. RADOSLOVICH$ J.-L. ROBERT Centre de Recherche sur la Synth6se et la Chimie des Min6raux, C.N.R.S., 1A, Rue de la F6rollerie, 45071 Od6ans CEDEX 2, France F. P. SASSI Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia, Universit~t di Padova, Corso Garibaldi, 37, 1-35122 Padova, Italy H. TAKEDA Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino City, Chiba 275, Japan Z. WEISS Central Analytical Laboratory, Technical University of Mining and Metallurgy, T/'. 17.1istopadu, 708 33 Ostrava- Poruba, Czech Republic AND D. R. WONESw * Russia; died 1994 t Italy; died 1988 * Australia; resigned 1986 wUSA; died 1984 1999 The Mineralogical Society M. RIEDER ETAL. ABSTRACT I I End-members and species defined with permissible ranges of composition are presented for the true micas, the brittle micas, and the interlayer-deficient micas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Classification and Nomenclature of Clay Minerals
    THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF CLAY MINERALS By R. C. MACKENZIE The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen [Received 21st April, 1959] ABSTRACT A report is given of the decisions reached at a meeting on the classifica- tion and nomenclature of clay minerals held under the auspices of Comit~ International pour l'Etude des Argiles at Brussels in July 1958. Tables of recently-proposed classification systems are included and some com- ments made on problems requiring agreement. The increasing interest in the classification and nomenclature of clay minerals over the last decade or so may be attributed largely to the development of investigational methods which enable a much more precise characterization of fine-grained minerals than was previously possible. In addition, however, the absence of any hard-and-fast rules as to new mineral nomenclature has led to a multiplicity of names through "new" minerals being described on the flimsiest of evidence, without regard as to whether they might be considered varieties of an already-established entity or indeed with- out, in many instances, adequate evidence of homogeneity. The resulting confusion is considerable, and the stage has now been reached when international agreement upon the main features of classification and nomenclature ought to be obtained. In an attempt to clarify the position representatives often countries met, under the" auspices of C.I.P.E.A., during the Journ6es Inter- nationales d'Etude des Argiles in Brussels in July, 1958.* Several decisions of interest were made at this meeting. (a) The following definition was adopted, subject to confirmation at the next meeting: Crystalline day minerals are hydrated silicates with layer or chain lattices consisting of sheets of silica tetrahedra arranged in hexagonal form condensed with octahedral layers; they are usually of small particle size.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Individual Clay Minerals on Formation Damage of Reservoir Sandstones: a Critical Review with Some New Insights
    Clay Minerals, (2014) 49, 147–164 OPEN ACCESS The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones: a critical review with some new insights 1, 2 2 M. J. WILSON *, L. WILSON AND I. PATEY 1 James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK, and 2 Corex(UK)Ltd,HoweMossDrive,Aberdeen,UK (Received 29 June 2012; revised 26 July 2012; Editor: Harry Shaw) ABSTRACT: The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones is reviewed, mainly through the mechanism of fine particle dispersion and migration leading to the accumulation and blockage of pore throats and significant reduction of permeability. The minerals discussed belong to the smectite, kaolinite, illite and chlorite groups respectively. These minerals usually occur in an aggregate form in reservoir sandstones and the physicochemical properties of these aggregates are reviewed in order to reach a better understanding of the factors that lead to their dispersion in aqueous pore fluids. Particularly significant properties include the surface charge on both basal and edge faces of the clay minerals and how this varies with pH, external surface area of both swelling and non-swelling clays, porosity and pore size distribution in the micro- and meso-pore size range and overall aggregate morphology. For non-swelling clays, and perhaps even for swelling clays, dispersion is thought to be initiated at the micro- or meso-pore level, where the interaction between the pore solution and the charged clay surfaces exposed on adjacent sides of slit- or wedge-shaped pores brings about expansion of the diffuse double electric layer (DDL) and an increase in hydration pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • IMA–CNMNC Approved Mineral Symbols
    Mineralogical Magazine (2021), 85, 291–320 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 Article IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols Laurence N. Warr* Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany Abstract Several text symbol lists for common rock-forming minerals have been published over the last 40 years, but no internationally agreed standard has yet been established. This contribution presents the first International Mineralogical Association (IMA) Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) approved collection of 5744 mineral name abbreviations by combining four methods of nomenclature based on the Kretz symbol approach. The collection incorporates 991 previously defined abbreviations for mineral groups and species and presents a further 4753 new symbols that cover all currently listed IMA minerals. Adopting IMA– CNMNC approved symbols is considered a necessary step in standardising abbreviations by employing a system compatible with that used for symbolising the chemical elements. Keywords: nomenclature, mineral names, symbols, abbreviations, groups, species, elements, IMA, CNMNC (Received 28 November 2020; accepted 14 May 2021; Accepted Manuscript published online: 18 May 2021; Associate Editor: Anthony R Kampf) Introduction used collection proposed by Whitney and Evans (2010). Despite the availability of recommended abbreviations for the commonly Using text symbols for abbreviating the scientific names of the studied mineral species, to date < 18% of mineral names recog- chemical elements
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The response of coarse and ne coal-mine discards under controlled load triaxial testing Kennedy, George W. How to cite: Kennedy, George W. (1977) The response of coarse and ne coal-mine discards under controlled load triaxial testing, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8986/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE RESPONSE OF COARSE AND FINE COAL-MINE DISCARDS UNDER CONTROLLED LOAD THIAXIAL TESTING by George' W. Kennedy being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in the University of Durham. September 1977 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without '::J his prior written consent and information derived ^ "" from it should be acknowledged. (i:): ABSTRACT The aim of the project was to investigate the behaviour of coar.se and fine colliery discards with respect to liquefaction potential, using controlled load triaxial testing.
    [Show full text]