The Importance of Minerals in Coal As the Hosts of Chemical Elements: a Review
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Uraninite, Coffinite and Ningyoite from Vein-Type Uranium Deposits of the Bohemian Massif (Central European Variscan Belt)
minerals Article Uraninite, Coffinite and Ningyoite from Vein-Type Uranium Deposits of the Bohemian Massif (Central European Variscan Belt) Miloš René 1,*, ZdenˇekDolníˇcek 2, Jiˇrí Sejkora 2, Pavel Škácha 2,3 and Vladimír Šrein 4 1 Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 09 Prague, Czech Republic 2 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National Museum, 193 00 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] (Z.D.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (P.Š.) 3 Mining Museum Pˇríbram, 261 01 Pˇríbram, Czech Republic 4 Czech Geological Survey, 152 00 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-266-009-228 Received: 26 November 2018; Accepted: 15 February 2019; Published: 19 February 2019 Abstract: Uraninite-coffinite vein-type mineralisation with significant predominance of uraninite over coffinite occurs in the Pˇríbram, Jáchymov and Horní Slavkov ore districts and the Pot ˚uˇcky, Zálesí and Pˇredboˇriceuranium deposits. These uranium deposits are hosted by faults that are mostly developed in low- to high-grade metamorphic rocks of the basement of the Bohemian Massif. Textural features and the chemical composition of uraninite, coffinite and ningyoite were studied using an electron microprobe. Collomorphic uraninite was the only primary uranium mineral in all deposits studied. The uraninites contained variable and elevated concentrations of PbO (1.5 wt %–5.4 wt %), CaO (0.7 wt %–8.3 wt %), and SiO2 (up to 10.0 wt %), whereas the contents of Th, Zr, REE and Y were usually below the detection limits of the electron microprobe. -
Minerals-10-00395-V2.Pdf
minerals Article Slatecalculation—A Practical Tool for Deriving Norm Minerals in the Lowest-Grade Metamorphic Pelites and Roof Slates Hans Wolfgang Wagner 1,* , Dieter Jung 2, Jean-Frank Wagner 3 and Matthias Patrick Wagner 4 1 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Im Nettetal 4, D 56727 Mayen, Germany 2 Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D 20146 Hamburg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Behringstrasse 21, D 54296 Trier, Germany; [email protected] 4 Institute of Geography, Kiel University, D 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 26 April 2020; Published: 29 April 2020 Abstract: Roof and wall slates are fine-grained rocks with slaty cleavage, and it is often difficult to determine their mineral composition. A new norm mineral calculation called slatecalculation allows the determination of a virtual mineral composition based on full chemical analysis, including the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). Derived norm minerals include feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore-minerals, and quartz. The mineral components of the slate are assessed with superior accuracy compared to the petrographic analysis based on the European Standard EN 12326. The inevitable methodical inaccuracies in the calculations are limited and transparent. In the present paper, slates, shales, and phyllites from worldwide occurrences were examined. This also gives an overview of the rocks used for discontinuous roofing and external cladding. Keywords: mineralogy; roof slates; shales; phyllites; norm mineral calculation; hydro-micas; illite 1. Introduction Under the term “roof and wall slates”, rocks that have good cleavage and high suitability for overlapping and discontinuous roofing as well as external cladding. -
O Lunar and Planetary Institute Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System WHITLOCKITE SATURATION
WHITLOCKITE SATURATION IN LUNAR BASALTS, J.E. Dickinson and P.C. Hess, Dept. of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 As part of a continuing program initiated to evaluate the evolution of late-stage lunar magmas and the possible effects of crystallization of minor phases on their geochemistry, we have determined the saturation surface for whitlockite, Ca (PO ), in a liquid composition produced by crystallization of KREEP basalt 15386 lf~able1). Whitlockite is by far the most abundant phos- phate mineral in lunar rocks and in all probability is more abundant than other minor phases such as zircon, zirccnolite, monazite, and tranquillityite (1). Whitlockite is also an important component of mesosiderites, reported average modal phosphate abundances in mesosiderites ranging from 0.0-3.7% (avg. 1.9%) (2). Even higher phosphate abundances (up to 9.4%) have been observed in basaltic lithic clasts of presumed impact melt origin found in mesosiderites (3). Analyses of lunar whitlockites commonly show Ce203and Y203 contents up to 3 wt% and REE contents that may be as high as 1-2 wt% for La203and Nd203 de- creasing to levels of -0.1-0.2 wt% for the HREE (1). It has been shown that whitlockite is generally more enriched in REE's relative to chondrites than other minor phases in the same rock (4). Uranium and thorium may also be present in significant amounts although other minerals may contain more. Whit- lockite may, therefore, be an important reservoir of rare earth and heat producing elements. In addition, the amount of FeO and MgO in whitlockite is variable (Table 1). -
Validation of Zeolites to Maximize Ammonium and Phosphate Removal from Anaerobic Digestate by Combination of Zeolites in Ca and Na Forms Page 1
Validation of zeolites to maximize ammonium and phosphate removal from anaerobic digestate by combination of zeolites in Ca and Na forms Page 1 Abstract Ammonium and phosphate are fundamental nutrients for human life, but their excess in water can lead to eutrophication, an uncontrolled growth of biomass with a consequent deficit of oxygen (hypoxia) that can be really dangerous for water life. This excess is principally due to human activities such as industry and agriculture (detergents, fertilizers) and the problem is expected to grow during next years. Then, it is necessary to find an efficient, simple and low cost technology able to remove the nutrients from water in order to avoid environmental damages. Moreover, the population growth, the constant improvement in agriculture and the consequent increase in fertilizers demand have made the recovery of nutrient from water a real need, as it has been estimated that a 20% of the total needs of Europe could be recovered from wastewaters. Although both ammonium and phosphate have to be recovered from wastewater, their simultaneous removal by means of one adsorbent material has rarely been reported hitherto. The merit of using one material for the simultaneous removal is obvious, even if it has not been achieved yet. In general, most of the solutions proposed for the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate are based on the use of two types of reagents. A large list of removal technologies, ranging from biological to physic-chemical methods, have been widely studied: in this work, zeolites in Ca and Na forms were evaluated as sorbents for phosphate and ammonium from synthetic water and real anaerobic digestate. -
Using 2D Gis to Assist 3D Modelling of the Zarshuran Gold Deposit, Iran
Asadi, Hooshang USING 2D GIS TO ASSIST 3D MODELLING OF THE ZARSHURAN GOLD DEPOSIT, IRAN * Hooshang ASADI HARONI, Edmund SIDES, Kiiza NGONZI International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), The Netherlands * Ministry of Higher Education, Tehran, Iran harouni @itc.nl [email protected] Technical Commission Session Themes TC VII-8 KEY WORDS: Spatial data, Integration, Geology, Geophysics, GIS, Data mining, Information extraction ABSTRACT The Zarshuran gold deposit in NW Iran is an area of historic mining for gold and arsenic with considerable potential for discovery of economic gold mineralisation. Geological, geochemical and geophysical data, collected by the Ministry of Mines and Metals were compiled and analysed in a 2-dimensional (2D) GIS. This resulted in the definition of major structural features, and lithological units, that control the gold mineralisation. Spatial modelling and interpretation of the geochemical and geophysical data showed that the mineralization is mainly controlled by chemically-reactive Precambrian carbonates and black shales, extending in a NW-SE direction, and also by NE-SW high angle faults and their intersections with NW-SE structures. The results obtained, from the 2D GIS analysis, were used in the initial phase of the construction and validation of the 3-dimensional (3D) models used for resource estimation. Comparison of the statistical analyses of geochemical data in soils and in drillcore indicated enhanced concentrations of gold in soils at surface, due to residual enrichment. An enrichment relationship was established based on interpretation of the cumulative frequency plots for gold in soil and drillcore samples. Based on this relationship the gold anomalies interpreted from the soil geochemical data were used to infer a resource potential, to a depth of 200m below surface, of 10Mt at an average grade of 0.2 g/t gold. -
Monazite, Rhabdophane, Xenotime & Churchite
Monazite, rhabdophane, xenotime & churchite: Vibrational spectroscopy of gadolinium phosphate polymorphs Nicolas Clavier, Adel Mesbah, Stephanie Szenknect, N. Dacheux To cite this version: Nicolas Clavier, Adel Mesbah, Stephanie Szenknect, N. Dacheux. Monazite, rhabdophane, xenotime & churchite: Vibrational spectroscopy of gadolinium phosphate polymorphs. Spec- trochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Elsevier, 2018, 205, pp.85-94. 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.016. hal-02045615 HAL Id: hal-02045615 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02045615 Submitted on 26 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Monazite, rhabdophane, xenotime & churchite : vibrational spectroscopy of gadolinium phosphate polymorphs N. Clavier 1,*, A. Mesbah 1, S. Szenknect 1, N. Dacheux 1 1 ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols/Cèze cedex, France * Corresponding author: Dr. Nicolas CLAVIER ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier Site de Marcoule BP 17171 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze France Phone : + 33 4 66 33 92 08 Fax : + 33 4 66 79 76 11 [email protected] - 1 - Abstract : Rare-earth phosphates with the general formula REEPO4·nH2O belong to four distinct structural types: monazite, rhabdophane, churchite, and xenotime. -
An Overview of Phosphate Mining and Reclamation in Florida
An Overview of Phosphate Mining and Reclamation in Florida Casey Beavers Graduate Committee: Dr. Rex Ellis, Chairman Dr. Edward Hanlon Dr. Greg MacDonald April 2013 Introduction Phosphate has significant economic importance in Florida, yet 70% of surveyed Florida residents claimed that they were uninformed about the industry (Breeze, 2002). Residents who are aware of phosphate mining and fertilizer manufacturing in Florida tend to have strong opinions either in favor or in opposition to its presence. This document is meant to provide an overview of phosphate mining and reclamation in Florida to address the following questions: Why do we care about phosphate? Why is phosphate mined in Florida? How is phosphate mined? Who is impacted by Florida phosphate mining? What happens to the land after mining? What are some of the controversies of phosphate mining? The following topics will be discussed: phosphate as a resource, the geology of the Florida phosphate deposits, the economics of phosphate mining and fertilizer production, the history of mining in Florida, the regulations involved in mining, the process of phosphate mining, the reclamation or restoration of the mined areas, and lastly--the controversies surrounding phosphate mining in Florida. Phosphate Plants and animals are unable to live without phosphorus. It is an essential component in ATP, an energy-bearing compound that drives biochemical processes. Phosphorus also comprises much of the molecular composition of DNA, RNA, and phospholipids that are necessary to the function of cellular membranes. Nitrogen, another essential element, may be fixed from the atmosphere, meaning its supply is limitless. Phosphorus, present as phosphate minerals in the soil, is a non-renewable resource. -
Turquoise and Variscite by Dean Sakabe MEETING Wednesday
JANUARY 2015 - VOLUME 50, ISSUE 1 Meeting Times Turquoise and Variscite By Dean Sakabe MEETING We are starting the year off with Tur- Wednesday quoise and Variscite. January 28, 2015 Turquoise is a copper aluminum phosphate, whose name originated in 6:15-8:00 pm medieval Europe. What happened was Makiki District Park that traders from Turkey introduced the blue-green gemstone obtained Admin Building from Persia (the present day Iran) to Turquoise (Stabilized), Europeans. Who in turn associated Chihuahua, Mexico NEXT MONTH this stone with the Turkish traders, Tucson Gem & rather than the land of the stones origin. Hence they called this stone Mineral Show “Turceis” or, later in French “turquois.” Over time english speakers adopted this French word, but adding an “e” (Turquiose). The Spanish called this stone “Turquesa”. LAPIDARY The gemstone grade of Turquoise has a hardness of around 6, however Every Thursday the vast majority of turquoise falls in the softer 3–5 range. With the 6:30-8:30pm exception being the Turquoise from Cripple Creek, Colorado which is in the 7-8 range. Turquoise occurs in range of hues from sky blue to grey Makiki District Park -green. It is also found in arid places that has a high concentration of 2nd floor Arts and copper in the soil. The blue color is created by copper and the green Crafts Bldg by bivalent iron, with a little amount of chrome. Turquoise often, has veins or blotches running MEMBERSHIP through it, most often brown, but can be light gray or black DUE COSTS 2015 depending on where it was Single: $10.00 found. -
503.Pdf by Guest on 30 September 2021 504 the CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 2l; pp. 503-508(1983) WEDDELLITE FROM BIGGS, OREGON, U.S.A. J. A. MANDARINO Depdrtmentof Mineralogltand Geology,Royal Ontario Museum,100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Anturio M5S 2C6 and Department of Geologl, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSS lAl NOBLE V. WITT I319 N.E. IITth Street, Vancouver,Washington 98665, U.S.A. ABSTRACT coeur r6sineux brun fonc€ renfermant un matdriau organique ind€termin6. Le matdriau brun pdle possddeune The rare mineral weddellite, CaCrOo.(2+x)H2O, has duretdd'environ 4 et une densit€de2.02Q), La weddellite beenidentified from an occurrencenear Biggs, Oregon, est tetra&onale,de grpupe spatial I4/m, o 12,33(2),c U.S.A. Crystal$up to 5 x 5 x 40 mm occur in cavities 7.353(3)A, V 1117.9et, z = 8. L'analysechimique du in nodulesof the so-called"Biggs jasper". The nodules materiau blanc donne CaO 35.4, CzO343,2, }J2O 24.7, are in lake-bottom sedimentssandwiched between basalt somme 103.3%oen poids. La formule empiriqueobtenue flows of Mioceneage. Associated minerals are quartz and d partir de cesdonn€es est Ca1.04C1.97O0.6,2.26H2Oott, whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O).The whewellite appears to id6alement, CaC2Oa.2.26HtO;la densite calcul€e est replacesome of the weddellite.The weddelliteoccurs as 2.020(4).Le mat6riaublanc est optiquementuniaxe ( + ), tan, euhedral crystals and as white, fibrous aggregates d'indices principaux ot 1,524 et e 1.5U. L'indice de surroundingsome of the euhedralcrystals. The euhedral compatibilit6,0.008, indique une compatibilitt supdieure crystalsAre dull to vitreousin lustre and often havea dark de la ddnsitdavec donn6esoptiques et chimiques. -
Eskebornite, Two Canadian Occurrences
ESKEBORNITE,TWO CANADIAN OCCURRENCES D.C. HARRIS* am E.A.T.BURKE *r, AssrRAcr The flnt Canadian occurrenceof eskebomitefrom Martin Lake and the Eagle Groug Lake Athabaskaare4 Northern Saskatchewanis reported.Electron microprobe agalysesshow that the formula is cuFese2.The r-ray powdet difiraction pattems are identical to that of eskebornitefrom Tilkerode, Germany,the type locality, Eskeborniteocrurs as island remnantsin, and replac'edby,'u,rnangite'which occurs in pitchblendeores in t}le basa.ltof the Martin formaiion and in granitizedmafic rocls of the Eaglegroup. The mineral can be readily synthesizedat 500"e from pure elements in evacuatedsilica glasstubes, Reflectance and micro-indentationhardness in."r*u**o are given. IlvrnonucttoN Eskebomite, a copper iron selenide, was first discovered and namd by P. Ramdohr in 1949 while studying the selenide minerals from dre Tilkerode area, Harz Mountain, Germany. The mineral has also been reported from Sierra de Cacheuta and Sierra de lJmango, Argentina (Tischendorf 1960). More recentlyo other occurrences of eskebornite have been described: by Kvadek et al. (1965) in the selenide paragenesis at the slavkovice locality in the Bohemian and Moravian Highlands, czecho- slovakia; and by Agrinier et aI. (1967) in veins of pitchblende at Cha- m6anq Puy-de-D6me, France. Earley (1950) and Tischendorf (195g, 1960) made.observations on eskebornite from the Tilkerode locality, but, even today, certain data are still lacking in the characterization of eskebomitg in particular its crystal- lographic symmetry. The purpose of this paper is to record the first occurrence of eskebomite in Canada and to present electron microprobe analyses, reflectance and micro-indentation hardness measurements. GrNsRAr. -
Lite Geology 36: New Mexico's Coal and Electricity Industries
Lite fall 2014 New Mexico’s Coal and Electricity issue 36 Industries Escalante Generating Station. Photo courtesy of Tri-State Generating and Transmission Association. In This Issue... New Mexico’s Coal and Electricity Industries and the Clean Air Act Caron Dioxide Emissions: New Guidelines and Economic Challenges Global Impacts of Coal Production • Replacement Fuels for Coal-Fired Electricity Water Use at Coal-Fired Power Plants Earth Briefs • Crossword Puzzle New Mexico’s Most Wanted Minerals—Whewellite New Mexico’s Enchanting Geology Classroom Activity: Cupcake Core Sampling Through the Hand Lens • Short Items of Interest NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY & MINERAL RESOURCES A DIVISION OF NEW MEXICO TECH http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/litegeology/current.html NEW MEXICO’S COAL AND ELECTRICITY INDUSTRIES AND THE CLEAN AIR ACT Gretchen Hoffman Editor’s Note: This issue of Lite Geology is the second in a series of totaled $121.9 million. Along with the economic impact of three issues, all related to new technologies in the energy industries. coal mining in the state, 68% of the total electricity generated The last issue addressed new technologies in the oil and gas industry, in New Mexico comes from coal combustion. Approximately this issue focuses on coal and coal-fired electrical generation industries, and the third will address the renewable energy sector. one-third of this electricity is consumed in other states. In New Mexico, 34% of the total energy consumed comes from coal. Coal in New Mexico Generating Stations Using New Coal has played a significant role in New Mexico’s history. Coal was used by the early forts and settlements, the rail- Mexico Coal roads, and the smelters built in the territory after the Civil New Mexico’s three major coal-fired power generating sta- War.