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Ore Mineralogy and Silver Distribution at the Rävliden N Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit, Skellefte District, Sweden

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Ore Mineralogy and Silver Distribution at the Rävliden N Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit, Skellefte District, Sweden Ore mineralogy and silver distribution at the Rävliden N volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Skellefte district, Sweden Simon Johansson Civil Engineering, master's level 2017 Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Abstract The Rävliden North deposit (Rävliden N) is a volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit in the western part of the Skellefte district, northern Sweden. The district is one of Sweden’s major metallogenic provinces with a significant amount of VMS deposits. The Rävliden N deposit, discovered in 2011, contains copper, zinc, lead, silver and subordinate gold and occurs close to the largest VMS deposit in the district, the Kristineberg deposit, which has been mined for more than 70 years. The purpose of this master thesis is to study the composition, mineralogy and paragenetic relationships in different types of sulphide mineralization from the Rävliden N deposit. Emphasis is placed on characterizing the distribution and paragenetic relationships of silver-bearing minerals. The methods include core logging, sampling and mineralogical studies through light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative evaluation of mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN). Lastly, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) was used to determine the chemical composition of silver-bearing minerals and sulphides. Mineralization types studied include 1: the main massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization, 2: stratigraphically underlying stringer mineralization and 3: local, vein- and/or fault-hosted silver-rich mineralization in the stratigraphic hanging wall. The massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization is dominated by sphalerite with lesser galena and pyrrhotite. In contrast, the stringer mineralization is dominated by chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. The major minerals show evidence of a coeval formation and textural as well as structural evidence suggest that ductile deformation has affected the mineralization types. Notable evidence includes ball-ore textures, accumulation of minerals in pressure shadows and brittle fracturing of competent arsenopyrite and pyrite porphyroblasts and infilling by more incompetent sulphide minerals. The silver-bearing minerals identified are commonly spatially associated with galena and the major species is freibergite ((Ag,Cu,Fe)12(Sb,As)4S13), which also occur as inclusions in chalcopyrite mainly in the stringer mineralization. The stringer mineralization also contains notable amounts of hessite (Ag2Te). Notably, galena, pyrrhotite, freibergite and other sulphosalt minerals are commonly accumulated in pressure shadows near host rock fragments in the massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization. The only gold-bearing mineral identified in this study is electrum (Au, Ag) in the stringer mineralization. The hanging wall mineralization locally comprises faulted and/or sheared massive sulphide mineralization which is compositionally similar to the main massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization, besides a significantly higher content of freibergite. However, parts of the hanging wall mineralization are entirely dominated by sulphides and sulphosalts of silver, such as pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3), pyrostilpnite (Ag3SbS3), argentopyrite (AgFe2S4), sternbergite (AgFe2S3) and stephanite (Ag5SbS4). These occur in structurally late settings, which along with consideration of their temperature stabilities suggest a late origin. Since the silver-bearing minerals in the massive to semi-massive sulphide mineralization and the two varieties of hanging wall mineralization contains the same metals, the mineralization in the hanging wall may have formed by late-stage remobilization of ore components from the underlying Rävliden N deposit. This negates the need for multiple mineralization events to explain the local silver-enriched zones in the hanging wall. The paragenetically late mineralization types contains high content of Ag-bearing minerals in relation to base metal sulphides. This suggests that remobilisation processes were important for locally upgrading the Ag-content. Sammanfattning Rävliden Norra fyndigheten (Rävliden N) är en massiv sulfidfyndighet av VMS-typ i den västra delen av Skelleftedistriktet i norra Sverige. Detta distrikt är ett av Sveriges viktigaste malmområden som innehåller många VMS fyndigheter. Rävliden N upptäcktes under 2011 och innehåller koppar, zink, bly, silver och låga halter av guld och förekommer nära den största VMS fyndigheten i Skelleftedistriktet, Kristinebergsfyndigheten, som har brutits i mer än 70 år. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att studera sammansättningen, mineralogin och de paragenetiska förhållandena i olika typer av sulfidmineraliseringar från Rävliden N. Fokus är karaktärisering av fördelningen och de paragenetiska förhållandena för silverförande mineral. Metodiken inkluderar borrkärnskartering, provtagning och mineralogiska studier med optiskt mikroskop (LOM), svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) och kvantitativ mineralogisk utvärdering med svepelektronmikroskop (QEMSCAN). Slutligen gjordes mikrosondanalyser (EMPA) för att bestämma den kemiska sammansättningen på silverförande mineral och sulfider. Mineraliseringstyper som studerats inkluderar 1: den massiva till semi-massiva sulfidmineraliseringen, 2: stratigrafiskt underliggande mineralisering av stringer-typ och 3: lokala gång- och/eller förkastnings- relaterade silverrika mineraliseringar i den stratigrafiska hängväggen. Den massiva till semi-massiva sulfidmineraliseringen är dominerad av zinkblände med mindre mängder av blyglans och magnetkis. Till skillnad från detta är stringermineraliseringen dominerad av kopparkis och magnetkis. De dominerande mineralen uppvisar tecken på samtidig bildning och texturella samt strukturella bevis antyder att duktil deformation har påverkat mineraliseringstyperna. Viktiga bevis för detta inkluderar kulmalmstexturer, ansamling av mineral i tryckskuggor och spröd uppsprickning av mer kompetenta arsenikkis- och pyritporfyroblaster och ifyllnad av mer inkompetenta sulfidmineral. Silverbärande mineral är ofta rumsligt relaterade till blyglans och det huvudsakliga mineralet är freibergit ((Ag,Cu,Fe)12(Sb,As)4S13), som också förekommer som inneslutningar i kopparkis huvudsakligen i stringermineraliseringen. Stringermineraliseringen innhåller också noterbara mängder av hessit (Ag2Te). Nämnvärt är att blyglans, magnetkis, freibergit och andra sulfosaltmineral ofta är ansamlade i tryckskuggor nära fragment av värdbergarten i den massiva till semi-massiva sulfid mineraliseringen. Det enda guldbärande mineralet som identifierats i denna studie är elektrum (Au, Ag) i stringermineraliseringen. Hängväggsmineraliseringen innehåller lokalt förkastade och/eller skjuvade massiva sulfid mineraliseringar vars mineralogiska sammansättning är lik den i den massiva till semi-massiva sulfidmineraliseringen, bortsett från märkbart större mängder av freibergit. Emellertid så är delar av hängväggsmineraliseringen helt dominerade av sulfider och sulfosalter som pyrargyrit (Ag3SbS3), pyrostilpnit (Ag3SbS3), argentopyrit (AgFe2S4), sternbergit (AgFe2S3) och stephanit (Ag5SbS4). Dessa mineral förekommer i strukturellt sena sprickplan, vilket tillsammans med deras temperaturstabilitet, tyder på en sen bildning. Eftersom de silverförande mineralen i den massiva till semi-massiva sulfid mineraliseringen och de två varianterna av hängväggsmineralisering innehåller samma metaller så kan mineraliseringen i hängväggen ha bildats genom remobilisering av komponenter från den underliggande Rävliden N fyndigheten. Detta utesluter behovet av flera mineraliseringshändelser för att förklara de lokala silveranrikade zonerna i hängväggen. De paragenetiskt sena mineraliseringstyperna innehåller höga mängder av silverbärande mineral i relation till innehållet av basmetallsulfider. Detta tyder på att remobiliseringsprocesser var viktiga för att lokalt anrika silver i förekomsten. Table of contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim of the study ............................................................................................................................ 2 2. Geology ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Regional geology ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 The Kristineberg area .................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits ...................................................................................... 5 3. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Core logging and sampling ............................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Light optical microscopy ............................................................................................................... 7 3.3 Scanning electron microscopy ....................................................................................................... 7 3.4 Quantitative evaluation of mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy ....................................
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