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Key to Rocks & Minerals Collections
STATE OF MICHIGAN MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION A mineral is a rock substance occurring in nature that has a definite chemical composition, crystal form, and KEY TO ROCKS & MINERALS COLLECTIONS other distinct physical properties. A few of the minerals, such as gold and silver, occur as "free" elements, but by most minerals are chemical combinations of two or Harry O. Sorensen several elements just as plants and animals are Reprinted 1968 chemical combinations. Nearly all of the 90 or more Lansing, Michigan known elements are found in the earth's crust, but only 8 are present in proportions greater than one percent. In order of abundance the 8 most important elements Contents are: INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 Percent composition Element Symbol MINERALS........................................................................ 1 of the earth’s crust ROCKS ............................................................................. 1 Oxygen O 46.46 IGNEOUS ROCKS ........................................................ 2 Silicon Si 27.61 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS............................................... 2 Aluminum Al 8.07 METAMORPHIC ROCKS.............................................. 2 Iron Fe 5.06 IDENTIFICATION ............................................................. 2 Calcium Ca 3.64 COLOR AND STREAK.................................................. 2 Sodium Na 2.75 LUSTER......................................................................... 2 Potassium -
The Thermal Transformation of Datolite, Cabsio4(OH), to Boron.Melilite
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, JUNE I973, VOL. 39, PP. 158-75 The thermal transformation of datolite, CaBSiO4(OH), to boron.melilite J. TARNEY, A. W. NICOL, and GISELLE F. MARRINER Departments of Geology, Minerals Engineering, and Physics, respectively, University of Birmingham SUMMARY. A kinetic and X-ray study of the dehydroxylation of datolite, CaBSiO4(OH), has shown that the decomposition occurs very rapidly above 7o0 ~ in air, with an activation energy for the reaction of the order of 200 kcal mole-1. The transformation is topotactic, the dehydroxylated phase being tetragonal with a 7" 14/~t, c 4-82 fit, and particularly well formed even at the lowest temperatures of decomposition. Single-crystal studies have shown that two orientations of the new phase exist and that the original a of datolite becomes the unique axis of the tetragonal phase while the tetragonal a axes are oriented either parallel to or at 45 ~ to the b and c axes of datolite. The new phase appears to be a boron-containing analogue of the melilite structure, composition Ca2SiB~OT, but is metastable. The basic sheet structure is preserved during the transformation but a reorganization of the tetra- hedral layer from the 4- and 8-membered rings of datolite to the 5-membered rings of the new phase is involved, together with effective removal of protons and some silicon. The transformation can be explained in terms of an inhomogeneous reaction mechanism involving migration of calcium and boron into the new phase domains and counter-migration of silicon and protons, but with only minor readjustment of oxygens. -
Crystal Structure of Protoamphibole
Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 2, 101-109 (1969). CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF PROTOAMPHIBOLE G. V. GIBBS Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 ABSTRACT The structure proposed for protoamphibole (Gibbs et al., 1960) has been verified and refined by three-dimensional Fourier and least-squares methods using data collected with a Weissenberg single crystal counter-diffractometer. The symmetry is Pnmn with a = 9.330, b = 17.879 and c = 5.288 A and the unit-cell content is 2(Nao.03Li",oMg, ••) (Si r. ,.Alo.040,1.71) (OHo.15F,.14). The structure consists of layers of interlocking chains of fluorine-centered hexagonal rings of SiO. groups. The layers are bound together by Mg.Li cations which are coordinated between the chains, the coordination being effected by a ~(cI3) stagger between adjacent layers. An additional stagger of ~(-cI3) in the sequence along a gives an overall displacement of zero between alternate layers, accounting for the 9.33 A a cell edge and the orthogonal geometry. The direction of stagger can be related to the placement of the cations in the octahedral layer. The M -cation coordination groups are nearly regular octahedra with the exception of M(4) which is similar to Mg(l) in protoenstatite. The M(3), M(1) and M(2) sites are occupied principally by Mg. In addition to being randomly distributed around the cavity walls of the A-site, Li ions are also segregated in about 25% of the M(4) sites, the others being occupied by Mg ions. The individual Si-O bond distances in the chains are consistent with Cruickshank's d-p -n: bonding model: Si-O(non- bridging) bonds [Si(1)-O(1) = 1.592; Si(2)-0(4) = 1.592; Si(2)-0(2) = 1.605 AJ are significantly shorter, on the average, than the Si-O(bridging) bonds [Si(1)-0(5) = 1.616; Si(1)-0(6) = 1.623; Si(1)-0(7) = 1.624; Si(2)-0(5) = 1.626; Si(2)-0(6) = 1.655 AJ. -
1469 Vol 43#5 Art 03.Indd
1469 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1469-1487 (2005) BORATE MINERALS OF THE PENOBSQUIS AND MILLSTREAM DEPOSITS, SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA JOEL D. GRICE§, ROBERT A. GAULT AND JERRY VAN VELTHUIZEN† Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada ABSTRACT The borate minerals found in two potash deposits, at Penobsquis and Millstream, Kings County, New Brunswick, are described in detail. These deposits are located in the Moncton Subbasin, which forms the eastern portion of the extensive Maritimes Basin. These marine evaporites consist of an early carbonate unit, followed by a sulfate, and fi nally, a salt unit. The borate assemblages occur in specifi c beds of halite and sylvite that were the last units to form in the evaporite sequence. Species identifi ed from drill-core sections include: boracite, brianroulstonite, chambersite, colemanite, congolite, danburite, hilgardite, howlite, hydroboracite, kurgantaite, penobsquisite, pringleite, ruitenbergite, strontioginorite, szaibélyite, trembathite, veatchite, volkovskite and walkerite. In addition, 41 non-borate species have been identifi ed, including magnesite, monohydrocalcite, sellaite, kieserite and fl uorite. The borate assemblages in the two deposits differ, and in each deposit, they vary stratigraphically. At Millstream, boracite is the most common borate in the sylvite + carnallite beds, with hilgardite in the lower halite strata. At Penobsquis, there is an upper unit of hilgardite + volkovskite + trembathite in halite and a lower unit of hydroboracite + volkov- skite + trembathite–congolite in halite–sylvite. At both deposits, values of the ratio of B isotopes [␦11B] range from 21.5 to 37.8‰ [21 analyses] and are consistent with a seawater source, without any need for a more exotic interpretation. -
Two Yttrium Minerais
TWO YTTRIUMMINERAIS: SPENCITE AND ROWLANDITE1 CLIFFORDFRONDEL Haruar d, Univ ersity, Cambr,i.d,ge,M assachusetts Assrnecr Spencite is a new borate-silicate of calcium and yttrium, (Ca, Fe)2(Y,La)a(BaSin.aAl.z)s(O, OH, F, Cl)20 fro11 1 pegmatite in Cardiff township, Haliburton County, Ontario. Found as dark reddish brown to brownish black anhedral masses.Hardneis B$, specific gravity 8,08. Metamict; isotropic with n near 1.630. when the mineral is heated at 925" i the n increases to about 1.640 and the specific gravity to 8.20. At high temperatures the mineral decomposesbefore it recrystallizes and r-ray difiraction daticannol be obtained. spencite is related chemically to the minerals of the Datolite Group and may be iso- structural with them. It is named after the canadian mineralogist Hugh s. Spence. A re-examination of the little known mineral rowlandite from Baringer Hiil, Texas, establishesit as a valid species.Composition near (y, Fe, Ce)s(SiOa)r(F,0H). Metamict; with n 1.704. Hardness 5$, specific gravity 4.Bg; *-ray powder data are given foi material recrystallized in nitrogen at 900" c (with tnean n 1.76, specific gravity a.65). Spsxcne This new mineral was collected by Hugh S. Spence in 1gB4 from a prospect pit in Cardiff township, lot 7, concessionXX, Haliburton County, Ontario, and was tentatively identified as thalenite. It occurred as massesin a narrow pegmatite stringer in a vuggy pyroxenite, associated with calcite, red apatite crystals, diopside, purple fluorite, and wernerite, about 200 feet from an outcrop of normal reddish granite pegmatite. -
Siu\,I-Bearing Alteration Product of Pectolite M
44 THE AMERICAN MINENAI,OGIST A NEW OCCURRENCE OF STEVENSITE, A MAGNE- SIU\,I-BEARING ALTERATION PRODUCT OF PECTOLITE M. L. CLENN Erie, Pennsglaonia IN rnn old Hartshorn qua,rry, in Springfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey, Mr. Louis Reamer of Short Hills, N. J., discovered a single vein of a peculiar mineral, called by the quarrymen "magnesium" (:talc?) and submitted samples of it to the writer for identification. It proved to be essentially identical with the hitherto imperfectly known steuensite,the nature of which is discussed in this article. The quarry lies some 16 miles southwest from the better known mineral localities around Paterson, but is in the same rock, the basalt of First Watchung Mountain. The rock is, if anything, more altered than that at Paterson, and the mineralogical association is some- what different from that at the latter place. The most unusual feature is the abundance of a secondary feldspar, in aggregates of sheaflike and " cocks-cotlb " crystals, whieh shows the op- tical properties of anorthoclase.I There are also t.rumeroussmall quartz crystals, usually iron-stained; drusy prehnite in small pockets; many calcite crystals; a little pectolite and datolite; and several zeolites. Of the Iatter natrolite, stilbite and heu- landite were the only ones noted by the writer, no trace of apo- phyllite, chabazite, or laumontite, so common at other similar localities, being observed. Some of the pectolite found at the quarry is of the usual type, silky radiations of fine needles, but the greater part of it shows marked evidenee of alteration, the color becoming more and more pinkish and the luster more and more waxy toward the outer ends of the radiations. -
On Crystalhzed Danburite from Russell, St. Law Rence County, New York,- by GEO
111 ART. XV. - On Crystalhzed Danburite from Russell, St. Law rence County, New York,- by GEO. J. BRUSH and EDWARD S. DANA. H£siorical Note.--In December last (1879) we received a box of minerals from Mr. C. D. Nims, the well-known mineral col lector of Northern New York, containing several specimens labelled "unknown." Among these were a few prismatic white weathered crystals that had been considered to be feld spar, to which our attention was specially called by Mr. Nims. On a pyrognostic examination this substance proved to be an anhydrous boro-silicate, corresponding in physical characters with the rare species danburite. Mr. Nims at that time gener ously placed at our disposal all of the small amount of this material he had in his possession, for scientific examination_ These specimens we investigated as thoroughly as they allowed both chemically and crystallographically, and the conclusions reached were identical with those described in this paper. Upon learning further from Mr. Nims that there w·as a proba bility of his being able to obtain, in the following spring, more abundant material and of better quality, we deferred publica tion. Our expectations and those of Mr. Nims have been fully 112 Brush and Dana-Danburitefrom Russell, N. Y realized, and the material which he has forwarded to us, as the result of his recent active explorations, is all that could be de sired both as to quantity and quality. We take pleasure in acknowledging here our indebtedness to him for his prompt ness and liberality. Method of occurrence.-The mineral occurs both crystallized and massive, imbedded in what Mr. -
Datolite, Schorl) and Alumosilicates (Andalusite, Sillimanite) in the Oketo Rhyolite, Hokkaido
Title Borosilicates (Datolite, Schorl) and Alumosilicates (Andalusite, Sillimanite) in the Oketo Rhyolite, Hokkaido Author(s) Watanabe, Jun; Hasegawa, Kiyoshi Citation 北海道大学理学部紀要, 21(4), 583-598 Issue Date 1986-02 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/36742 Type bulletin (article) File Information 21_4_p583-598.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. IV, vo l. 21, no. 4, Feb., 1986, pp. 583-598. BOROSILICATES (DATOLITE, SCHORL) AND ALUMOSILICATES (ANDALUSITE, SILLIMANITE) IN THE OKETO RHYOLITE, HOKKAIDO by Jun Watanabe and Kiyoshi Hasegawa* (with 1 text-figure, 4 tables and 6 plates) Abstract The second occurrence of dalOlite in Hok kaido, after the first report from the Furano mine (Sako et a I. , 1957; Saw el aI., 1967), is herein described from the Oketo Rhyolite (Watanabe et aI., 1981a, 1981b), Kitami Province, Hokkaido. Datolite fr om the Oketo Rhyolite occurs in the small veinlets cutting the metasomatic facies of the rhyolite of the Miocene in trusion. Optical data of the datolite are: a= 1.625, (j; 1.652, ")'= 1. 669. 2Vx = 71. 0-72.0° . Lallice constalll s are: a = 9.62 A, b = 7.60 A, c = 4.83 A, ci a = 0.50, {j = 90° II ' . X-ray data is shown in Table I. Chemical data are: C3.4.o2B4. IISiJ.90015.96( OHkO-l to C34.23B3.68SW.IIOIS.93(O H)4.07 on the basis o f 20 (0, O H), namely as the empirical formula is given CaU)o.. 1.06 BI.OJ.O.92S iO.97. -
Download the Scanned
,7 B6 o 6 Fr z* F] EZ Hv a TnB AuBntcAN MtxBnALocIST Vol. 4 SEPTEMBER, 1919 No. 9 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK NIINERALOGICALCLUB, 2,2. THE MINERALS OF THE BERGEN ARCHWAYS' JAMES G. MANCHESTER New York CitY Bergen Hill is about 19 kilometers (12 miles) long and 1'6 kilometers (1 mile) wide, comprizing a range of bluffs of Triassic diabase. It commencesat Bergen Point and r',-rnsbehind Jersey City and Hoboken to a point in S-eehawken about opposite Thirty-fifth Street in Nerv York City. Here it comes close to the Hudson River and continues north for some 29 kilometers (18 miles) to Piermont, being known as the Palisades' The Bergen Hill region has long been noted as a locality for zeolites and associated minerals. When the announcement was made that the Erie Railroad Company had begun the construc- tion of an open cut thru the hill, local collectors interested in mineralogy looked forward to the collecting of fine specimens' This interest was fully justified from the history of past borings thru Bergen hill. In the construction of the Pennsylvania cut at Mount Pleasant, the Erie and the two Lackawanna tunnels at operations are shown on the map, Fig. 1, on the succeedingpage' The construction of the new cut was commenced in October, 1906, and with a force of 1,100 men working in day and night shifts, the work was completed in June, 1910, requiring three and two-thirds years to build. The cost of this new entrance to Ner.vYork City amounted to $8,000,000' The task of cutting thru the hill was stupendous' The cut is 1,300 meters long and 80 per cent. -
Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee, -
Thermal Expansion of Some Borate and Borosilicate Minerals (Fluoborite
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thermal expansion of some borate and borosilicate minerals (fluoborite, danburite, sinhalite, datolite, elbaite, dravite, kornerupine, dumortierite, ferro-axinite, and manganaxinite) between 25 and about 1200°C1 By Bruce S. Hemingway2 , Howard T. Evans, Jr. 2 , Frank K. Mazdab3 , and Lawrence M. Anovitz4 Open-file Report 96-100 1 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. 2 U.S. Geological Survey, 955 National Center, Reston, VA 22092 3 University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, AZ 85721 4 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Abstract Thermal expansion data are presented for 10 borosilicate and borate minerals. Unit cell parameters are given at 25°C and at temperatures to 1200°C or the decomposition temperature. For a substantial temperature range, each mineral shows linear expansion. Introduction Thermal expansion data are rare for borosilicate and borate minerals. As part of a larger study of boron-bearing minerals (see Hemingway et al., 1990, and Mazdab et al., in prep.), we have determined the volumetric properties of several borosilicate and borate minerals as a function of temperature. These data will help define the stability fields of these minerals and their behavior in geologic processes, e.g., hydrothermal systems. Samples Chemical analyses for most of the samples studied here are given by Mazdab et al. (in prep.) who give complete details, but their results are also provided here in Table 1 for the convenience of the reader. Fluoborite (ideal formula, Mg3BO3F3 ) was separated from pieces of Franklin Marble from Crystal Springs Quarry, Rudeville, New Jersey (supplied by Dr. -
Datolite and Associated Minerals from the Iwato Copper Mine, Miyazaki Prefecture (Supplement to the Studies on Title Japanese Boron Minerals)
Datolite and Associated Minerals from the Iwato Copper Mine, Miyazaki Prefecture (Supplement to the Studies on Title Japanese Boron Minerals) Author(s) Harada, Zyunpéi Citation Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and mineralogy, 7(3), 217-226 Issue Date 1950-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/35834 Type bulletin (article) File Information 7(3)_217-226.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP x pA[ffroLxrKrE AND AssocxA'scEx) MxNERAms waoM ffrme EWATO COPPER MXNE,・ MEYAZA.KX PREFECrrcKmJRE6 - ' ' <Sgppiemeltt to tke Ssczdies on Japa!}ese Boroft Mi{ierals) By Zytmp6i }IARADA Contribution from the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Faeulty of Seienee, I{okkaido University, No, 386 1. Ifttrodzict{oix. The Iwato eopper mine is gituated in Kawachi, Iwato village, West- Usul<i County, Miyazaki Prefecture and is about 6 kilometers southwest of the Mitaee till mine. The geologie s'truetures of this distriet, the geologic i'elai;ions of the ore deposits a・nd the pi"incipal miRerals in the ore deposits were investigated anCl described by K. IXff.yrsursm[riN(') of the Kyushu University ancl T. MAmC'2" of thls Department. The roel<s of thi.s distriet eompvise li!nestone, elayslate and quartzite, all o£ }'alaeozoic age. [i]he Palaeozoic roeks are intrLided by granite, At the contact of the granite with the ]knestone, the copper ore boclies and groups of skarn minerals aiid of pnezmiatolytie mineyals have been developed. The ivinerals, being found in this mine, are chalcopyrite, eubniee, pyitite, pyrrh.otite, galena,, zincblende, molybcleiiite, aysenopyrite, ealeite, mag'ltetite, gari}ets, epidote, wollastonite, vesuviani'te, axinite, 1//evrite, hedenbeygite, tozu"maliite, diopside, clatolite and prehnite.