Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 2l; pp. 503-508(1983)

WEDDELLITE FROM BIGGS, OREGON, U.S.A.

J. A. MANDARINO Depdrtmentof Mineralogltand Geology,Royal Ontario Museum,100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Anturio M5S 2C6

and

Department of Geologl, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSS lAl

NOBLE V. WITT I319 N.E. IITth Street, Vancouver,Washington 98665, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT coeur r6sineux brun fonc€ renfermant un matdriau organique ind€termin6. Le matdriau brun pdle possddeune The rare , CaCrOo.(2+x)H2O, has duretdd'environ 4 et une densit€de2.02Q), La weddellite beenidentified from an occurrencenear Biggs, Oregon, est tetra&onale,de grpupe spatial I4/m, o 12,33(2),c U.S.A. Crystal$up to 5 x 5 x 40 mm occur in cavities 7.353(3)A, V 1117.9et, z = 8. L'analysechimique du in nodulesof the so-called"Biggs jasper". The nodules materiau blanc donne CaO 35.4, CzO343,2, }J2O 24.7, are in lake-bottom sedimentssandwiched between basalt somme 103.3%oen poids. La formule empiriqueobtenue flows of Mioceneage. Associated are quartz and d partir de cesdonn€es est Ca1.04C1.97O0.6,2.26H2Oott, (CaC2O4.H2O).The whewellite appears to id6alement, CaC2Oa.2.26HtO;la densite calcul€e est replacesome of the weddellite.The weddelliteoccurs as 2.020(4).Le mat6riaublanc est optiquementuniaxe ( + ), tan, euhedral crystals and as white, fibrous aggregates d'indices principaux ot 1,524 et e 1.5U. L'indice de surroundingsome of the euhedralcrystals. The euhedral compatibilit6,0.008, indique une compatibilitt supdieure crystalsAre dull to vitreousin and often havea dark de la ddnsitdavec donn6esoptiques et chimiques. brown, resinouscore containingan undeterminedorganic (Traduit par la R6daction) material; the white material has a silky lustre. The hardness is about 4 and the density is 2.02(2) g/cm3 for the tan Mots-cl6s:weddelllte, Or6gon, oxalate, , whewellite. outer sheUof the euhedralcrystals. Weddet-fite is tetragoqal, spacegroup I4/m, a 12.33(2),c 7.353(3)A, V ttfi.g N, Z -- 8. Analysis of the white material gave CaO 35.4, INTRODUCTIoN C2O343.2, H2O 24.7, total 103.3wt. 90. The empirical formula derived from these data is Ca1.64C1.97Oa.so. Although the substance now called weddellitehas 2.26H2O or, ideally, CaC2Oa.2.26HrO;the calculated been known for many years, its natural occurrence densityis 2.020\4)g,/cm:. Optically, the white material is was restricted to plants and animals. There has been = = uniaxial (+), with u 1.524 and e 1.544. The much confusion in the literature as to the chemical compatibility index is 0.008, indicating superior composition of the compound. For many ye€[s, it compatibility of the density, optical and chemicaldata. was considered to be calcium oxalate trihydrate, Keywords: weddellite, Oregon, oxalate, calcium, whewel- CaCrOo.3HrO. It was not until Bannister & Hey lite. (1936) identified the compound from the Weddell Sea, near Antarctica, that many of the mysteries Sounaatnr surrounding this material were solved. The material that Bannister "& Hey described was found as Le min6ral rare weddellite, CaC2Oa.(2+iH2O, a 6td transparent, colorless, tetragonal bipyramidal identifi6 dans un gite prds de Biggs, en Ordgon, E-U. Il crystals in bottom sediments from the central part sepresente en cristauxpouvant atteindre5 X 5 x 40 mm of the Weddell Sea. The samples in which they occur dans descavit6s de nodulesdu soi-disant'Jaspe de Biggs". were dredged from depths between 4434 and 5008 Les nodules se trouvent dans des s&iments Iacustres metres. The extremely sharp crystals range in size intercaldsentre des coul6es basaltiques d'6ge miocine. Les from 0.2 x 0.1 to 0.3 x 0.15 mm. They are uniaxial mindraux associ6s sont le quartz et la whewellite ( + with a : 1.523 and a of about CaC2Oa.H2O,La whewellitesemble remplacer une partie ), de la weddellite.Celle-ci se pr€sente en cristauxidiomorphes 0.02. The density could not be measured because of brun p6le et en agregatsfibreux blancsentourant certains the small size of the crystals. A single-crystal X-ray cristaux idiomorphes.Les fibres ont un 6clat soyeux;les study showed that theyoare tetragonal, space group cristaux ont rin 6clat mat i vitreux et montrent souvent un I4/m, a 12.40, c 7.37 A, c:a : 0.594:,1.The only 503

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form noted is the tetragonal bipyramid {0ll}. preservedin a 7090alcohol solution, were somesmall Although there was not sufficient material for a tetragonalbipyramids that are uniaxial ( + ), with c.r completechemical analysis, Bannister & Hey found = 1.5237and e : 1.5434.They gave an X-ray. that the mineral gave an X-ray powder-diffraction powder-diffraction pattern identical to that of pattern identical to that of some of the calcium weddellite.Thus, the original authigenicnature of oxalate crystalspresent in human renal calculi. A the Weddell Sea crystals was confirmed. Further study of the latter crystalsgave more completedata confirmation is given by Marlowe (1970), who concerningthe compound. Its hardnessis about 4, identified weddellitein bottom sedimentsfrom the and the crystalsare uniaxial(+), ,o 1.523,e 1,544. St. Lawrenceand Saguenayrivers in Quebec.His The measureddensity is 1.99g,/cm3; after a correc- samples were preserved in alcohol, so that the ,,dahlite', tion introduced to account for 4Vo weddellite could not have formed through the (carbonate-hydroxylapatite),the true densityis found decompositionof organic material in the samples. to be 1.94 g/cm3, Two chemical analyseswere It is interesting to note that the original Weddell Sea carried out and gavepractically the sameresults, and sampleswere preservedin alcohol at the time that the formula was established as CaC2O4.2H2O. they were collected. Unfortunately, during the BecauseBannister & Hey felt that there was still some 30-yearstorage before they were studiedby Bannister doubt about the water content in the Weddell Sea & Hey (1936), some of the sampleshad dried up crystals,they decidednot to namethe mineral. The becauseof defectivecorks. It is not known whether sharpnessof the crystalsand the absenceof any signs the samplesin which weddellitecrystals were found of abrasion indicated that they are authigenic. werestill preservedin alcohol or weresome of those In a discussionof the composition of human that had lost the fluid. urinary calculi, in particular those made up of In addition to its occurrence plants ' in animals and carbonate-hydroxylapatite and hydroxylapatite, and in bottom sediments,weddellite has been re- Frondel & Prien (1942)used the name weddellite for ported from older rocks. Slovenec& Sinkovec(1973, the first time for CaC2Oa.2H2O,but gaveno data. 1974) identified very fine-grained whewellite and Prien & Frondel (1947)noted that the compound was weddelliteamong the insolubleresidues of an Upper very abundantin human urinary calculi. The material Cretaceouslimestone in Yugoslavia.Weddellite and also is producedpathologically by other mammals, whewellite have beenfound on Cretaceousophiolitic such as the hippopotamus,as cited by Bannisterer rocks in Italy by Tirelli (1977).Mandarino (1983) ol. (1947),and dogs, as noted by Milton & Axelrod noted the presenceof weddellite on calcium-rich (1951).The first nonpathologicaloccurrence of the rocks of Precambrian age in Ontario. The compound in'an animal was repofied by Lowenstam occurrences noted by both Tirelli (1977) and (1968), who found that the glzzard plates of the Mandarino (1983)probably are related to oxali6 acid deepwater gastropod, Scaphander cylindrellus, produced by lichens. Decaying vegetable fibres consist of weddellite. Traill (1970) reporred probably are the cause of the weddellite and weddellite as colorless crystals in sponge spicules whewellitepresent in a Chinesewall painting at the from Fisher Strait, Hudson Bay area, N.W.T. Royal Ontario Museum(pers. comm., the Canadian The compound is common in someplants and was Conservation Inslitute, National Museums of observedin the common onion, Allium cepa, by Canada). Honneger (1952). Knobloch & Kalina (1968) In September197 9, a specimenof an unidentified identified the compound in the plant Spyrogyra. The mineral from Biggs,Oregon, U.S.A., wassubmitted extensiveassociation of weddelliteand other oxalates for identification to the seniorauthor by the junior with lichens and fungi is summarizedby Mandarino author. An X-ray powder-diffractionpattern of the (1983). mineral proved to be the sameas that of weddellite. A second occurrence of weddellite in Becausethe weddellite in all the previously described ocean-bottomsediments was described by Hutton & occurrencesis very fine-grained, with crystals rarely Taft (1965). Their sampleswere dredged from a reaching an overall size of 1/+firtr., the specimens depth of about one fathom (about 2 metres)off the from Oregon provided an opportunity to describe southwesterncoast of Florida. Hutton & Taft cast what are now the largest crystals of weddellite doubt on the authigenicnature of their material as known. well as that from the Weddell Seabecause they felt . that the oxalate could have formed in both setsof APPEARANCE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES samplesduring the long period of storagebetween the datesof collectionand examination.During his The Biggs weddellite ocqurs as large, euhedral study of the deepwatergastropod mentioned earlier, crystals (up to 5 x 5 x 40 mm) in cavities in the Lowenstam(1968) also examineda sanple of bottom so-called"Biggs jasper". The euhedralcrystals are sedimentdredged from a depth of 4196metres in the tan and have a dull to vitreous lustre. They Weddell Sea. In this sample, which had been comrqonly have a {ark brown, resinous core that

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contains an unidentified organic material. Someof and show the forms {010}, {011} and {001}. The the euhedral crystals are coated with a secondary prismatic nature of the Biggs material (Figs. l-3) overgrowth of white, fibrous weddellitethat has a castsdoubt on the statementgiven byPalacheet ol. silky lustre. The mineral is translucentto transparent, (1951)that the tetragonalcrystals of prismatichabit has a white and fluorescesyellow under describedby Nakano (1923) and by Hammarsten long-wave ultraviolet radiation. The Biggs mineral breakswith a conchoidalfracture and, unlike other reported crystals of weddellite, has a good {010} .Because ofthis good cleavage,the mineral breaksinto fibres parallel to [001]. The hardnessis about 4. The density of the tan outer shell of one of the crystals, determinedwith the Berman balance, is 2,02Q) g/cm3. The density calculatedfrom the unit-cell parametersand the chemicaldata, following the method outlined by Mandarino (l98lb), is 2.020(4) g/cm3. The Biegs weddellite is optically uniaxial (+), with a 1.52;1(2)and e 1.544Q).

Cnvstar-locnepny

The weddellite crystalsfrom the Weddell Seawere reportedby Bannister& Hey (1936)to display only the tetragonal bipyramid {011}. Prien & Frondel (1947)observed no additional forms amongseveral hundred urinary calculi. The Biggs weddellite crystals,however, are primarily prismatic in habit

Ftc. 2. Large crystal (about 20 mm long) of weddellite. ROM specimenM38917.

Ftc.. l. Microcrystals of weddellite showing {010} and {011}. Length of larger crystalabout 5 mm..ioM Frc. 3. Large crystal (about 30 mm long) of weddellite, specimenM38916. ROM specimenM38918.

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(1929)may representanother hydrate..In fact, the marsten'swbddellite crystals: {ll0}, {lll}, {010}, data presentedby thesetwo investigatorstend to con- {0ll}, {001} and an unidentified{}k/}. firm that they were dealing with sy"ntheticweddellite. The calculatedangles and other morphological In his study of synthetictetragonal calcium oxalate, data for the Biggs weddelliteare given in Table l. Nakano (1923)admittedly had insufficient material In order to assistfuture workers to identify forms to determinethe amount of water in his crystals;he on weddellite crystals, anglesare given for forms was under the impressionthat he was dealing with noted on sy'ntheticcrystals also. calcium oxalate trihydrate. Becauseof the crystal- X-ray powder-diffractionpatterns were prepared lographicdata that he presented,however, it is clear from the white, fibrous material and from the tan, that he was dealingwith the dihydrate, syntheticwed- euhedralcrystals. The patternswere producedin a dellite. He identifiedthe forms { I I I }, { I I 0}, { 100}, Debye-Scherrercamera of diameter I14.6 mm us- {012}, {201} and {u103}.Based on the anglebetween ing CuKo radiation and were corrected for { 1l0} and { I I I }, he calculateda c:q ratio of l. I 316. shrinkage. The powder data are not given here This is approximatelytwice the axial ratio of wed- becausethey do not differ significantly from the data dellite calculatedfrom the unit-cell parametersdeter- published by other workers. The unit-cell parameters mined by various workers (the averageof nine deter- refined from the powder-diffraction data for the minations is 0.5960or 1,.1920/2).Using the smaller white, fibrous Biggsweddellite are givenin Table2, axial ratio and following the convention k>h, where they are comparedwith the valuesobtained Nakano's forms become: {221}, {ll0}, {010}, from other studies.In addition to valuesof a and {011}, {041}and {083}.Nakano (1923) noted that c, the unit-cell volumes and axial ratios calculated all but the first two forms are rare. from them are also given in Table 2. The exhaustivework by Hammarsten(1929) was concernedmainly with determiningthe conditions CHEMTcALCouposrrroN necessaryforthe formation ofcalcium oxalates.She synthesizedthree calcium oxalates:the mono-, di- A thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) (seenext sec- and trihydrates. Although shecarried out no rigorous tion) of 7 mg of the white, fibrous weddellitepro- crystallographicstudies, some of her excellentdraw- vided quantitative data for the H2O and CrO, con- ings of the dihydrate make it clear that she syn- tents. Another sample weighing about 15 mg was thesizedweddellite. It was possibleto measurethe analyzedfor calciumby neutron-activationanalysis p angle for a pyramidal face from one ofthese draw- at the SLOWPOKE facility, University of Toronto. ings. The measuredangle of 40o comparesclosely The resultsof the analysesare given in Table 3. The with the angle40. I 5" calculatedfor the form { I I I }. empirical formula derived from these data is: Severaldifferent habits of syntheticweddellite were produced by Hammarsten. Some of these are pseudo-octahedraand others are long prisms ter- minated by bipyramidal faces. Both the first- and TABLE2. UNIT-CELLPARAI4ETERS REPORTED FOR IIEDDELLITE

second-orderprisms are presentas well as the first- v c-rs Rsfgrencg and second-orderbipyramids. Someof her drawings 12.tt (2' (5) rll7.9 0.5964 12,t71 13',t 7.357 (2) 1125.9 0.5947 T&D indicate the absenceof any symmetry planesparallel 12.t52 (14t 7.350 (2',' t12t .4 0.5950 T | 2,54 7,t7 11 22.' 0,5972 s6s to [001].From the foregoingobservations, it appears (5) (5) '12.3012.360 7,540 1121,t 0.5939 H{T that the following forms were developedon Ham- (z',' 7 .t4 (2' lll0.5 0 ,5961 12.302 (7',) 7.18t 1111.0 0.6000 H 12.375 | 129.7 0.596I K 12.40 (2' 7.17 (2' I ttt.2 0.5944 B&H

TABLE 1. MORPHOLOGICALDATA FOR BIGGSWEDDELLITE Notes! TS Thls sfudy, T&D Tazzoll { Dom€nEghetfl (1980), T Tlrel | | (1977), S&S Slovsnec & Slnkovsc (1975), Teiragonal blpyramidal 4ln HET Hulton & Tatl 11965r, S Sterllng (1965), H Honsgger (1952t, K (19t7), a:c = 1.: 0.5964 = 0.5964 Klasens et_-4L Eotlo : 1 B{H B€nnlsfer & Hey (1916). Unlt-cell parameters rsrs lsed fo c6lculal6 ths values of qrt. Forms

* 1001) U. UU 90. ooo ooo t 90. t010] 0.00" 90.00 90.00 45.00 TAELE5. CHEMICALCOMPOSITION OF BIGOSI{EDDELLITE {110} 45.00 90.00 45. 00 90.00 t011] 0,00 30.81 90.00 68.77 not. callon c c€ll t083] 0.00 57.84 90.00 53.23 ratlo rallo raflo conl6nts {041} 0.00 67.26 90,00 49.30 Cao (1) o,6312 12 0.6t12 1.019 {111} 45.00 40.I 5 62.88 90.00 c,0. (2) 0.5998 1.7995 1 {221} .1 997 c 1 .9't 4 45.00 59,34 52.54 90,00 Hro'(2, 24.1 1.3707 1.37 07 2.7414 H 4.511

to+eI l0 14 0 6,256 Note. 0nly the forms marked with an asterisk (*) have been observed on Blggs weddellite. The other (l forms have been observed on crystals Nol6sr ) NEutron actlvetlon by Dr. R. G. V. Hancock. of synthetlc (2) TGA by Mr, R, Ramlk. Molecul€r r€lghf, 170.00 . C6t I weddelllte. A11 angles have been calculaled using conignfg. c6lculated on fhs basls of loua oxygen long ln th€ the unit-cel l parameters of the Biggs weddetllte. nanhydrousn porllon.

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Car.s^C1.erOa.oo.2.26H2o ot, ideally, OCCURRENCE AND ASSoCIATED MINERALS CaC2Oa.2.26H2O, T azzoli & Domeneghetti(l 980) confirmed the finding of Sterling (1964, 1965)that The weddelliteoccurs in nodulesof jasper found water cannot exceed2.5 mols per formula unit and in lake-bottom sedimentsassociated with some of that water in excessof two mols is zeolitic. the most recent (Miocene) flows of the Columbia A partial analysisby TGA was carried out on a River Basalt Plateau. The locality is near Biggs, 5-mgsample of the resinous,dark core of one of the Oregon, in the west-centralpart of the plateau. A larger crystals. Only C2O3 (46,70/o)and HrO vertical sectionexposed at the locality indicatesthat Q3.80/o)were determined.The molecular ratio H,O : the particular bottom-sedimentin which the jasper CrO, is 2.04 comparedto 2.29 for the wtiite, occurshas beendisturbed by a basalt flow that in- fibrous material. This is much closer to the vadedthe lake. The leadingedge ofthis flow exhibits theoreticalvalue of 2, but the CrO, figure probably the typical featuresof a pillow lava. A later flow is too high becauseof the presenceof an unknown coveredthe bottom sediments.Fish scalesand bones hydrocarbon; a lower value for C2O, would give a were found in severalof the jasper nodules.These higher H2O : CrO, ratio. and other organic material in the sedimentsprobably provided the calcium and the oxalic acid necessary for the formation of the weddellite. THSRMAT ANALYSIS Someof the crystalsof "weddellite" gaveX-ray powder-diffraction patterns identical to that of A thermogravimetricanalysis was carried out on whewellite,CaCrOa.H2O. In theseparticular cases, 6.888mg of the white, fibrous material in a Mettler the whewellite has replaced the weddellite Thermoanalyzer equipped with a high-vacuum pseudomorphously.Some small, euhedralcrystals systemand a quadrupolemass-spectrometer. After wereobserved in a few specimens;these may repre- a 50-hour static period in the high vacuum at room sentprimary whewellite.A grey, vermiform mineral temperature,the samplewas heatedat 2" /min. to was proved, by X-ray diffraction, to be quartz. A 875oand then at 8olmin. to 1050.C.All heatingwas thin section of the jasper showed that this host done in high vacuum(l0Ttorr residualatmosphere). material for the weddellite, whewelliteand quartz The following weight lossesoccurred: is madeup of very smallgrains of quartz. An X-ray- fluorescencescan of this material showedonly ma- 22.4 wt.t/o at 22oC in the high vacuum with no jor siliconwith a trace of iron. heating, 2.3 wt.o/obetween 2" and210"C, CoNcLUSIoNS 17.0fi.qo between2l0o and 5l5oc, 25.2 wt.t/obetween 515' and l@0oC, and This study, in addition to presentingfull data for 1.0 w.9o after heatingthe residueto 1050"Cin air. large weddellitecrystals from Biggs, Oregon, also The first weightJoss representsthe bulk of the reviewsthe other occurrencesof the mineral. It is H2O; becauseit was evolvedat room temperature clear that several earlier workers synthesizedthe in a high vacuum,it probably is very looselybound. mineral, althoughthere has been much confusionin This 22.4 wt.9o'of HrO represents2.046 molecules the literature about the identitiesof thesesynthetic per formula. The secondweightJoss also consistsof products. HrO, as monitored by the massspectrometer. This The resultsof thermogravimetricanalysis shows amounts to 0.210 moleculesof H2O per formula. that most of the water (2 mols)is very looselybound The third weightJoss consistsof CO with minor and is evolved at 22oC when subjectedto a high CO, and the fourth weightJoss involved mainiy vacuum. The remaining t/t mol is given off between CO, with minor CO. The final weightJossis assum- 22o and2l0"C. It is difficult to reconcilethese results ed to be loss of elementalcarbon and is included with with previous crystal-structurestudies. the total C2O,value. An X-ray powder-diffraction Application of the Gladstone-Daleequations and pattern shows that the air-heatedresidue consists the compatibility conceptas defined by Mandarino almost entirely of well-crystallizedCaO plus some (1979,l98la) resultsin a compatibilityindex of 0.008 poorly crystallizedCa(OH)2. for the Biggsweddellite. Thus, the compatibility of It is interestingto note that the water lost at room the mean refractive index, density and chemical data temperatureunder high vacuum amounts to about is considered superior. two mols of HrO, whereasthat lost at the higher temperaturesamounts to about Y+mol. Thesefigures ACKNoWLEDGEMENTS are in direct contradiction to the findings of Ster- ling (1964, 1965)and,Tazzoli & Domeneghefti(1980), The authors are indebted to severalpeople who ,,non- who referred to the two water moleculesas assistedin this sludy. Mr. Blaine A. Schmeerof zeolitic" and the rest as "zeolitic". Tulatin, Oregon, brought the first weddellite crystal

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to the attention of N. V. Witt. Mr. Fred Dormaier - (1981a):The Gladstone-Dalerelationship. IV. alhowedMr. Witt to collectthe material that form- The compatibility conceptand its application. Can. ed the basisof this study. Mr. R. A. Ramik, of the Mineral. 79. 441-450. Royal Ontario Museum, carried out the thermal (l98lb): Comments on the calculation of the analyses.He and Mrs. C. Peat preparedthe X-ray densityof minerals.Can, Mineral. 19, 531-534. patterns. Dr. R. G. V. Hancock performed the (1983):Weddellite from LutterworthTownship, neutron-activation analysis at the SLOWPOKE Haliburton County, Ontario. Can. Mineral. 21, facility, University of Toronto. Mrs. Violet Ander- 509-5I I . son took the photographof the microcrystalshown Menrowe, J. I. (1970): Weddellite in bottom sediment photographs in Figure l. The other were taken by from the St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers. ,/. Sed. Mr. B. Boyleof the ROM PhotographyDepartment. Petrology 40, .499-506. Messrs.R. Falls and L. Groat tracked down,many MrlroN, C. Axrrnoo, (1951): of the references.This studywas financiallyassisted, & J. M. Calculi and part, grant other stones found in mammals. J. Mammal. 32. in by a (#A7998) from the Natural t39-154. Sciencesand EngineeringResearch Council to the senior'author. Nararo, H. (1923): Beitrage zur Kenntnis der in den Harnsteinen enthaltenen Substanzen. J. Biochem, 2,437-41. REFERENCES ParacHe, C., BrnveN, H. & FnoNper, C. (1951): The BaltNrsren, F, A. & Hsy, M. H. (1936): Report on System Of Mineraloglt (7th ed.). J. Wiley & Sons, some crystalline components of the Weddell Sea New York. deposits. Discovery Reports 13, 60-69. PnrsN, E. L. & FnoNpEt, C. (1947): Studies in -, & Oansv,K. P. (1947): Identification urolithiasis. I. The composition of urinary calculi. of a calculus from a hippopotamus , Nature 1ffi,470. J. Urology 57,949-991. (1973): Whewellite FnoNosr-,C. & PnrBr.r,E. L. (1942): Carbonate-apatite SlovrNsc, D. & Srrrovrc, B. and weddellite from the Upper Cretaceouslimestone near and hydroxyl-apatite in urinary calculi. Science95, 43t. Zminj in Istra. Bull. Sci., Cons. Acad. Sci. Arts RSF Yougoslavie l8A, 228-229. HAvuansrsn, G. (1929): On calcium oxalate and its -, & - (1974): Whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O) solubility in the presence of inorganic salts with and weddellite (CaC2O|.2H2O) from the Upper special reference to the occurrence of oxaluria. C. Cretaceous limestone near Zminj in lstra. Geol. r. trav. lab. Carlsberg 17 (11), l-85. Vjesn. 27,209-216. Honnc,cpn, R. (1952): The polyhydrates of calcium oi'r- SrEnr-rNc,C. (19&): of weddellite. alate. Viertelsjahrsschr. naturforsch. Ges. Zilrich Science146, 518-519. Beih.97,l-44. (1965): Crystal structure analysis of weddellite, (1965): Hurrox, C. O. & Terr, W. H. Weddellite in CaC2O + x)H2O. Acta Cryst. lE, 917-921. modern sediments, Florida. Minerol. Mog. 34, a.Q 256-265. "fezzou, V. & Dorr{eNEcsprrr,C. (1980): The crystal structures of whewellite and weddellite: re- (1937): KressNs,H. A., Prxuox, W. G. & Tenpsrne,P. examination and comparison. Amer. Mineral, 65, Crystallography of strontium oxalate. Z. Krist.96, 327-334. 227-230. Trnsru, G. (1977): Weddellite e whewellite dell' Ap- KNosrocH, K. & KalrNe, T. (1968): Kreuzformige pennino modenese. Mineral. Petrog, Acta 21, Oxalat-kristalle it Spyrogyra. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. 93-100. Ges. El, 286-288. Tnarll, R. J. (1970): A catalogue of Canadian LownNsrAM, H. A. (1968): Weddellite in a marine minerals. Geol. Sum. Can. Pap.69-45. gastropod and in Antarctic sediments.Science 762, I 129-l130. MeNoenn{o, J. A. (1979): The Gladstone-Dale rela- tionship. III. $ome general applications. Can. Received September 8, 1982, revised manuscript ac- Mineral, !7,7l-76, cepted February 3, 1983.

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