ROCK ART AND ONTOLOGY: PATTERNS OF HOHOKAM IMAGERY Southwestern and Hohokam Rock Art By: Deianira Morris South Mountain and Tumamoc General Category Distribution The South Mountains were mainly used during the The southwestern US has a large concentration of sites with rock art. 450 Preclassic period, but were consistently revisited during In Arizona, the Hohokam produced a number of rock art sites that 400 the Classic period as well. 353 predominately have petroglyphs situated separately on individual 350 Tumamoc Hill was primarily occupied during the 302 features or clustered together on the same feature. However, there 300 Cienega and Tortolita Phase with some occupation has not yet been a project that examines how often different types during the Hohokam Preclassic period, but the site was of images occur at a site, or whether their placement on features 250 also revisited during the Classic period. bearing more than one glyph indicates a selective association of 200 these images. The purpose of this project was to do an exploratory 150 137 100 86 analysis of image frequency to look for possible patterns in how Number of Glyphs often image types occur within sites, and how often they co-occur 50 with other types of images. 0 South Mountain Tumamoc Representational Geometric Numerical Occurrence 100% 10.2 7 7.4 90% 39 10.8 80% 19.8 70% 38.9 10.3 60% 39.7 50% Figure 3: Rock art site in the Figure 4: Tumamoc Hill 38.7 South Mountains (Wright 2011) (Hartmann and Boyle 2013) 40% 73.3 30% 51.1 20% 42.2 Discussion 38.1 10% There does not appear to be any indication of selective association between the image types. The same types of Figure 2: Tumamoc Rock Art (Hartmann and 0% Figure 1: South Mountain South Mountain Tumamoc South Mountain Tumamoc Geometric images are overrepresented at both sites. It is possible Rock Art (Wright 2011) Boyle 2013) Representational Representational Geometric that the communities at South Mountain and Tumamoc Approach Occurrence of GlyphCategory Percentage Anthropomorphs Animals Representational Other used their rock art to demonstrate a Pan-Hohokam • Research Topic: Archaeologies of ontology primarily use the Linear Circular Curvilinear identity. This could indicate that people in the Hohokam study of material culture to investigate how past societies Geometric Other area ontologically situated themselves within a broader organized their understanding of their physical, social, and Co-Occurrence of Anthropomorphic Glyphs with All Image Categories regional context, but expressed the individual identities metaphysical reality. The focus of this project was to 25 of their communities through the frequency with which investigate possible correlations between the use of images 20 they used the different images. As such, it may be that in rock art and the manner in which a community 20 18 the Hohokam saw themselves as both individual constructed and maintained its own identity within a larger 17 15 15 communities and as members of a lager social structure. regional context. 15 14 • Hypothesis: If the members of Hohokam communities used 10 References their rock art to demonstrate their identity in a way that 9 10 8 Wright, Aaron 2011 Hohokam Rock Art, Ritual Practice, and Social Transformation. Washington reflects their ontological understanding of themselves, then 6 6 State University, WA.

there should be some pattern in the occurrence and co- Number of Features 5 3 Fish, Suzanne K., Paul R. Fish, Todd Pitezel, Gary Christopherson, James T. Watson, and occurrence of images that demonstrates selectivity. 2 2 Phillip O. Leckman 2013 Emerging Settlement Differentiation in Preceramic and Early Hohokam • Methods: Images were identified and categorized using the 0 Villages on Tumamoc Hill. In New Perspectives on the Rock Art and Prehistoric photos from site inventories and pre-existing reports of South Mountain Tumamoc South Mountain Tumamoc Geometric Settlement Organization of Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, Arizona, edited by Gayle Hohokam rock art. Photos were analyzed for both image Representational Representational Geometric Hartmann and Peter Boyle, pp. 1-22, Arizona State Museum, Tucson, AZ. Anthropomorph:Anthropomorph Anthropomorph:Animal Hartmann, Gayle Harrison and Peter Boyle occurrence ad co-occurrence. Anthropomorph:Representational Other Anthropomorph:Linear 2013 Tumamoc Hill Rock Art Revisited: With a Focus on Temporal Affiliation and Management. In New Perspectives on the Rock Art and Prehistoric Settlement Anthropomorph:Circular Anthropomorph:Curvilinear Organization of Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, Arizona, edited by Gayle Hartmann and Peter Anthropomorph:Geometric Other Boyle, pp. 23-95, Arizona State Museum, Tucson, AZ.

Acknowledgements: Special thanks to the NSF REU Award No. 1560465, University of Arizona’s School of Anthropology, University of Arizona’s Honors College, Archaeology Southwest, Barbara Mills, Aaron Wright, Todd Pitezel, Arthur Vokes, Jannelle Weakly, and many others.