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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Minerals-10-00395-V2.Pdf
minerals Article Slatecalculation—A Practical Tool for Deriving Norm Minerals in the Lowest-Grade Metamorphic Pelites and Roof Slates Hans Wolfgang Wagner 1,* , Dieter Jung 2, Jean-Frank Wagner 3 and Matthias Patrick Wagner 4 1 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Im Nettetal 4, D 56727 Mayen, Germany 2 Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D 20146 Hamburg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Behringstrasse 21, D 54296 Trier, Germany; [email protected] 4 Institute of Geography, Kiel University, D 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 26 April 2020; Published: 29 April 2020 Abstract: Roof and wall slates are fine-grained rocks with slaty cleavage, and it is often difficult to determine their mineral composition. A new norm mineral calculation called slatecalculation allows the determination of a virtual mineral composition based on full chemical analysis, including the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). Derived norm minerals include feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore-minerals, and quartz. The mineral components of the slate are assessed with superior accuracy compared to the petrographic analysis based on the European Standard EN 12326. The inevitable methodical inaccuracies in the calculations are limited and transparent. In the present paper, slates, shales, and phyllites from worldwide occurrences were examined. This also gives an overview of the rocks used for discontinuous roofing and external cladding. Keywords: mineralogy; roof slates; shales; phyllites; norm mineral calculation; hydro-micas; illite 1. Introduction Under the term “roof and wall slates”, rocks that have good cleavage and high suitability for overlapping and discontinuous roofing as well as external cladding. -
The Gersdorffite-Bismuthinite-Native Gold Association and the Skarn
minerals Article The Gersdorffite-Bismuthinite-Native Gold Association and the Skarn-Porphyry Mineralization in the Kamariza Mining District, Lavrion, Greece † Panagiotis Voudouris 1,* , Constantinos Mavrogonatos 1 , Branko Rieck 2, Uwe Kolitsch 2,3, Paul G. Spry 4 , Christophe Scheffer 5, Alexandre Tarantola 6 , Olivier Vanderhaeghe 7, Emmanouil Galanos 1, Vasilios Melfos 8 , Stefanos Zaimis 9, Konstantinos Soukis 1 and Adonis Photiades 10 1 Department of Geology & Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (K.S.) 2 Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria; [email protected] 3 Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, 1010 Wien, Austria; [email protected] 4 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; [email protected] 5 Département de Géologie et de Génie Géologique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; [email protected] 6 Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources UMR 7359, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; [email protected] 7 Université de Toulouse, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS, F-31400 Toulouse, France; [email protected] 8 Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] 9 Institut für Mineralogie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; [email protected] 10 Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (I.G.M.E.), 13677 Acharnae, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-7274129 † The paper is an extended version of our paper published in 1st International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science. -
The Importance of Minerals in Coal As the Hosts of Chemical Elements: a Review
The importance of minerals in coal as the hosts of chemical elements: A review Robert B. Finkelmana,b, Shifeng Daia,c,*, David Frenchd a State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, China b University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA c College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China d PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia *, Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Coal is a complex geologic material composed mainly of organic matter and mineral matter, the latter including minerals, poorly crystalline mineraloids, and elements associated with non- mineral inorganics. Among mineral matter, minerals play the most significant role in affecting the utilization of coal, although, in low rank coals, the non-mineral elements may also be significant. Minerals in coal are often regarded as a nuisance being responsible for most of the problems arising during coal utilization, but the minerals are also seen as a potentially valuable source of critical metals and may also, in some cases, have a beneficial effect in coal gasification and liquefaction. With a few exceptions, minerals are the major hosts of the vast majority of elements present in coal. In this review paper, we list more than 200 minerals that have been identified in coal and its low temperature ash, although the validity of some of these minerals has not been confirmed. Base on chemical compositions, minerals found in coal can be classified into silicate, sulfide and selenide, phosphate, carbonate, sulfate, oxide and hydroxide, and others. -
Native Silver and Its New Structural Modifications
Native silver and its new structural modifications M.I. Novgorodovo, A.I. Gorshkov, and A.V. Mokhov Native silver is distributed in ores of de- an antimonian variety of native silver, crystal- posits of various genetic types, particularly lizing in the hexagonal system - allargentum gold-silver deposits. Examples of the latter of Ramdohr ( 1962). The structure of allar- are known in Central Asia and in Northeast gentum, containing 8-15% Sb and observed USSR, within the Carpathian-Balkan region, together with dyscrasite as a product of the in the western part of the American Cordillera, decomposition of a solid solution of silver and and in Japan. Judging from the available geo- antimony, can be determined, according to logical information, gold-silver deposits belong Ramdohr, as a solid solution of silver in hexa- to shallow formations and are closely associated gonal closest packing with statistical distribution with products of volcanic activity, located in of antimony, Allargentum is generally accepted volcanic rocks of similar age of the andesite- as a separate phase of the system AgSb. This dacite series, often within the vent facies of is not certain, however, and it is possible to paleovolcanic structures of central type, or in assume that antimony is a stabilizer of the hexa- direct proximity to subvolcanic dikes, conclud- gonal structure characteristic of native silver. ing the volcanic cycle of development of the It thus becomes evident that careful studies region. Ore deposits of this type differ in are required of the structure of native silver, complex mineralogical composition, lengthy starting with the assumption that it can deviate single-stage process of formation. -
Ore Minerals in a Polymetallic Deposit of Primorye, U.S.S.R
American Mineralogist, Volume 64, pages 432435, 1979 Ore mineralsin a polymetallicdeposit of Primorye,U.S.S.R. V. T. KnzecHENKo,V. M. CHUBnRov,I. M. RouaNENKo The Far East Geologicql Institute Academy of Sciencesof the U.S.S.R. L. N. Vlnlsov eNp G. V. Bnsovn Instit.ute of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry Academy of Sciencesof the U.S.S.R. Abstract Mn-metasomatitesformed by a complex of rare silicates(bustamite, manganoan diopside, pyroxmangite, rhodonite, pyrosmalite, knebelite, spessartine) are widespread in a poly- metallicdeposit of South Primorye (SovietFar East).Pb-Zn oreswere formed by replacement of manganous metasomatites.As well as the usual sulfides(galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, stibnite, arsenopyrite,chalcopyrite, and others), sulfoantimonitesof lead (amesonite and boulangerite), pyrargyrite, and miargyrite, they contain some very rare minerals, such as meneghinite,dyscrasite, diaphorite, gudmundite, antimony, aurostibite, argentian tetrahe- drite, and freibergite. A new sulfoantimonite of lead and silver, AgPbrSbuSrr.r,a new sulfide of iron and silver,(Fe,Ag),S, and an unusual(antimonian) variety of freegold, Auo,uSboou, are also found in the ores. The presenceof this complex of rare and new minerals of manganous metasomatite and ore indicatesthe specificconditions of formation of the deposit. Introduction and miargyrite, they contain a number of very rare dyscrasite,diaphorite, This depositof South Primorye is in the zone of the minerals,such as meneghinite, tetrahedrite,frei- main Sikhote-Alin synclinorium -
ATOMIC ENERGY £2?A L'energie ATOMIQUE of CANADA LIMITED \Fijt DU CANADA,LIMITEE
w *£.''• 7 / J, i. AECL-7792 ATOMIC ENERGY £2?A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA LIMITED \fijT DU CANADA,LIMITEE THE CONVERSION OF SMECTITE TO ILLITE IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW LA CONVERSION OE LA SMECTITE EN ILLITE DANS LES SYSTEMES HYDROTHERMIQUE: EXAMEN DES TRAVAUX PUBLIES R.M. Johnston Whiteshell Nuclear Research Etabiissement de recherches Establishment i>ucleaires de Whiteshel! Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1LO June 1983 juin Copyright © Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1983 ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED THE CONVERSION OF SMECTITE TO ILLITE IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW by R.M. Johnston Whiteshell Nuclear "esearch Establishment Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1L0 1983 June AECL-7792 LA CONVERSION DE LA SMECTITE EN ILLITE DANS LES SYSTÈMES HYDROTHERMIQUE: EXAMEN DES TRAVAUX PUBLIÉS par R.M. Johnston RESUME Dans les systèmes schisteux diagénétiques naturels, la smectite se transforme en illlte et en illite-smectite à couche mixte en moins d'un mil- lion d'années, en présence de températures se situant entre 75°C et 200°C. De ce fait, certaines questions se posent quant à la stabilité des tampons de bentonite à base de smectite par rapports aux conditions propres â une enceinte d'évacuation nucléaire• Les données expérimentales et géologiques obtenues indiquent que la réaction dépend de la disponibilité des K*" et que le taux de réaction des systèmes pauvres en K* (tels que les enceintes d'é- vacuation) peut être bien inférieur â ce que l'on observe dans le schiste. La présence de Na+, de Ca2+ et de Mg2+ dans le système ralentie la réaction et peut même l'arrêter complètement à des températures inférieures. -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
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BOOK REVIEWS THE INTERPRETATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION PHOTOGRAPHS, bv N. M. F. HrNnY, H. Lrrson arvl W. A. Woosrnn, MacMillan and Co., London, 1951, ix*258 pages, price 42 shillings. (American price $8.50, obtained from D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.) This book is intended "to help students and research workers to understand the theory and practice of the interpretation of r-ray difiraction photographs'" The discussion is carried up to the subject of crystal-structure determination but does not include more than passing reference to space groups and their recognition by means of *-ray diffraction. Had a chapter on space groups been included, and it would have required no more space than that devoted to Laue photographs in the present volume, all materials needed pre- paratory to crystal structure work would have been brought together. The omission is the more regrettable because the authors state that "a sufficient number of tables has been included to facilitate calculations without the necessity of a reference book." Many who do not embark upon crystal structure work do attempt the determination of space groups and a statement of the space group, now considered part of a complete mineral description, is to be found in several recently published mineralogical reference books. What seems to this reviewer the pedagogical excellence of Henry, Lipson and Wooster's book is probably due in part to the fact that the authors have been associated with the very thorough course in crystallography which has been ofiered at the University of Cambridge for many years. -
Primary Minerals of the Jáchymov Ore District
Journal of the Czech Geological Society 48/34(2003) 19 Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district Primární minerály jáchymovského rudního revíru (237 figs, 160 tabs) PETR ONDRU1 FRANTIEK VESELOVSKÝ1 ANANDA GABAOVÁ1 JAN HLOUEK2 VLADIMÍR REIN3 IVAN VAVØÍN1 ROMAN SKÁLA1 JIØÍ SEJKORA4 MILAN DRÁBEK1 1 Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1 2 U Roháèových kasáren 24, CZ-100 00 Prague 10 3 Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, V Holeovièkách 41, CZ-182 09, Prague 8 4 National Museum, Václavské námìstí 68, CZ-115 79, Prague 1 One hundred and seventeen primary mineral species are described and/or referenced. Approximately seventy primary minerals were known from the district before the present study. All known reliable data on the individual minerals from Jáchymov are presented. New and more complete X-ray powder diffraction data for argentopyrite, sternbergite, and an unusual (Co,Fe)-rammelsbergite are presented. The follow- ing chapters describe some unknown minerals, erroneously quoted minerals and imperfectly identified minerals. The present work increases the number of all identified, described and/or referenced minerals in the Jáchymov ore district to 384. Key words: primary minerals, XRD, microprobe, unit-cell parameters, Jáchymov. History of mineralogical research of the Jáchymov Chemical analyses ore district Polished sections were first studied under the micro- A systematic study of Jáchymov minerals commenced scope for the identification of minerals and definition early after World War II, during the period of 19471950. of their relations. Suitable sections were selected for This work was aimed at supporting uranium exploitation. electron microprobe (EMP) study and analyses, and in- However, due to the general political situation and the teresting domains were marked. -
Brammallite (Sodium-Iuite),. a New Mineral from Llandebie, South Wales
304 Brammallite (sodium-iUite),. a new mineral from Llandebie, South Wales. By F. A. BANNISTER,M.A. Deputy Keeper, Mineral Department, British Museum. [Read June 4, 1942.] URING a study of the petrography and mineral constituents separated from D various shales overlying the coal-measures of South Wales, Dr. Alfred Brammull noticed on several hand-specimens from Llandebie a white infilling to fissures or a coating on slickensided surfaces which could be readily detached from the matrix. Chemical examination showed that this coating, unlike the shales themselves, contained more sodium than potassium. The present note gives an account of subsequent chemical, X-ray, and optical work , which confirms Dr. Brammall's suggestion that the white incrustation contains a new sodium- rich mineral allied to mica. It is not, I hope, an unfitting tribute to his work in this field as well as to his interest in recent advances in mineralogy that I have named this mineral brammallite. A short account of its nature and relationship to illite, which is the chief constituent of the shale itself (see preceding paper, p. 297), will now be given. Examination under the binocular microscope revealed that most of the in- crustation consists of a soft fibrous mineral; and, when this is detached with a knife, small compact tufts of elongated plates about ram. long, reminiscent of small fragments of satin-spar, can be distinguished and isolated for optical and X-ray work. Not sufficient material, however, was available for a micro- chemical analysis. Dr. M. H. Hey carried out an alkali determination on 15 mg. -
Nomenclature of the Micas
Mineralogical Magazine, April 1999, Vol. 63(2), pp. 267-279 Nomenclature of the micas M. RIEDER (CHAIRMAN) Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic G. CAVAZZINI Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia, Universith di Padova, Corso Garibaldi, 37, 1-35122 Padova, Italy Yu. S. D'YAKONOV VSEGEI, Srednii pr., 74, 199 026 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia W. m. FRANK-KAMENETSKII* G. GOTTARDIt S. GUGGENHEIM Department of Geological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607-7059, USA P. V. KOVAL' Institut geokhimii SO AN Rossii, ul. Favorskogo la, Irkutsk - 33, Russia 664 033 G. MOLLER Institut fiir Mineralogie und Mineralische Rohstoffe, Technische Universit/it Clausthal, Postfach 1253, D-38670 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany A. M, R. NEIVA Departamento de Ci6ncias da Terra, Universidade de Coimbra, Apartado 3014, 3049 Coimbra CODEX, Portugal E. W. RADOSLOVICH$ J.-L. ROBERT Centre de Recherche sur la Synth6se et la Chimie des Min6raux, C.N.R.S., 1A, Rue de la F6rollerie, 45071 Od6ans CEDEX 2, France F. P. SASSI Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia, Universit~t di Padova, Corso Garibaldi, 37, 1-35122 Padova, Italy H. TAKEDA Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino City, Chiba 275, Japan Z. WEISS Central Analytical Laboratory, Technical University of Mining and Metallurgy, T/'. 17.1istopadu, 708 33 Ostrava- Poruba, Czech Republic AND D. R. WONESw * Russia; died 1994 t Italy; died 1988 * Australia; resigned 1986 wUSA; died 1984 1999 The Mineralogical Society M. RIEDER ETAL. ABSTRACT I I End-members and species defined with permissible ranges of composition are presented for the true micas, the brittle micas, and the interlayer-deficient micas.