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Appendix a Tables Identification Appendix A Identification tables These tables summanze information useful in the identification of gemstones. Many of the less common gemstones are not included in the tables. They occur infrequently, so that the need to identify them will arise rarely. Figures quoted in the tables may not agree with those in the body of the text in every case. This is because main text references cover some examples of species with unusual properties, whereas the tables give the constants most likely to be found. Ai SPECIFIC GRA VITY Species Specific gravity Species Specific gravity Gadolinium 7.05 Smithsonite 4.3-4.5 gallium garnet Rutile 4.2-5.6 Cassiterite 6.8-7.0 Spessartine 4.12-4.20 Cerussite 6.45-6.57 Sphalerite 3.9-4.1 Anglesite 6.30-6.39 Celestine 3.97-4.00 Scheelite 5.90-6.10 Almandine 3.95-4.30 Cuprite 5.85-6.15 Zircon (low type) 3.95-4.20 Cubic zirconia 5.6-5.9 Corundum 3.98-4.00 Zincite 5.66-5.68 Willemite 3.89-4.18 Proustite 5.57-5.64 Siderite 3.83-3.96 Strontium titanate 5.13 Demantoid garnet 3.82-3.85 Hematite 4.95-5.16 Azurite 3.77-3.89 Pyrite 4.95-5.10 Malachite 3.60-4.05 Bornite 4.9-5.4 Chrysoberyl 3.71-3.72 Marcasite 4.85-4.92 Pyrope-almandine Zircon (high type) 4.60-4.80 garnet 3.70-3.95 Lithium niobate 4.64 Staurolite 3.65-3.78 YAG 4.57-4.60 Pyrope garnet 3.65-3.70 Baryte 4.3-4.6 Kyanite 3.65-3.68 338 Appendix A Identification tables Species Specific gravity Species Specific gravity Grossular garnet 3.65 Brazilianite 2.98-2.99 Behitoite 3.64-3.68 Boracite 2.95 Spinel (synthetic) 3.61-3.65 Phenakite 2.93-2.97 Taaffeite 3.60-3.61 Aragonite 2.93-2.95 Spinel (natural) 3.58-3.61 Nephrite 2.90-3.02 Topaz 3.53-3.56 Datolite 2.90-3.00 Sphene 3.52-3.54 Prehnite 2.88-2.94 Diamond 3.514-3.518 Pollucite 2.85-2.94 Rhodochrosite 3.50-3.65 Dolomite 2.85-2.93 Sinhalite 3.47-3.50 Beryllonite 2.80-2.85 Rhodonite 3.40-3.70 Pectolite 2.74-2.88 Rhodizite 3.44 Sugilite 2.74 Clinozoisite 3.37 Bytownite feldspar 2.72-2.75 H ydrogrossular Calcite 2.71-2.94 garnet 3.36-3.55 Lapis lazuli 2.70-2.90 Zoisite 3.35 Emerald (natural) 2.69-2.76 (Tanzanite Beryl 2.68-2.90 variety) Labradorite 2.68-2.72 Odontolite near 3.00 Charoite near 2.68 Peridot 3.30-3.40 Pearl 2.67-2.78 Diaspore 3.30-3.50 Emerald (synthetic) 2.66-2.68 Vesuvianite 3.32-3.47 Quartz 2.651 Jadeite 3.30-3.86 Scapolite 2.63-2.71 Komerupine 3.28-3.34 Oligoclase feldspar 2.62-2.65 Axinite 3.26-3.36 Albite feldspar 2.62 Dumortierite 3.26-3.41 Serpehtine Enstatite 3.26-3.28 (williamsite) 2.61 Epidote 3.26-3.50 Turquoise 2.60-2.90 Califomite 3.25-3.32 Coral 2.60-2.70 Sillimanite 3.23-3.27 Serpentine Diopside 3.22-3.38 (bowenite) 2.58-2.62 Fluorite 3.18 Howlite near 2.58 Apatite 3.17-3.35 Sanidine feldspar 2.52-2.62 Spodumene 3.17-3.19 Cordierite 2.57-2.61 Andalusite 3.13-3.17 Moonstone 2.55-2.63 Euclase 3.10 Variscite 2.20-2.57 Lazulite 3.08-3.10 Hauyne near 2.4 Actinolite 3.05 Petalite 2.30-2.50 Amblygonite 3.00-3.10 Tugtupite 2.30-2.57 Saussurite 3.00-3.40 Soapstone 2.20-2.83 Tourmaline 3.00-3.12 Tektite 2.20-2.50 Montebrasite 2.98 Hambergite 2.35 Grandidierite 2.97-3.00 Moldavite 2.33-2.47 Danburite 2.97-3.03 Obsidian 2.33-2.47 Herderite 2.95-3.02 Thomsonite 2.25-2.40 Appendix A Identification tables 339 Species Specific gravity Species Specific gravity Sodalite 2.25-2.30 Celluloid 1.36-1.42 Silica glass 2.21 Black coral 1.~4 Chrysocolla 2.00-2.45 Tortoiseshell 1.26-1.35 Bone 2.00 Bakelite 1.25-1.30 Ulexite 1.99 Jet 1.20-1.30 Opal 1.98-2.20 Vulcanite 1.15-1.20 Ivory 1.70-1.98 Copal resin 1.03-1.10 Vegetable ivory 1.38-1.42 Amber 1.03-1.10 A2 REFRACTIVE INDEX The refractive indices of some species are omitted as readings are not available via normal gem testing methods. Birefringence is given where appropriate in A3. Species Refractive Species Refractive index index Cuprite 2.85 Pyrope-almandine Rutile 2.62-2.90 garnet 1.75-1.78 Diamond 2.417 Chrysoberyl 1.75-1.76 Strontium titanate 2.41 Staurolite 1.74-1.75 Sphalerite 2.37-2.43 Grossular garnet 1.73-1.74 Lithium niobate 2.21-2.30 Epidote 1. 736-1.770 Cubic zirconia 2.17 Azurite 1.73-1.84 Gadolinium gallium Pyrope garnet 1.73-1.75 garnet 2.03 Rhodonite 1.73-1.74 Zincite 2.013-2.029 Clinozoisite 1.72-1.73 Cassiterite 2.006-2.101 Spinel (synthetic) 1.728 Zircon (high type) 1.925-1.984 H ydrogrossular Scheelite 1.918-1.937 garnet 1.72 Sphene 1.94-2.10 Taaffeite 1.718-1.722 Demantoid garnet 1.89 Kyanite 1.715-1.732 Anglesite 1.877 -1.894 Spinel (natural) 1.718 YAG 1.83 Vesuviariite 1. 700-1. 721 Cerussite 1.804-2.079 Zoisite (Tanzanite) 1.692-1.701 Spessartine 1.79-1.81 Willemite 1.69-1.72 Zircon (low type) 1.78-1.81 Rhodizite 1.694 Almandine 1.78-1.81 Dumortierite 1.68 (mean) Corundum 1.76-1.77 Axinite 1.674-1.704 Benitoite 1.757-1.804 Sinhalite 1.66-1.71 340 Appendix A Identification tables Species Refractive Species Refractive index index Diopside 1.67-1.70 Williamsite 1.57 Kornerupine 1.67-1.68 Emerald (synthetic) 1.560-1.563 Enstatite 1.65-1.67 Labradorite 1.56-1.57 Spodumene 1.66-1.67 Bowenite 1.56 Jadeite 1.66 Variscite 1.56 (mean) Malachite 1.65-1.90 Black coral 1.56 Sillimanite 1.65-1.68 Hambergite 1.55-1.62 Peridot 1.65-1.69 Beryllonite 1.55-1.56 Phenakite 1.65-1.67 Scapolite 1.55-1.56 Euclase 1.65-1.67 Quartz 1.544-1.553 Siderite 1.65-1.87 Oligoclase feldspar 1.542-1.549 Andalusite 1.64-1.65 Soapstone 1.54 (mean) Jet 1.64-1.68 Albite feldspar 1.54 (mean) Baryte 1.636-1.648 Tortoiseshell 1.54 Apatite 1.63-1.64 Copal resin 1.54 Topaz (brown, Amber 1.54 pink) 1.630-1.638 Ivory 1.54 Danburite 1.630-1.636 Vegetable ivory 1.54 Smithsonite 1.62-1.85 Bone 1.54 Datolite 1.625-1.669 Aragonite 1.530-1.685 Celestine 1.622-1.635 Cordierite 1.53-1.54 Actinolite 1.620-1.642 Dolomite 1.502-1.681 Tourmaline 1.62-1.64 Thomsonite 1.52-1.54 (mean) Microcline 1.52-1.53 Bakelite 1.61-1.66 Orthoclase feldspar 1.52-1.53 Lazulite 1.61-1.64 Sanidine feldspar 1.518-1.524 Amblygonite 1.578-1.692 Pollucite 1.517-1.525 Turquoise 1.61-1.65 Petalite 1.504-1.516 Prehnite 1.61-1.64 Lapis lazuli 1.50 (mean) Topaz (white and Chrysocolla 1.50 (mean) blue) 1.610-1.620 Hauyne 1.496 Herderite 1.61 (mean) Tektite 1.49-1.53 Nephrite 1.61 (mean) Tugtupite 1.496-1.502 Rhodochrosite 1.60-1.82 Celluloid 1.50 (mean) Brazilianite 1.60-1.62 Calcite 1.486-1.658 Grandidierite 1.60-1.63 Obsidian 1.48-1.51 Pectolite 1.59-1.64 Moldavite 1.48-1.50 Montebrasite 1.59-1.63 Sodalite 1.48 Howlite 1.59 (mean) Silica glass 1.46 Aquamarine 1.57-1.58 Opal 1.44-1.46 Emerald (natural) 1.57-1.58 Fluorite 1.43 Bytownite feldspar 1.57-1.58 Appendix A Identification tables 341 A3 BIREFRINGENCE Only the larger values are included as they are of particular importance for gem testing. Other values can be found in the descriptive section. Species Birefringence Species Birifringence Rutile 0.287 Brazilianite 0.019 Smithsonite 0.228 Tourmaline 0.018 Rhodochrosite 0.220 Spodumene 0.015 Calcite 0.172 Chrysoberyl 0.009 Aragonite 0.155 Quartz 0.009 Sphene 0.120 Corundum 0.008 Cassiterite 0.096 Topaz 0.008 Zircon (high) 0.059 Orthoclase feldspar 0.008 Benitoite 0.047 Beryl 0.007 Peridot 0.038 Danburite 0.006 Sinhalite 0.038 Taaffeite 0.004 A4 DISPERSION Dispersion is in general only important with colourless transparent stones, though coloured stones with high dispersion, such as demantoid garnet, show a distinct liveliness. Only figures of significance are quoted here. Species Dispersion Species Dispersion Rutile (synthetic) 0.2.8- Gadolinium gallium Strontium titanate 0.19 garnet 0.045 Sphalerite 0.156 Diamond 0.044 Lithium niobate . 0.13 Benitoite 0.044 Cassiterite 0.071 Zircon 0.038 Cubic zirconia 0.060 YAG 0.028 Demantoid garnet 0.057 Spinel (natural and Sphene 0.051 synthetic) 0.020 The most highly dispersive glasses have a dispersion near 0.016.
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