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Conflictive Delisting Process of a World Heritage Site in Germany

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Conflictive Delisting Process of a World Heritage Site in Germany Conflictive delisting process of a World Heritage Site in Germany: the case of the Dresden Elbe Valley A thesis approved by the Faculty of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering at the Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the academic degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Heritage Studies by Bénédicte Gaillard, M.A. from Roubaix, France First Examiner: Prof. Dr. iur. Eike Albrecht Second Examiner: Prof. Dr. phil. Heiderose Kilper Day of the oral examination: 30 January 2014 “Dresden - a wonderful city, full of art and history but still not a museum lived-in accidentally by Dresden's inhabitants. The past and the present live together in harmony. Or I should rather say polyphony. And together with its surroundings, with the Elbe, the bridges, the hilly slopes, the stretches of forests and mountains on the horizon, one could even speak of a whole symphony. History, art and nature waft over the city and the valley like a chord enchanted by its own harmony.” Erich Kästner, Als ich ein kleiner Junge war (1957, p.51) (Translation: Karina Schumann) i Abstract This research comprises an analysis concerning the conflict between the State Party Germany to the World Heritage Convention and UNESCO in the case of the Dresden Elbe Valley. Through a historical and legal analysis, this research aims to ascertain the reasons for this conflict, as well as the impossibility of finding a compromise. First, the conflict in the core of the Dresden Elbe Valley World Heritage Site caused by the construction of the Waldschlößchenbrücke , which is the object of study in this research, is anchored in its context of the City of Dresden. Thus, the object of the conflict, the Waldschlößchenbrücke , is presented in its historical and geo-spatial context in order to shed light on the elements that triggered the conflict. Secondly, the conflict is anchored within the German legal context through the analysis of the legal procedures concerning the binding effects of the World Heritage Convention for the Federal Republic of Germany and the environmental concerns rendered by the construction of the Waldschlößchenbrücke . Based on legal commentaries of the courts’ decisions, a discussion on the non-transposition of the World Heritage concepts in the Federal Republic of Germany is implemented. Thirdly, the State Party Germany to the World Heritage Convention and UNESCO are confronted. A review of the concept of cultural landscape in the context of the World Heritage Convention, adapted to the case of the Dresden Elbe Valley, is first implemented. Subsequently, a commentary on the legally binding effects for the States Parties to the World Heritage Convention is elaborated upon, as well as a deconstruction of the step-by-step decisions from the inscription to the delisting of the Dresden Elbe Valley from the World Heritage List. Fourthly, an evaluation is developed concerning the concept of Historic Urban Landscape as an action plan capable of solving the conflict between urban development and heritage protection, and adapted to the German context. Finally, as a conclusion to this research, recommendations are drawn based on the conflict opposing UNESCO and the State Party Germany to the World Heritage Convention towards the Dresden Elbe Valley. These recommendations are addressed to the City of Dresden, the Free State of Saxony, the Federal Republic of Germany and UNESCO. ii Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation umfasst eine Analyse über den Konfliktfall zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als Vertragsstaat der Welterbekonvention und der UNESCO in dem Fall des Dresdner Elbtals. Anhand einer geschichtlichen und rechtlichen Analyse, auf die diese Forschung abzielt, wird versucht, die Gründe dieses Konfliktes und die Unmöglichkeit eines Kompromisses aufzuzeigen. Der Konflikt wurde durch den Bau der im Herzen der Dresdner Weltkulturerbestätte liegenden Waldschlößchenbrücke verursacht. Im ersten Abschnitt wird dieser Konflikt – das Untersuchungsobjekt dieser Dissertation – im Kontext der Stadt Dresden erläutert. Die Waldschlößchenbrücke , als Ursache des Konfliktes, wird zunächst in ihrem geschichtlichen und räumlichen Kontext beleuchtet um den eigentlichen Auslöser des Konfliktes zu identifizieren. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird der Konflikt im Kontext der deutschen Gesetzgebung betrachtet. Durch den Bau der Waldschlößchenbrücke wurden zwei Rechtsverfahren eingeleitet – eines über die bindenden Wirkungen der Welterbekonvention mit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und ein anderes über Umweltanliegen. Auf der Grundlage von Kommentaren über Gerichtsentscheidungen wurde eine Debatte über die Nichtumsetzung der Welterbe-Konzepte in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ausgelöst. Der dritte Abschnitt zeigt die Widersprüchlichkeiten zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als Vertragsstaat der Welterbekonvention und der UNESCO auf. Eine Übersicht des Kulturlandschaftskonzeptes der Welterbekonvention, bezogen auf den Fall des Dresdner Elbtals, wird erstmals angefertigt. Eine Erläuterung zur rechtlich bindenden Wirkung der Vertragsstaaten der Welterbekonvention sowie das Nachvollziehen der schrittweisen Entscheidungen über die Ein- und Austragung des Dresdner Elbtals in die bzw. aus der Welterbeliste, werden ausgearbeitet. Im vierten Abschnitt wird eine Bewertung des Konzeptes der historischen Stadtlandschaft vorgenommen. Zur Überwindung des Konfliktes zwischen Stadtentwicklung und Denkmalschutz wird dieser Aktionsplan im deutschen Rechtskontext bewertet. Zum Abschluss dieser Forschungsarbeit werden Verbesserungsvorschläge aufgezeigt, die dabei helfen können, Konflikte wie den des Dresdner Elbtals, in Zukunft zu vermeiden. Die Verbesserungsvorschläge, die auf den Ergebnissen dieser Forschungsarbeit beruhen, richten sich an die Stadt Dresden, den Freistaat Sachsen, die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die UNESCO. iii Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................................................... iii Table of contents ............................................................................................................................. iv List of figures ............................................................................................................................... viii List of tables ..................................................................................................................................... x List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Research aim, objectives and questions ................................................................................ 6 1.3. Conceptual framework .......................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5. Structure of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 11 CONTEXTUALISATION OF THE OBJECT OF STUDY IN THE CITY OF DRESDEN ........ 11 2.1. The Waldschlößchenbrücke in its context ........................................................................... 11 2.1.1. History of the failed projects since 1862 ...................................................................... 12 2.1.2. Overview of a controversial project .............................................................................. 17 2.1.3. Rupture with the physical typology of the other Elbe bridges ...................................... 23 2.1.4. The Waldschlößchen location: a green area in the core of the City of Dresden ........... 31 2.2. Trigger of the conflict .......................................................................................................... 39 2.2.1. A bridge enshrined in the industrialisation period ........................................................ 40 iv 2.2.2. The role of memory in Dresden .................................................................................... 44 2.2.3. Misconception of the Dresden Elbe Valley .................................................................. 48 2.2.4. The contested referendum of 27 February 2005 ........................................................... 53 2.3. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................... 60 LEGAL PROCEDURE RELATED TO THE OBJECT OF THE CONFLICT IN THE FEDERAL
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