DOCSLIB.ORG

CPSC Statement on Mold and Mycotoxins Health Effects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CPSC Statement on Mold and Mycotoxins Health Effects CPSC Staff Statement on Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA) Report “Review of the Health Risks of Mold, Health Effects of Molds and Mycotoxins”1 July 2015 The report titled, “Review of the Health Risks of Mold, Health Effects of Molds and Mycotoxins,” presents basic mold characteristics and was performed by TERA under Contract CPSC-D-12-0001, Task Order 0013. A second report, “Review of the Health Risk of Mold, Basic Mold Characteristics,” can be found under a separate cover. Consumer exposure to mold on a product may be more frequent and direct than exposures that might occur in a building setting, making remediation even more important for products with mold contamination. Therefore, this contract was initiated for staff to gain a better understanding of these hazards and the new information that has been developed over the past several years on mold characteristics and toxicity. The available data on health effects associated with mold in each genus are reviewed in the first section. For each genus, the uptake and system spread and health effects in humans and/or animals are discussed. Following that is a discussion of the health effects associated with key mycotoxins produced by the genera of interest. The physical and chemical characteristics, toxicokinetics, and animal and human hazard information are included in these discussions. Historically, much of the documented human exposure to molds and mycotoxins has been via food. This means that most of the available experimental data for mycotoxins are for the oral route, often in the context of dietary exposure; parenteral dosing studies are also often available. Generally speaking the data available for the inhalation and dermal routes are very limited. In contrast to the mycotoxins, inhalation and dermal exposure to the mold (e.g., spores) may also occur. In this report, Table 1 summarizes the key information on the basic mold characteristics (see the Basic Mold Characteristics report for more details), together with the health effects associated with each genus. The summary of the toxin effects (irritation, kidney, liver, developmental, cancer) is based primarily on animal data, and human data were used when available. Information on irritant effects is from testing of the mycotoxins in animals, or reports from human exposure to the mold or mycotoxins; controlled animal testing for irritancy was not done for the molds themselves. 1 This statement was prepared by the CPSC staff, and the attached report was produced by TERA for CPSC staff. The statement and report have not been reviewed or approved by, and do not necessarily represent the views of, the Commission. Health effects associated with these different molds in humans include: allergic reactions, sensitization, asthma, neurotoxicity, sinusitis, otomycosis, onychomycosis, keratitis, respiratory infections, skin infections, and systemic infections. Determining which mycotoxins are produced by which genus is difficult. This reflects differences in toxin production by different strains or species within a genus and data gaps, or the tendency of review articles to focus on primary toxins and classes of toxins, rather than identifying each toxin (or each major toxin) produced by a genus. Health effects associated with mycotoxins in humans include: hepatic toxicity, cancers (liver, esophageal, lymphoma, skin, and gastric), nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, immunosuppression, and nasal irritation. Review of the Health Risks of Mold Completed Under Contract CPSC-D-12-0001 Task Order 0013 Lead Scientists: Lynne Haber, TERA Brandolyn Thran, Perspective Scientific Consulting Chris Chaisson, The Lifeline Group Health Effects of Molds and Mycotoxins Final Report, July 13, 2015 Lead Scientist, Lynne Haber Table of Contents 3 Effects of the Mold as an Organism ........................................................................................ 9 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Alternaria ........................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 17 3.2.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 17 3.2.3 References ............................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Aspergillus ..................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 21 3.3.2 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 26 3.3.3 References ............................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Chaetomium ................................................................................................................... 30 3.4.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 30 3.4.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 30 3.4.3 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 32 3.4.4 References ............................................................................................................... 32 3.5 Cladosporium ................................................................................................................. 33 3.5.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 33 3.5.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 33 3.5.3 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 35 3.5.4 References ............................................................................................................... 36 3.6 Dicyma ........................................................................................................................... 39 3.6.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 39 3.6.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 39 3.6.3 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 39 3.6.4 References ............................................................................................................... 40 3.7 Epicoccum ...................................................................................................................... 40 3.7.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 40 3.7.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 40 4 3.7.3 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 42 3.7.4 References ............................................................................................................... 42 3.8 Malassezia ...................................................................................................................... 43 3.8.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 43 3.8.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 43 3.8.3 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 46 3.8.4 References ............................................................................................................... 46 3.9 Penicillium ..................................................................................................................... 48 3.9.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 48 3.9.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 48 3.9.3 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 50 3.9.4 References ............................................................................................................... 51 3.10 Phoma ............................................................................................................................. 53 3.10.1 Uptake and Systemic Spread .................................................................................. 53 3.10.2 Health Effects in Humans ....................................................................................... 53 3.10.3 Health Effects in Animals ....................................................................................... 55 3.10.4 References ............................................................................................................... 56 3.11 Stachybotrys ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of Nine Species of Hypocrea with Anamorphs Assignable to Trichoderma Section Hypocreanum
    STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 56: 39–65. 2006. doi:10.3114/sim.2006.56.02 Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of nine species of Hypocrea with anamorphs assignable to Trichoderma section Hypocreanum Barrie E. Overton1*, Elwin L. Stewart2 and David M. Geiser2 1The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A.: Current address: Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, 119 Ulmer Hall, Lock Haven PA, 17745, U.S.A.; 2The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A. *Correspondence: Barrie E. Overton, [email protected] Abstract: Morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal gene repeat, a partial sequence of RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2), and a partial sequence of the large exon of tef1 (LEtef1) were used to investigate the taxonomy and systematics of nine Hypocrea species with anamorphs assignable to Trichoderma sect. Hypocreanum. Hypocrea corticioides and H. sulphurea are reevaluated. Their Trichoderma anamorphs are described and the phylogenetic positions of these species are determined. Hypocrea sulphurea and H. subcitrina are distinct species based on studies of the type specimens. Hypocrea egmontensis is a facultative synonym of the older name H. subcitrina. Hypocrea with anamorphs assignable to Trichoderma sect. Hypocreanum formed a well-supported clade. Five species with anamorphs morphologically similar to sect. Hypocreanum, H. avellanea, H. parmastoi, H. megalocitrina, H. alcalifuscescens, and H. pezizoides, are not located in this clade. Protocrea farinosa belongs to Hypocrea s.s. Taxonomic novelties: Hypocrea eucorticioides Overton, nom.
    [Show full text]
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Revealing Asthma
    CASE REPORT published: 22 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695954 Case Report: Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Revealing Asthma Houda Snen 1,2*, Aicha Kallel 2,3*, Hana Blibech 1,2, Sana Jemel 2,3, Nozha Ben Salah 1,2, Sonia Marouen 3, Nadia Mehiri 1,2, Slah Belhaj 3, Bechir Louzir 1,2 and Kalthoum Kallel 2,3 1 Pulmonary Department, Hospital Mongi Slim, La Marsa, Tunisia, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia, 3 Parasitology and Mycology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an immunological pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus which colonizes the airways of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. Its diagnosis could be difficult in some cases due to atypical Edited by: presentations especially when there is no medical history of asthma. Treatment of ABPA is Brian Stephen Eley, frequently associated to side effects but cumulated drug toxicity due to different molecules University of Cape Town, South Africa is rarely reported. An accurate choice among the different available molecules and Reviewed by: effective on ABPA is crucial. We report a case of ABPA in a woman without a known Shivank Singh, Southern Medical University, China history of asthma. She presented an acute bronchitis with wheezing dyspnea leading to an Richard B. Moss, acute respiratory failure. She was hospitalized in the intensive care unit. The Stanford University, United States bronchoscopy revealed a complete obstruction of the left primary bronchus by a sticky *Correspondence: Houda Snen greenish material. The culture of this material isolated Aspergillus fumigatus and that of [email protected] bronchial aspiration fluid isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Endophytes from the Aerial Tissues of Important Tropical Forage Grasses Brachiaria Spp
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge International Grassland Congress Proceedings XXIII International Grassland Congress Fungal Endophytes from the Aerial Tissues of Important Tropical Forage Grasses Brachiaria spp. in Kenya Sita R. Ghimire International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya Joyce Njuguna International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya Leah Kago International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya Monday Ahonsi International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya Donald Njarui Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Kenya Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/23/2-2-1/6 The XXIII International Grassland Congress (Sustainable use of Grassland Resources for Forage Production, Biodiversity and Environmental Protection) took place in New Delhi, India from November 20 through November 24, 2015. Proceedings Editors: M. M. Roy, D. R. Malaviya, V. K. Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, D. Vijay, and A. Radhakrishna Published by Range Management Society of India This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant and Soil Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Grassland Congress Proceedings by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paper ID: 435 Theme: 2. Grassland production and utilization Sub-theme: 2.2. Integration of plant protection to optimise production
    [Show full text]
  • Ranking of Substances for Monitoring in Foods, Drinks and Dietary Supplements - Based on Risk and Knowledge Gaps
    VKM Report 2019: 13 Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 16.09.2019 ISBN: 978-82-8259-329-8 ISSN: 2535-4019 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Po 222 Skøyen N – 0213 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no vkm.no/english Cover photo: Brace Suggested citation: VKM, Inger-Lise Steffensen, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Trine Husøy, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Gro Haarklou Mathisen, Robin Ørnsrud, Angelika Agdestein, Johanna Bodin, Edel Elvevoll, Dag O. Hessen, Merete Hofshagen, Åshild Krogdahl, Asbjørn Magne Nilsen, Trond Rafoss, Taran Skjerdal, Gaute Velle, Yngvild Wasteson, Gro-Ingunn Hemre, Vigdis Vandvik, Jan Alexander (2019). Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM report 2019:13, ISBN: 978-82-8259-329-8, ISSN: 2535-4019. VKM Report 2019: 13 Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps Preparation of the opinion The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) appointed a project group to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. The project group consisted of six VKM members and a project leader from the VKM secretariat.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternaria Alternata Toxins Synergistically Activate the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway in Vitro
    biomolecules Article Alternaria alternata Toxins Synergistically Activate the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway In Vitro Julia Hohenbichler 1 , Georg Aichinger 1 , Michael Rychlik 2 , Giorgia Del Favero 1 and Doris Marko 1,* 1 Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Italy; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (G.A.); [email protected] (G.D.F.) 2 Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 9 July 2020 Abstract: Alternaria molds simultaneously produce a large variety of mycotoxins, of which several were previously reported to induce enzymes of phase I metabolism through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Thus, we investigated the potential of naturally occurring Alternaria toxin mixtures to induce Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/1A2/1B1 activity. Two variants of an extract from cultured Alternaria alternata, as well as the toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altertoxin I (ATX-I), and altertoxin II (ATX-II), were tested singularly and in binary mixtures applying the 7-ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Sub-cytotoxic concentrations of the two toxin mixtures, as well as ATX-I, ATX-II and AOH, exhibited dose-dependent enhancements of CYP 1 activity. ATX-I and ATX-II interacted synergistically in this respect, demonstrating the two perylene quinones as major contributors to the extract’s potential. Binary mixtures between AOH and the two altertoxins respectively exhibited concentration-dependent antagonistic as well as synergistic combinatory effects.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Enumeration of Grass Endophytes in West Central England
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 1992 Band/Volume: 44 Autor(en)/Author(s): White jr, J. F., Baldwin N. A. Artikel/Article: A prliminary enumeration of grass endophytes in west central England. 78-84 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at A preliminary enumeration of grass endophytes in west central England J. F. White, Jr.1 & N. A. Baldwin2 •Department of Biology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Ala- bama 36117, U.S.A. 2The Sports Turf Research Institute, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1AU, U. K. White, J. F., Jr. & N. A. Baldwin (1992). A preliminary enumeration of grass endophytes in west central England. - Sydowia 44: 78-84. Presence of endophytes was assessed at 10 different sites in central England. Stromata-producing endophytes were commonly encountered in populations of Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Dactylis glomerata, and Holcus lanatus. Asymp- tomatic endophytes were detected in Bromus ramosus, Festuca arundinacea, F ovina var. hispidula, F. pratensis, F. rubra, and Festulolium loliaceum. Endophytes were isolated from several grasses and identified. Keywords: Acremonium, endophyte, Epichloe typhina, grasses. Over the past several years endophytes related to the ascomycete Epichloe typhina (Pers.) Tul. have been found to be "widespread in predominantly cool season grasses (Clay & Leuchtmann, 1989; Latch & al., 1984; White, 1987). While most of the endophytes do not produce stromata on host grasses, their colonies on agar cultures, conidiogenous cells and often conidia are similar to those of E. typhina (Leuchtmann & Clay, 1990). These cultural expressions of E.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Invasive Gastrointestinal Fungal Infections: Causative Agents and Diagnostic Modalities
    Microbiology Research Journal International 19(2): 1-11, 2017; Article no.MRJI.32231 Previously known as British Microbiology Research Journal ISSN: 2231-0886, NLM ID: 101608140 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Pediatric Invasive Gastrointestinal Fungal Infections: Causative Agents and Diagnostic Modalities Mortada H. F. El-Shabrawi 1, Lamiaa A. Madkour 2* , Naglaa Kamal 1 and Kerstin Voigt 3 1Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. 3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Jena, Germany. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author MHFES specified the topic of the research. Author LAM designed the study, managed the literature research and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors NK and KV wrote the subsequent drafts. Author MHFES revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/MRJI/2017/32231 Editor(s): (1) Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Autonomous University of Coahuila, México. Reviewers: (1) Hasibe Vural, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversity, Turkey. (2) Berdicevsky Israela, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel. (3) Vassiliki Pitiriga, University of Athens, Greece. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/18327 Received 16 th February 2017 th Review Article Accepted 18 March 2017 Published 24 th March 2017 ABSTRACT Invasive gastrointestinal fungal infections are posing a serious threat to the ever-expanding population of immunocompromised children, as well as some healthy children at risk. In this narrative review, we collate and explore the etiologies and diagnostic modalities of these overlooked infections.
    [Show full text]
  • New Markers in the Mycotox Profile
    New Markers in the MycoTOX Profile We are happy to announce the addition of four new mycotoxin markers to our MycoTOX Profile. The test now includes 11 mycotoxins from 40 species of mold, making it by far the most comprehensive and competitively priced mycotoxin test available. It also still more sensitive and accurate than other tests available, because we use LC/MS/MS technology. Here is an overview of the four new mycotoxin markers: Gliotoxin Gliotoxin (GTX) is produced by the mold genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus spreads in the environment by releasing conidia which are capable of infiltrating the small alveolar airways of individuals. In order to evade the body’s defenses Aspergillus releases Gliotoxin to inhibit the immune system. One of the targets of Gliotoxin is PtdIns (3,4,5) P3. This results in the downregulation of phagocytic immune defense, which can lead to the exacerbation of polymicrobial infections. Gliotoxin impairs the activation of T-cells and induces apoptosis in monocytes and in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. These impairments can lead to multiple neurological syndromes. Mycophenolic Acid Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) produced by the Penicillium fungus. MPA is an immunosuppressant which inhibits the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. MPA exposure can increase the risk of opportunistic infections such as Clostridia and Candida. MPA is associated with miscarriage and congenital malformations when the woman is exposed in pregnancy. Dihydrocitrinone Dihydrocitrinone is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold species Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CTN exposure can lead to nephropathy, because of its ability to increase permeability of mitochondrial membranes in the kidneys.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunopathology of Aspergillus Infections in Children with Chronic Granulomatous Disease and Cystic Fibrosis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aberdeen University Research Archive Immunopathology of Aspergillus Infections in Children with Chronic Granulomatous Disease and Cystic Fibrosis. Adilia Warris, MD PhD MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK. Corresponding address: Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK. Phone: +44 (0)1224437596. Fax: +44 (0)1224437506. E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements AW is supported by the Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (grant 097377) and the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology (grant MR/N006364/1) at the University of Aberdeen. Key Words: chronic granulomatous disease, cystic fibrosis, Aspergillus, aspergillosis, inflammation Abbreviated title: Aspergillus infections in CGD and CF Running head title: Aspergillus infections in CGD and CF Introduction Children with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) share some important clinical characteristics which are the consequence of their intrinsic susceptibility to recurrent and opportunistic infections and exaggerated inflammation. Although the clinical phenotypes of Aspergillus disease differ substantially between those two non-neutropenic patient groups, the underlying pathophysiology show remarkable commonalities with excessive inflammation being a hallmark of Aspergillus disease. The occurrence of Aspergillus infections in these two patient populations is associated with decreased quality of life and premature death. Our knowledge of the pathophysiology of Aspergillus infections is mainly derived from infections caused by a single species - Aspergillus fumigatus - in the neutropenic host. The insights obtained in this setting do not translate well to the non-neutropenic host.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascomyceteorg 08-05 Ascomyceteorg
    Chaetomium convolutum and C. hexagonosporum from Italy with a morphological revision of the group-bostrychodes Francesco DOVERI Abstract: Chaetomium convolutum, newly isolated from herbivore dung in a survey of coprophilous asco- mycetes and basidiomycetes, is first described from Italy and compared with other species of the so called “group-bostrychodes”. The taxonomic uncertainty, still present in this group despite a recent comparative, morphological and molecular study, led the author to revise all Italian collections of species related to C. convolutum, and to prove that also the very rare C. hexagonosporum is present in Italy. The morphological Ascomycete.org, 8 (5) : 185-198. features of C. hexagonosporum are described in detail and particularly compared with those of C. convolutum. Novembre 2016 The results of this review confirm the existence of several intermediates in the group-bostrychodes, for which Mise en ligne le 3/11/2016 a much more extended revision is hoped. Keywords: cellulose, Chaetomiun bostrychodes, Chaetomium robustum, coprophilous fungi, morphological study. Riassunto: Chaetomium convolutum, isolato recentemente da escrementi di erbivori in un’ indagine sugli ascomiceti e basidiomiceti coprofili, è descritto per la prima volta in Italia e messo a confronto con altre specie del cosiddetto "gruppo-bostrychodes". L'incertezza tassonomica, ancora presente in questo gruppo nonostante un recente studio comparativo, morfologico e molecolare, ha indotto l'autore a rivedere tutte le raccolte italiane correlate a C. convolutum, e a dimostrare che anche il molto raro C. hexagonosporum è presente in Italia. Le caratteristiche morfologiche di C. hexagonosporum sono dettagliatamente descritte e in modo particolare confrontate con quelle di C. convolutum.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature and Effect of Alternaria Spp. Complex from Wheat Grain on Germination and Disease Transmission
    Pak. J. Bot., 45(5): 1817-1824, 2013. NATURE AND EFFECT OF ALTERNARIA SPP. COMPLEX FROM WHEAT GRAIN ON GERMINATION AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION ANALÍA E. PERELLÓ1,2* AND SILVINA LARRÁN1 1CIDEFI (Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología) y Cátedra de Fitopatología 2CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119 (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. *Corresponding author’s e-mail: anaperello2@ yahoo.com.ar Abstract Diseases caused by Alternaria sp. are among the most common diseases of crops throughout the world. Alternaria sp. is a common component of the flora of wheat seed. Although isolation of Alternaria sp. from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed has been reported in Argentina, development of the Alternaria blight in plants from infected seeds has not been demonstrated experimentally. Seed transmission of strains belonging to Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata, A. infectoria, A. triticina, A. chlamydospora and related genera like Embellisia and Ulocladium sp. on wheat were investigated in the Argentinean growing area, on wheat cultivars Klein Escorpión and Buck Poncho. A. tenuissima was the dominant fungus in black pointed kernels. Transmission of all 42 seed-borne members of Alternaria complex from seeds to seedlings artificially inoculated was detected by trays seedling symptoms test. Among the fungi tested most isolates of Alternaria, Embellisia sp. and Ulocladium sp. produced distinct seed rot and seedling infection symptoms. This confirmed the seed-borne nature of these fungi. In each wheat cultivar tested inoculated seeds appreciably reduced their germination. The emerging coleoptile is externally infected by hyphal growth from the infected pericarp.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulmonary Basidiobolomycosis: an Unusual Presentation in a Cancer Patient: a Case Report and Mini Review of Cases in India
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(5): 798-805 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 5 (2015) pp. 798-805 http://www.ijcmas.com Case Study Pulmonary Basidiobolomycosis: An unusual presentation in a cancer patient: A case report and mini review of cases in India Deba Dulal Biswal1, Manisa Sahu2* and Pallavi Bhaleker3 1Department of Medical Oncology, S L Raheja Hospital (A Fortis Associate) Mahim (W), Mumbai-400016, India 2Department of Microbiology, S L Raheja Hospital (A Fortis Associate) Mahim(W), Mumbai-400016, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T K e y w o r d s Basidiobolomycosis is an uncommon disease caused by Basidiobolus Basidiobolo- ranarum. The clinical presentation varies from localized subcutaneous mycosis, infection to widespread dissemination involving different viscera s, notably Basidio-bolus the gastrointestinal tract. Pulmonary involvement is rarer; we report a case ranarum, of pulmonary Basidiobolomycosis in a lung cancer patient. lung cancer Introduction Basidiobolo mycosis is caused by the fungus cases are from Southern part.( Sujatha S et Basidiobolus ranarum, which is a al., 2003; Chandrasekhar HR et al., 1998; zygomycetes belonging to order Prasad PV et al., 2002; Krishnan et al., Entomophthorales. (Gugnani, H. C et al., 1998) Rare dissemination with visceral 1999) This filamentous fungus is usually involvement by Basidiobolus are quoted by associated with subcutaneous zygomycosis various authors such as gastrointestinal tract, of trunk and limbs in immune competent uterus, urinary bladder and retro peritoneum. individuals (Ribes JA et al., 2000) It is an (Bigliazzi C et al., 2004; Khan ZU et al., environmental saprophyte isolated mostly 2001; Nazir Z et al., 1997; Choonhakarn C from decaying vegetation, foodstuffs, fruits, et al., 2004) Pulmonary involvement are and soil.
    [Show full text]