Minerals Definition, Types, and Identification Forensic Applications
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Minerals-10-00395-V2.Pdf
minerals Article Slatecalculation—A Practical Tool for Deriving Norm Minerals in the Lowest-Grade Metamorphic Pelites and Roof Slates Hans Wolfgang Wagner 1,* , Dieter Jung 2, Jean-Frank Wagner 3 and Matthias Patrick Wagner 4 1 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Im Nettetal 4, D 56727 Mayen, Germany 2 Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D 20146 Hamburg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Trier, Behringstrasse 21, D 54296 Trier, Germany; [email protected] 4 Institute of Geography, Kiel University, D 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 26 April 2020; Published: 29 April 2020 Abstract: Roof and wall slates are fine-grained rocks with slaty cleavage, and it is often difficult to determine their mineral composition. A new norm mineral calculation called slatecalculation allows the determination of a virtual mineral composition based on full chemical analysis, including the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). Derived norm minerals include feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore-minerals, and quartz. The mineral components of the slate are assessed with superior accuracy compared to the petrographic analysis based on the European Standard EN 12326. The inevitable methodical inaccuracies in the calculations are limited and transparent. In the present paper, slates, shales, and phyllites from worldwide occurrences were examined. This also gives an overview of the rocks used for discontinuous roofing and external cladding. Keywords: mineralogy; roof slates; shales; phyllites; norm mineral calculation; hydro-micas; illite 1. Introduction Under the term “roof and wall slates”, rocks that have good cleavage and high suitability for overlapping and discontinuous roofing as well as external cladding. -
Revision 1 New Insights Into the Crystal Chemistry of Sauconite (Zn
This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America. The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7460. http://www.minsocam.org/ Revision 1 New insights into the crystal chemistry of sauconite (Zn-smectite) from the Skorpion zinc deposit (Namibia) via a multi-methodological approach Emanuela Schingaro1*, Gennaro Ventruti1, Doriana Vinci1, Giuseppina Balassone2, Nicola Mondillo2, Fernando Nieto3, Maria Lacalamita1, Matteo Leoni4,5 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy 3Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, IACT, Universidad de Granada-CSIC, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18002, Granada, Spain 4Saudi Aramco Research and Development Center, P.O. Box 5000, 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 5Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Meccanica, Università di Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, Trento, 38123, Italy *Corresponding author: Emanuela Schingaro, e-mail: [email protected] RUNNING TITLE: New insights into the crystal chemistry of sauconite 1 Always consult and cite the final, published document. See http:/www.minsocam.org or GeoscienceWorld This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, -
2019 10-11:00 A.M
X-ray Diffraction Methods Subcommittee Meeting Minutes Wednesday, 13 March 2019 10-11:00 a.m. Chris Gilmore, Chairman 1. Call to Order C. Gilmore 2. Appointment of Minutes Secretary Nicole Ernst Boris 3. Approval of Minutes from 2018 So moved by Scott Misture. Seconded by John Faber. 4. Review of Mission Statement The X-ray Methods Subcommittee will recommend data for inclusion in the PDF by considering instrument configurations, data collection, and powder pattern calculations, emphasis on state-of-the-art methods. 5. Directors’ Liaison Report T. Ida Last years’ motion: The XRD Subcommittee recommends to the Technical Committee that Headquarters explore possibilities given by traditional and advanced machine learning (e.g. partial least squares) for expanding the capabilities of the database software towards quantification. BoD response – positive, noting ICDD chairman at IUCr and DXC presentation/paper on this topic and more discussion at the Fall Strategy Review. 6. Short presentations • How to win the Reynold’s Cup S. Hillier Named for Bob Reynolds – Competition to promote quantitative mineral analysis– 3 samples are provided and has international participation. Suggestions on how to win: get phase ID right; factors of quantitative analysis (avoid texture); cross check results (see slides). • Clustering and the ICDD Databases J. Kaduk As applied to Zeolite task group. Polysnap. Similarity index. MMBS. Jim presented zeolite clustering examples from the PDF-4+ 2019 database and named Cluster K5 and K (see slides). • Partial Least Squares Revisited C. Gilmore Looking at PLS as a Machine Learning Method – Start with Training data (known composition) that include mixtures - important to get number of factors correct for good results – Then move to Validation data (PXRD patterns + known compositions) as independent check of training data– then finally, unknown PXRD patterns – example highlighted: AliteM1 (see slides). -
Sauconite Na0.3Zn3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2² 4H2O
Sauconite Na0:3Zn3(Si; Al)4O10(OH)2 ² 4H2O c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: n.d. Clayey, massive; as small micaceous plates in laminated to compact masses. Physical Properties: Cleavage: 001 , perfect. Hardness = 1{2 D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = n.d. Positive identi¯catiofn ofgminerals in the smectite group may need data from DTA curves, dehydration curves, and X-ray powder patterns before and after treatment by heating and with organic liquids. Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: Reddish brown, brown, brownish yellow, mottled. Luster: Dull. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Orientation: Y = b. ® = 1.55{1.58 ¯ = 1.59{1.62 ° = 1.59{1.62 2V(meas.) = 0±{20± Cell Data: Space Group: n.d. a = 5.2 b = 9.1 c = 15.4 ¯ = n.d. Z = n.d. X-ray Powder Pattern: Coon Hollow mine, Arkansas, USA; air dried sample. 15.4 (100), 2.67 (100), 1.544 (100), 7.77 (90), 4.60 (90), 1.334 (75), 5.58 (50b) Chemistry: (1) (2) SiO2 34.46 33.40 TiO2 0.24 0.15 Al2O3 16.95 7.45 Fe2O3 6.21 1.73 MnO trace CuO 0.13 ZnO 23.10 36.73 MgO 1.11 0.78 CaO 1.92 Na2O 0.22 K2O 0.49 0.27 + H2O 10.67 7.14 H2O¡ 6.72 9.78 Total 99.95 99.70 (1) Friedensville, Pennsylvania, USA. (2) Coon Hollow mine, Arkansas, USA. Mineral Group: Smectite group. Occurrence: Fills vugs and seams in oxidized zinc and copper deposits; may be redeposited at the water table. -
The Importance of Minerals in Coal As the Hosts of Chemical Elements: a Review
The importance of minerals in coal as the hosts of chemical elements: A review Robert B. Finkelmana,b, Shifeng Daia,c,*, David Frenchd a State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, China b University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA c College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China d PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia *, Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Coal is a complex geologic material composed mainly of organic matter and mineral matter, the latter including minerals, poorly crystalline mineraloids, and elements associated with non- mineral inorganics. Among mineral matter, minerals play the most significant role in affecting the utilization of coal, although, in low rank coals, the non-mineral elements may also be significant. Minerals in coal are often regarded as a nuisance being responsible for most of the problems arising during coal utilization, but the minerals are also seen as a potentially valuable source of critical metals and may also, in some cases, have a beneficial effect in coal gasification and liquefaction. With a few exceptions, minerals are the major hosts of the vast majority of elements present in coal. In this review paper, we list more than 200 minerals that have been identified in coal and its low temperature ash, although the validity of some of these minerals has not been confirmed. Base on chemical compositions, minerals found in coal can be classified into silicate, sulfide and selenide, phosphate, carbonate, sulfate, oxide and hydroxide, and others. -
Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering
JOURNAL OF Engineering Science and Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 3 (1) (2010) 108-110 Technology Review Research Article www.jestr.org Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering A. Namdar Mysore University, India. Received 5 December 2009; Revised 24 March 2010; Accepted 30 April 2010 Abstract The several investigations on soils by different researchers have been executed, but research on soil mechanical properties based on mineralogy is very meager, in this regard the author intention is employee of natural minerals for evaluation of soil cohesion, it may leads to developments of a soil with appropriates characteristics in permeability, transmitting load, resisting against deformation and settlement. This paper deals with analysis of soil cohesion based on mineralogy. The result revealed cohesion of a plastic soil could be improve by mineral presented in an non plastic soil, and also carbonate has negative affect on soil cohesion and some other soil minerals also have same affect on cohesion that required to be more investigate. Keywords: Mixed Soil; Soil mineralogy; Carbonate. 1. Introduction It is require analysis of soil cohesion based on consideration of ing C, Φ and density values and adopting Terzaghi’s method, the soil mineralogy result. The soil cohesion is an element in control- safe bearing capacity of the soil mixed models were calculated. ling soil bearing capacity. In calculation of safe bearing capacity at all models has been as- The soil bearing capacity could be determined by several sumed of 1.5m depth and 2.5m*2.5m widths for square footing, methods like bearing capacity tables in various building codes, to improvement of site characteristics by select of different types analytical methods, and plate bearing test, penetration test, model of soils, which are consist of natural mineral, attempt was to find test, prototype tests and laboratory test [1-2]. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7419,540 B2 Möller Et Al
USOO741954OB2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7419,540 B2 MÖller et al. (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 2, 2008 (54) SWELLABLE PHYLLOSILICATES 3,343,973 A * 9, 1967 Billue ........................ 428,452 3,822,827 A 7, 1974 Clark ............................ 241.3 (75) Inventors: Markus Möller, München (DE): 4.351,754 A * 9/1982 Dupre ........................ 524,445 Helmut Coutelle, Freising (DE); Robert 5,266,538 A 1 1/1993 Knudson et al. Warth, Moosburg (DE); Wolfgang 5,389,146 A 2, 1995 Liao ........................... 106,811 Heininger, Moosburg (DE) 5,407,480 A 4/1995 Payton et al. 5,480,578 A 1/1996 Hirsch et al. (73) Assignee: Sud-Chemie AG, Munich (DE) 5,588,990 A 12/1996 Dongell 5,637,144 A 6/1997 Whatcott et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5.948,156 A * 9/1999 Coutelle et al. ............. 106,486 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 658 days. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (21) Appl. No.: 10/362,305 CH 459858 T 1968 DE 219 170 2, 1985 (22) PCT Filed: Aug. 29, 2001 DE 4217779 12/1993 DE 4413672 10, 1995 (86). PCT No.: PCT/EPO1/O9951 DE 44383.05 5, 1996 DE 19527161 1, 1997 S371 (c)(1), EP 4O9974 1, 1991 (2), (4) Date: May 21, 2003 EP 675089 10, 1995 (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO02/18292 OTHER PUBLICATIONS PCT Pub. Date: Mar. 7, 2002 Bjorn Lagerblad and Berit Jacobson, “Proc. Int. Conf. Cem. (65) Prior Publication Data Microsc” (1997) (19" Edition, pp. -
Crystal-Structure Refinement of a Zn-Rich Kupletskite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, with Contributions to the Geochemistry of Zinc in Peralkaline Environments
Mineralogical Magazine, October 2006, Vol. 70(5), pp. 565–578 Crystal-structure refinement of a Zn-rich kupletskite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, with contributions to the geochemistry of zinc in peralkaline environments 1 2 3 3 4 P. C. PIILONEN ,I.V.PEKOV ,M.BACK ,T.STEEDE AND R. A. GAULT 1 Earth Sciences Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada 2 Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Borobievy Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia 3 Natural History Department, Mineralogy, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada 4 Earth Sciences Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada ABSTRACT The chemistry and crystal structure of a unique Zn-rich kupletskite: 2+ (K1.55Na0.21Rb0.09Sr0.01)S1.86(Na0.82Ca0.18)S1.00(Mn4.72Zn1.66Na0.41Mg0.12Fe0.09)S7.00 (Ti1.85Nb0.11Hf0.03)S1.99(Si7.99Al0.12)S8.11O26 (OH)4(F0.77OH0.23)S1.00, from analkalinepegmatite at Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada has been determined. Zn-rich kupletskite is triclinic, P1¯, a = 5.3765(4), b = 11.8893(11), c = 11.6997(10), a = 113.070(3), b = 94.775(2), g = 103.089(3), R1= 0.0570 for 3757 observed reflections with Fo >4s(Fo). From the single-crystal X-ray diffraction refinement, it is clear that Zn2+ shows a preference for the smaller, trans M(4) site (69%), yet is distributed amongst all three octahedral sites coordinated by 4 O2À and 2 OHÀ [M(2) 58% and M(3) 60%]. Of note is the lack of Zn in M(1), the larger and least-distorted of the four crystallographic sites, with an asymmetric anionic arrangement of 5 O2À and 1 OHÀ. -
ATOMIC ENERGY £2?A L'energie ATOMIQUE of CANADA LIMITED \Fijt DU CANADA,LIMITEE
w *£.''• 7 / J, i. AECL-7792 ATOMIC ENERGY £2?A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA LIMITED \fijT DU CANADA,LIMITEE THE CONVERSION OF SMECTITE TO ILLITE IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW LA CONVERSION OE LA SMECTITE EN ILLITE DANS LES SYSTEMES HYDROTHERMIQUE: EXAMEN DES TRAVAUX PUBLIES R.M. Johnston Whiteshell Nuclear Research Etabiissement de recherches Establishment i>ucleaires de Whiteshel! Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1LO June 1983 juin Copyright © Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1983 ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED THE CONVERSION OF SMECTITE TO ILLITE IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW by R.M. Johnston Whiteshell Nuclear "esearch Establishment Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1L0 1983 June AECL-7792 LA CONVERSION DE LA SMECTITE EN ILLITE DANS LES SYSTÈMES HYDROTHERMIQUE: EXAMEN DES TRAVAUX PUBLIÉS par R.M. Johnston RESUME Dans les systèmes schisteux diagénétiques naturels, la smectite se transforme en illlte et en illite-smectite à couche mixte en moins d'un mil- lion d'années, en présence de températures se situant entre 75°C et 200°C. De ce fait, certaines questions se posent quant à la stabilité des tampons de bentonite à base de smectite par rapports aux conditions propres â une enceinte d'évacuation nucléaire• Les données expérimentales et géologiques obtenues indiquent que la réaction dépend de la disponibilité des K*" et que le taux de réaction des systèmes pauvres en K* (tels que les enceintes d'é- vacuation) peut être bien inférieur â ce que l'on observe dans le schiste. La présence de Na+, de Ca2+ et de Mg2+ dans le système ralentie la réaction et peut même l'arrêter complètement à des températures inférieures. -
Download the Scanned
BOOK REVIEWS THE INTERPRETATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION PHOTOGRAPHS, bv N. M. F. HrNnY, H. Lrrson arvl W. A. Woosrnn, MacMillan and Co., London, 1951, ix*258 pages, price 42 shillings. (American price $8.50, obtained from D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.) This book is intended "to help students and research workers to understand the theory and practice of the interpretation of r-ray difiraction photographs'" The discussion is carried up to the subject of crystal-structure determination but does not include more than passing reference to space groups and their recognition by means of *-ray diffraction. Had a chapter on space groups been included, and it would have required no more space than that devoted to Laue photographs in the present volume, all materials needed pre- paratory to crystal structure work would have been brought together. The omission is the more regrettable because the authors state that "a sufficient number of tables has been included to facilitate calculations without the necessity of a reference book." Many who do not embark upon crystal structure work do attempt the determination of space groups and a statement of the space group, now considered part of a complete mineral description, is to be found in several recently published mineralogical reference books. What seems to this reviewer the pedagogical excellence of Henry, Lipson and Wooster's book is probably due in part to the fact that the authors have been associated with the very thorough course in crystallography which has been ofiered at the University of Cambridge for many years. -
Brammallite (Sodium-Iuite),. a New Mineral from Llandebie, South Wales
304 Brammallite (sodium-iUite),. a new mineral from Llandebie, South Wales. By F. A. BANNISTER,M.A. Deputy Keeper, Mineral Department, British Museum. [Read June 4, 1942.] URING a study of the petrography and mineral constituents separated from D various shales overlying the coal-measures of South Wales, Dr. Alfred Brammull noticed on several hand-specimens from Llandebie a white infilling to fissures or a coating on slickensided surfaces which could be readily detached from the matrix. Chemical examination showed that this coating, unlike the shales themselves, contained more sodium than potassium. The present note gives an account of subsequent chemical, X-ray, and optical work , which confirms Dr. Brammall's suggestion that the white incrustation contains a new sodium- rich mineral allied to mica. It is not, I hope, an unfitting tribute to his work in this field as well as to his interest in recent advances in mineralogy that I have named this mineral brammallite. A short account of its nature and relationship to illite, which is the chief constituent of the shale itself (see preceding paper, p. 297), will now be given. Examination under the binocular microscope revealed that most of the in- crustation consists of a soft fibrous mineral; and, when this is detached with a knife, small compact tufts of elongated plates about ram. long, reminiscent of small fragments of satin-spar, can be distinguished and isolated for optical and X-ray work. Not sufficient material, however, was available for a micro- chemical analysis. Dr. M. H. Hey carried out an alkali determination on 15 mg.