Decades of Research.Pdf

Editor: Patricia Mohammed Commissioned by the Office of the Campus Principal, Professor Clement Sankat

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(2) Editor’s Note The School for Graduate Studies and Research is pleased to be associated with this research publication, the brainchild of Professor Clement Sankat, Principal of the University of the West Indies in its 50th year. My thanks to the Professors, Heads and Deputy Deans, who responded to our repeated requests for individual assess- ments of their research profiles. Some entries had to be edited to accommodate the creative space for a visual display of their versatility and achievements. My own special thanks to the following for working closely with me on the various aspects of the project: Khellon Roach, Stacy Kennedy from the Principal’s office, Renata Sankar, Johann Bennett and Nicole Boucaud-Huggins from Marketing and Communication, Roxanne Maloney-Eddy from the School for Graduate Studies and Research provided valuable administrative and logistical support, Dr. Georgina Chami for her editorial eye, while Owen Bruce, Arthur Subnaik and Aneel Karim supplemented images with their generous photographic talents. And to Hayden Louis of Hott Source for his kind services.

Patricia Mohammed Campus Co-ordinator, Graduate Studies and Research UWI St Augustine

(3) (4) Contents

Foreword - Nigel E. Harris, Vice Chancellor.....06 Faculty of Medical Sciences Message from Clement Sankat the Principal ....08 Deputy Dean - Dr. Christine Carrington...... 68 Jonas Addae...... 72 Faculty of Science and Agriculture Abiodun Adesiyun...... 74 Deputy Dean - Dr. Anderson Maxwell ...... 12 Andrew Adogwa...... 76 John Agard...... 16 Zulaika Ali ...... 78 Balswaroop Bhatt...... 18 Chidum Ezenwaka ...... 80 Richard Brathwaite ...... 20 Gerard Hutchinson...... 82 Andrew Lawrence ...... 22 Amanda McRae...... 84 Dyer Narinesingh ...... 24 Paluri Murti...... 86 Christian Posthoff...... 26 Vijay Naraynsingh ...... 88 Indar Ramnarine...... 28 Lexley Pinto Pereira ...... 90 Ashok Sahai...... 30 Phyllis Pit-MIller ...... 92 Ramsey Saunders...... 32 Dan Ramdath ...... 94 Paul Shaw ...... 34 Samuel Ramsewak...... 96 Gurdial Singh ...... 36 Terrence Seemungal ...... 98 Pathmanathan Umaharan...... 38 Keith Stevenson ...... 100 Surujpaul Teelucksingh...... 102 Faculty of Engineering Deputy Dean - Professor Kit Fai Pun ...... 40 Faculty of Humanities and Education Andrew Chadwick...... 44 Deputy Dean - Dr. Elizabeth Walcott-Hackshaw ...104 Brian Copeland ...... 46 Funso Aiyejina...... 108 Richard Dawe...... 48 Bridget Brereton ...... 110 Edwin Ekwue...... 50 Barbara Lalla ...... 112 Stephan Gift...... 52 Ian Robertson ...... 114 Timothy Lewis...... 54 Valarie Youssef...... 116 Winston Lewis...... 56 Jacob Opadeyi...... 58 Faculty of Social Sciences Kit Fai Pun ...... 60 Deputy Dean - Dr. Linda Hadeed ...... 118 Domalapally Rao...... 62 Biko Agozino...... 122 Chandrabhan Sharma...... 64 Ann Marie Bissessar ...... 124 Bonnie Tyler...... 66 Norman Girvan ...... 126 Dennis Pantin ...... 128 Ramesh Ramsaran ...... 130 Timothy Shaw...... 132 Karl Theodore ...... 134 Patrick Watson...... 136

Institute for Gender & Development Studies Head - Dr. Piyasuda Pangsapa...... 138 Patricia Mohammed ...... 140 Rhoda Reddock...... 142 (5) Foreword Decades of Research U.W.I St. Augustine

As Vice Chancellor, I have had opportunity to celebrate many extraordinary achievements of our regional institution. There is however, something extra special about marking anniversaries, and I am thrilled to have been privileged to share in celebrating proud milestones such as this the 50th Anniversary of our St. Augustine Cam- pus. So often throughout the St. Augustine Campus’ Golden Jubilee celebrations, I spoke of reflecting on this remarkable 50-year journey of our second campus and its contribution to shaping our leaders, shaping knowledge, solutions and ground-breaking research and through all this, helping to shape our region and future. It is half-century since that historic merger between the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA) and the University College of the West Indies (UCWI), which formally began the UWI St. Augustine Campus in 1960. We are extremely conscious of our heritage and uniqueness as the University of the Region and the vision of our founding fathers in the establishment of such an institution. We understand our mandate as The University of the West Indies, and remain committed to fulfilling our ageless mission to propel the development of West Indian society through teaching, research, innovation and intellectual leadership. Research and innovation is part of our fabric, as core Professor Nigel E. Harris focus areas outlined in our University’s current trans- Vice Chancellor, The University of the West Indies formative strategic plan. Today, across our region and the globe, we confront some of the greatest crises and some of the creativity, innovation and intellectual talent most daunting challenges of all times. I am delighted to that resides within our University. It gives us an oppor- join with the publishers and editorial team behind this tunity to shine the spotlight on our committed, passionate publication to celebrate some of our University’s and academics and innovators, some of whom toil quietly in region’s finest, brightest, most dedicated researchers the background, but who make enormous contributions and thinkers. This publication gives credence to a boast to helping us to meet our mission and strategic aim to that I’ve made many times before, in stating that we become an internationally recognised centre of excellence have some of the world’s greatest here at our institution, in research, knowledge creation on matters related to who provide the talent and promise, not only to solve the Caribbean and small island developing states. today’s crises, but to sustain us as the Caribbean’s The book is also a melting pot, so characteristic of our leading university for tomorrow. very region and regional institution. It blends into such The team at UWI St. Augustine that conceptualised a beautiful, harmonious whole, a cross-section of per- and created this publication must be commended for sonalities and research accomplishments across the certainly, I can think of no better way to immortalise various disciplines—applied sciences, liberal arts, hu- the contribution of the campus as the publishing of this manities and social sciences. special book. To those featured within these pages, I say “Congrats, This 50th Anniversary research publication provides Well done, Keep up the good work”. And to the entire St. a medium for sharing some of our University’s cutting- Augustine Campus, my warmest congratulations again edge research output and a platform for highlighting on its 50th Anniversary milestone. (6)

Fifty and forging ahead

(1) message from Clement Sankat Pro-Vice Chancellor and Principal

Engaging in research and promoting its application in society are central functions of all leading universities. For the past five decades, The University of the West Indies St. Augustine Campus has undertaken research in a wide range of disciplines, from tropical agriculture to engineering and the environment, humanities, cultural arts and industries, education, social sciences, medical sciences and law. In addition to the range of taught programmes, technical advisory services and activities to stimulate intellectual discussion and debate with our key stakeholders, the Campus has consistently sought to make a meaningful contribution to national and regional development. On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the UWI St. Augustine Campus and in commemoration of the merger of the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA) and the University College of the West Indies (UCWI) on October 12, 1960, the UWI St. Augustine Campus launched a range of initiatives and activities to pay tribute to the many students, staff members and stakeholders who helped to grow our institution from a single Faculty Campus with less than 70 students to a Campus that is on the cusp of having six full Faculties with more than 17,000 students. and realigning what we do is always a work in progress. More specifically, in today’s dynamic and competitive Great Pride environment, research quality, research intensity and the relevance of research and its applications are even It is only fitting, therefore, that this publication more important as factors that distinguish outstanding entitled “Decades of Research: UWI St. Augustine at tertiary institutions, allow universities to effectively 50”, which encapsulates in a succinct way the wealth compete for research funding, hire quality staff inter- of institutional research, intellectual engagement and nationally and be well-integrated into national and re- scholarly activities of our professoriate, be compiled gional innovation systems. While the UWI St. Augustine with a view to highlighting the consistent focus of the Campus has made significant strides in advancing its Campus on research, development, creativity and in- research in a broad range of disciplines, the Campus novation. Such a publication has never before been continues to work assiduously at improving its research produced for our Campus and it is with great pride output and particularly, its impact. that we are able to share this with our wider community As Campus Principal, these are issues that are of as we mark our golden fiftieth anniversary. strategic importance in order to ensure that the UWI Of course, over the past five decades, our Campus St. Augustine Campus is well-positioned to maintain has gone through many changes—physically, demo- its preeminence as a regional tertiary institution. We graphically and even structurally—but our commitment have already begun a process to review and reinvigorate to quality teaching, learning, graduate studies and re- the Campus’ research agenda, to develop specific mul- search, has remained constant. In fact, the more dramatic ti-disciplinary clusters, enhance funding opportunities changes in the external environment, including the and alignment, explore increased partnerships with in- global thrust towards developing knowledge-based ternational funding agencies and the private sector economies, the increased mobility of highly skilled per- and mentor young academic staff and students who sonnel regionally and globally, the effect of information will push the frontiers of intellectual curiosity. This, and communication technologies on all aspects of life, together with a robust institutional framework and our and the intense competition in the tertiary education UWI brand, are essential elements to improve the ef- market, have meant that the UWI St. Augustine fectiveness of our research, its impact and reach and Campus, like other universities, has had to continually the contribution of our university to improving the adjust, adapt and re-focus its activities to better anticipate lives of people in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider and respond to the needs of our stakeholders. Refreshing Caribbean. (9) Pro-Vice Chancellor Clement Sankat Professor of Food and Agricultural Engineering

As a researcher myself for nearly 40 years my of nutmeg crackers for the nutmeg industry in Grenada, passion in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering the design of post-harvest technology for handling has been the quest for new knowledge and its application and storing breadfruit, mango, papaya or the pommerac with the specific aim to reduce the travail and routine for the benefit of Caribbean exporters, or the invention of manual labor, to develop new products and processes of hybrid solar crop dryers for the agricultural industry particularly in the field of food and agriculture, and to in the Caribbean, my primary impetus was to contribute make these competitive. to developing new approaches and new technologies This burning interest and curiosity to explore new for a dynamic food and agriculture sector in Trinidad concepts and meet pressing needs, work directly with and Tobago and the Caribbean. communities and stakeholders, develop new technologies, My own experience has evolved along a continuum engage in discussions with other academics internationally of basic and applied research and innovation all driven and publish research findings in academic journals by societal needs. I have also experienced the multiple and at conferences, represent the experience that I joys of the passionate pursuit of a research agenda— have sought to share with both my undergraduate and stimulating teaching, research grants, peer postgraduate students and colleagues throughout my reviewed/publications and recognition, receptive au- own career as Lecturer, Head of Department, Dean diences and the acceptance of one’s work by industry. and Pro Vice Chancellor for Graduate Studies. I would do this all over again if I had to in the hope Whether it was through the development of a bagasse- that these efforts could help to enhance the lives of based ruminant feed for the sugar industry, the creation some.

(10) CLEMENT SANKAT Pro Vice Chancellor Campus Principal Professor of Food and Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Engineering

University of the West Indies St. Augustine

[email protected]

I do hope that the various descriptions by the responsibility to guide, promote and personal accounts of the outstanding and facilitate research and innovation work being conducted by some of our among our staff and students and to en- other Professors at the UWI St. Au- hance the international competitiveness PUBLICATIONS gustine Campus, which are outlined in of the UWI St. Augustine Campus and this publication, serve to inspire young our University. Khare, M; Sankat C. K.; Shriv- researchers and academics to pursue Without a doubt, we need to keep istava, G. and Venkobachar, their research interests ardently and reinventing ourselves and developing C. 2008. Aluminium Smelting: vigorously, to look for new opportunities new scholars to mentor our young stu- Health, Environmental and to share their scholarly work with other dent population. Engineering Perspectives. Ian students, academics and researchers far I would also like to express my sincere Randle Publishers Limited, and wide, to be proactive in mobilising appreciation and gratitude to all those Kingston, 228p. resources to expand the scope and who were instrumental in making this deepen the impact of their research and very important publication possible - SANKAT, C.K. & NARAYAN, innovative work, and to seek ways of our Campus Coordinator for Graduate C.V., 1983. A Coconut Meat translating their scholarly work into Studies and Research, Professor Patricia Extraction System for Copra Production. ASAE Paper No. creative development outcomes that Mohammed for graciously accepting to 79-3086 and West Indian contribute not only to advancing their spearhead this initiative, the graphic de- Journal of Engineering, Vol. particular discipline but also to improving sign company, Hott Source, our Mar- 7[1] : 14-23. our societies. keting and Communications Department Against this background, I would like as well as Mrs. Stacy Richards-Kennedy SANKAT, C.K. and HARRY- to thank my colleagues, the Deputy and Mr. Khellon Roach from the Office NANAN, L. 2008. The Dehy- Deans for Graduate Studies and Re- of the Campus Principal for their dedi- dration and Rehydration search and the various Professors whose cation and steadfast commitment to this characteristics of the seeded work is showcased in this publication, 50th anniversary project. breadfruit or breadnut seed, for their support for this publication The UWI St. Augustine Campus is Canadian Biosystems and more broadly, for their contribution “Fifty and Forging Ahead”. Engineering. Vol. 50, pp. 3.37- to the Campus’ research initiative. 3.45. The distinction of being recognised Professor Sankat’s full bio can be found as leaders in the academe is accompanied at http://www.sta.uwi.edu/principal (11) Faculty of Science and Agriculture

Introduction: The Faculty of Science and Agriculture was formed out of the 1996 merger of the former Faculties of Agri- culture and Natural Sciences. With its six academic departments and one research unit, it is currently a strong, productive, research-oriented Faculty. Selected work being pursued by staff in the Faculty is presented below.

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension The Department of Agricultural Economics and Ex- tension has six research pillars: (I) Human nutritional status and the impact of nutritional interventions. (II) Impact of climate change on food systems and the risk environment for farming. (III) Natural resource and environmental management. (IV) Trade policy and its impact on the regional agricultural sector. (V) Farmer education strategies (VI) Regional food security. Research has focused on strengthening the tourism sector through linkages with the agricultural sector thus promoting eco- and agro-tourism, on the role and effectiveness of farmer field schools as an extension tool and a study is being carried out of the options to support the expansion of the cocoa industry in Trinidad and Tobago through a technical vocational programme. The department continues its research on intervention to foster healthy dietary and physical activity habits in children Dr. Anderson Maxwell and assess the nutritional status of at risk groups. Research on sustainable watershed management will Dean, Graduate Studies be intensified through a recent grant from the European Development Fund in which the Department will partner and Research with the University of Wageningen, CIRAD of Martinique and the Governments of Trinidad and Tobago and Haiti. Studies continue on rising food prices and food security in the region.

Department of Food Production The major research areas of the Department of Food Production are: (I) Soils and Environmental Sciences (II) Food security and agricultural diversification (III) Geography (IV) Education

Soils and Environment Sciences research includ hy- drology, soil and water relations, soil conservation and

(12) watershed management, and assessment of new tools various morphological, physiological and agronomical for soil mineral and nutritional requirement determi- traits. nation. Recent studies are being conducted on the Taxonomy: The accessions at the ICG,T are being management of soil properties for improved cricket characterised taxonomically using a subset of taxo- turf wickets. Integrated approaches to weed control nomically important descriptors to differentiate pop- are being developed. Breadfruit research aimed at ulations and accession within populations. commercialisation includes improved propagation methods of micropropagation, germplasm evaluation Department of Chemistry and value-addition through products such as flour. The main research pillars of the Department of Postharvest physiology and technology studies focus Chemistry are: on the handling of horticultural products and root (I) Natural Products, Synthesis and Medicinal tubers from harvest to the customer while livestock Chemistry research has focussed on increasing efficiency in (II) Inorganic complexes for industrial and feeding systems for ducks and small ruminants, and other applications on rabbits. New findings on neotropical wildlife will (III) Environmental Studies. contribute significantly to conservation and to com- (IV) Biosensors. mercial wildlife farming as a potentially lucrative Investigation of selected plants, marine organisms source of income. and brackish water microorganisms with the aim of In 2005, Geography was introduced into the de- discovering compounds with pharmaceutical potential partment expanding the synergies of research. In ed- and other useful products has been ongoing. New ucation, action research on new approaches to teaching, research in the area of targeted design and synthesis including on-line delivery, is being conducted to has yielded a family of promising antitumour com- improve students’ learning. pounds and carbohydrate candidate drugs against The Cocoa Research Unit (CRU) has focused in dengue fever and tuberculosis. four major areas and has led to significant achievements Transition metal complexes with perfluoroalkylphos- in the following: phine, squarate and macrocyclic aza ligands have Disease resistance: an understanding of the mech- been synthesised with an improved route to the per- anism and inheritance of resistance to blackpod and fluoroalkylphosphine type ligands developed. A major witches’ broom diseases and to the identification of international energy company has funded the study.of molecular markers for disease resistance. Screening the catalytic ability of these ligand complexes. The methods for identifying resistance to these diseases squarate complexes have been evaluated for antitumour have been developed and are now universally accepted activity and use in glucose sensors. as standard methods for this purpose. Lead monitoring and remediation research proved Flavour and flavour chemistry: Methodologies for its relevance with the discovery of a contaminated the assessment of various flavour attributes have been site in Waller Field. The department responded to developed using a standardised organoleptic taste this crisis by providing expertise to support site panel. Studies focused on the understanding of the cleanup and monitoring patient blood lead levels effect of genotype, growing locations and processing during treatment. on the development of fine flavour attributes in cocoa Ongoing collaborations include studies of heavy have shown that while certain flavour attributes are metals contamination analysis and chemical flavour genotypically determined others are determined by profile determination of cocoa beans with the Cocoa growing environment and processing methods. A Research Unit and the impact of endocrine disrupting study of the male and female parent effects on flavour substances on selected aquatic fauna with the de- development has showed that flavour is a function of partment of Life Sciences. primarily the female parent effects. Molecular genetics: A large proportion of the ac- Department of Life Sciences: cessions at the Unit has been fingerprinted using The Department of Life Sciences has two main re- SSR and SNP markers towards identifying Phylo- search pillars: genetic groups within the ICG,T. The molecular in- (I) Small island biodiversity, environmental formation has been used in linkage disequilibrium and natural resource management. analysis to identify molecular markers linked to This research targets the biodiversity and ecosystem (13) Faculty of Science and Agriculture

services that support human well-being. The objective portant research contributions have also been made on is to contribute to sustainable development and knowl- health related metabolic diseases such as diabetes and edge dissemination to the wider community. For ex- the potential influence of factors such as racial origin. ample, the National Herbarium at UWI has coordinated the resurvey of the entire vegetation of Trinidad and Department of Mathematics and Tobago and placed the complete new specimen database Computer Science online to support ecosystem conservation. The De- The major research pillars in the department are: partment has also worked with the Environmental (I) Applied Mathematics Management Authority to initiate restoration and (II) Combinatorics and Graph theory carbon sequestration in the Nariva Swamp through (III) Statistics reforestation by local communities. (IV) Human-Computer interactions (V) E-learning (II) Biotechnology and Molecular Biology for (VI) Networking agricultural improvement, human health (VII) Parallel and distributed computing and wellness. (VIII) Computer and mobile technology for Health- This research concentrates on developing biotechnology care management products including genetically improved papaya, anthurium, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato and hot Research in fluid mechanics has been applied to the pepper. flow of oil in pipelines and the flow of lubricants in In addition, biotechnology is being used to develop joints (eg the hip). Expertise in the area of graph theory diagnostic services for human, veterinary and plant and combinatorics has been applied to scheduling diseases and in the management of genetic diversity in problems (at PTSC) and to solving traffic problems. forestry, aquaculture and fisheries. In the area of Statistics focus has been on health With regard to health and wellness, research is pro- statistics, hypothesis testing and multivariate statistical ceeding on the molecular genetics and ecology of inference and more recently bioinformatics and statistical dengue vectors as well as dengue fever outbreaks. Im- genetics. Human Computer interaction has emerged as

(14) another area of research and work in the recently es- programme, which has been very productive to date. tablished Usability Lab has been going apace. A mul- In the Medical Physics area, a method has been de- ti-disciplinary e-learning cluster led by staff in the developed using photoplethysmography to assess the partment has developed an open source software tool, efficiency of blood circulation in various organs of the called Burrokeet, which enables e-learning materials body. in various formats to be consolidated into an e-learning In other work, a Superconducting Quantum Inter- package for course delivery. Another exciting devel- ference Device (SQUID) has been demonstrated to opment has been the “MediNet system” which links be a useful and more informative alternative to ECG patients in widely separated locations via cell phones for diagnosis of heart conditions. Solar Thermal with their doctor. Energy research has produced a commercial timber dryer and prototypes of a solar cooker and solar re- Department of Physics frigerator. Staff in the department have obtained The major areas of research in the department are several patents including those for a graphite lubricant, as follows: asphalt sealant and a solar light box. (I) Materials Science In addition, a team from the department has won a (II) Medical Physics UNESCO sponsored prize for a cheap, efficient and (III) Astronomy and Astrobiology accessible method for water purification and three (IV) Environmental Physics and Alternative Energy outstanding science documentaries (Adventures in Dis- (V) Electronics covery, Wild and Wonderful and is number) have been (VI) Pure Physics produced. Work has been initiated and is ongoing in Extensive research has been conducted on Trinidad the following areas: astrobiology and mud volcanoes, clays resulting in the characterisation of many structures geothermal energy and wind energy potential for the and properties and assessment of their suitability for Caribbean, solar distillation, regional climate analyses use in various ceramic products. Polymer electrolytes and impact studies and Digital Signal Processing in and their composites have been prepared and utilised the recently established Very Large Scale Integration as membranes for testing in the Fuel Cell research Lab (VLSIL).

(15) Faculty of Science and Agriculture John Agard Professor - Tropical Island Ecology Head, Department of Life Sciences

Professor John Agard’s research spans more than ter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published two decades. It has been broadly focussed on the area by Cambridge University Press. His contribution on of sustainability science with an emphasis on environ- small island biodiversity supports the case that Small mental management methods and tool development, Island Developing States (SIDS), because of their ecosystem services marketing and climate change adap- intrinsic characteristics are among the most vulnerable tation. group of countries to projected global climate change. Sustainability science is the study of the complex His work continues to be acknowledged by his peers coupled interactions between humans and nature and is and he has been selected again as a Lead Author in the driven by concerns about finding the right balance be- 5th Assessment of the IPCC beginning in 2010. The tween conserving nature and providing for the needs of Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) authors were society. Through research and application at the awarded the Zayed Prize for the Environment while University of the West Indies, Professor Agard has the IPCC and Al Gore shared the 2007 Noble Peace contributed to mainstreaming environmental sustainability Prize. Building on the knowledge gained from these ex- in development planning at international, regional and periences, Professor Agard is currently an independent local levels. advisor on Environment and Sustainability to the In- At the international level, Professor Agard has interfaced ter-American Development Bank in Washington. scientific knowledge with practical experience through At the regional level, Professor Agard was co-leader participation in major integrated environmental assessment of the Caribbean Sea Ecosystem Assessment (CARSEA), exercises aimed at synthesising environmental science a sub-global study of the Millennium Ecosystem As- to inform policy and decision making. He has served as sessment published in 2007 (see Caribbean Marine a lead author in the 4 volumes on ‘Ecosystems and Studies, Vol. 8:1-85). The policy advice from this study Human Well-being’ published by Island Press for the has contributed to the formation of the Caribbean Sea Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in 2005 (see Vol. Commission by the Association of Caribbean States, to 1, Chapter 23: Island Systems, pg. 663-680; Vol. 2, Ch. advance the cause of integrated management of the 9: State of the art in describing future changes in Caribbean Sea. ecosystem services, pg. 71-115; Vol. 2, Ch. 12: Interactions His work on scenarios development and modelling of among Ecosystem Services, pg. 431-448; Vol. 4, Ch. 10, plausible future projections in environmental and so- Sub-Global Scenarios, pg. 229-259. cio-economic indicators in Latin America and the He also served as a Coordinating Lead Author of Caribbean continues with the 2010 publication (Ch. Scenarios development in the Global Environmental Outlook IV, Scenarios, pg. 227-274) of the Latin America and (GEO-4) published by UNEP in 2007 (see. Ch. 9: The Caribbean Environment Outlook (GEO-LAC 3) by Future Today, pg 395-454). This major project was the UNEP Regional office for Latin America and the able to coordinate consultations and data collection in Caribbean. He is also a collaborator with the Caribbean five international regions as inputs to six global computer Community (CARICOM) Secretariat and the Caribbean models that were inter-linked to project a wide range of Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) in pur- environmental and socio-economic indicators under suing a sub-regional sustainable development agenda. four plausible scenarios for the future up to 2100. At the local level, Professor Agard has directly Professor Agard is also a Lead Author of the Small influenced science in the public domain through the Islands Chapter of the Fourth Assessment Report of the In- creation of environmental policy, laws and systems.

(16) This was his main public service contri- of new treatment methods to reduce the bution as Chairman of the Environmental toxicity of these effluents. This small Management Authority of Trinidad and sample of studies indicates that Trinidad Tobago for three terms between 1998 and Tobago has cause for concern about and 2008 while continuing to perform the coastal environment and more holistic his primary teaching and research duties development planning to find a better at UWI. balance between development and envi- JOHN AGARD As the non-executive Chairman of the ronment than at present. Professor of Tropical Island Ecology Environmental Management Authority These marine pollution studies were Head, Department of Life Sciences (EMA), Professor Agard used his research intermixed with a number of well cited Faculty of Science and Agriculture and experience to lead and contribute to theoretical and methodological papers on the development of the National Envi- the nature of adaptation to the environment ronmental Policy 1996 and revised 2007, in marine invertebrates. The methods de- University of the West Indies the Certificate of Environmental Clearance scribed in one or more of these papers St. Augustine Rules 2001, the Environmentally Sensitive are positively cited in the standard marine Areas Rules 2001, The Environmentally community analysis reference manual of 868 662 2002 ext. 3095 Sensitive Species Rules 200, the Noise the National Environment Research Coun- [email protected] Pollution Rules 2001 and the Water Pol- cil (NERC) of the UK, the standard en- lution Rules 2001. vironmental effects monitoring manual Professor Agard’s early career research of Environment Canada and the US EPA focussed on marine biology and eco-tox- in their Estuarine and Coastal, Bio-as- icology with emphasis on developing sessment and Bio-criteria Technical Guid- methods for detecting the sub-lethal effects ance Manual. PUBLICATIONS of oil pollution on benthic ecology. The Current Research Plans are focussed collaborative research group found that on developing markets for ecosystem S. R. Carpenter, H.A. Mooney, J. the entire seabed of the south Trinidad services with an emphasis on non-carbon Agard, D. Capistrano, R. S. De- coastline of the Gulf of Paria is heavily markets and with the ultimate intention Fries, S. Díaz, T. Dietz, A.K. Du- polluted by oil (Agard, Boodosingh and of introducing ecosystem services valuation raiappah, A. Oteng-Yeboah, H. Gobin, Marine Pollution Bulletin 19: 231- into national economic and planning M. Pereira, C. Perrings, W.V. 233, 1988). However, studies show that frameworks. Two main research projects Reid, J. Sarukhan, R.J. Scholes, species found around natural oil seeps at are: and A. Whyte (2009). Science La Brea have adapted to these conditions – Nariva Swamp Restoration, Carbon for managing ecosystem servic- with no signs of ill effects while disturbance Sequestration and Livelihoods Project es: Beyond the Millennium of ecosystem structure is clearly indicated which is funded by the Green Fund Ecosystem Assessment. Proceed- around polluted areas near oil refineries of Trinidad and Tobago with initial ings of the National Academy of and cities (Agard, Gobin and Warwick, support from the World Bank. Sciences of the United States of Marine Ecology Progress Series 92: 233-243, – Project for Ecosystem Services (ProE- America 106(5): 1305-1312. 1993). coServ), which is funded by the Global This research informed the development Environment Facility. Mimura, N., L. Nurse, R.F. McLean, J. Agard, L. Briguglio, P. Lefale, R. Payet and G. Sem (2007). Small islands. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adapta- tion and Vulnerability. Contribu- tion of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the In- tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, UK, 687-716. (17) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Balswaroop Bhatt Pofessor - Mathematics Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

My research has been concentrated in the selected described as simultaneous flow in an open space and in areas of Fluid Dynamics and Bio- Mathematics, namely: a porous medium. The flow in the open space (also (i) Flow through porous media known as clean region) is given by the Navier-Stokes (ii) Non-Newtonian fluid flows equations and the flow in the porous medium is (iii) Magneto Hydrodynamic flows governed by the Darcy’s law or the Brinkman equations (iv) New methods to find the solutions of partial with the interfacial conditions as continuity of normal differential equations velocity and pressure and slip conditions for the (v) Epidemic models tangential velocity in the case of Darcy’s law or the (vi) Prey and Predator models continuity of velocity and stresses at the interface in the case of Brinkman equations. Flow through porous media I have used both the models in my studies and did Flow in the porous medium has many applications in some classical problems e.g. flow between two discs Civil Engineering, Chemical, Mechanical Engineering, with upper one rotating and lower one at rest made up Petroleum Engineering and Physiological flows. a porous material of finite thickness, flow past a het- In 1972 I became interested in coupled fluid flows in erogeneous porous sphere, flow past a porous spherical porous medium. The coupled fluid flows can be shell using matched asymptotic technique.

(18) It was discovered that by changing the porous material the velocity of the inner fluid could be increased or decreased. This idea can be used for removing gall stones/kidney stones once they are in the arteries. Balswaroop Bhatt

Non-Newtonian fluid flows solutions have been used to find solutions The important application of coupled of partial differential equations. fluid flows was found during 1982-84 In the first method we interchange the when I studied the movement of a large role of dependent and independent vari- BALSWAROOP liquid bubble (micropolar fluid) sur- ables in two dimensional motion and get rounded by another liquid (Newtonian new solutions of p.d.e. In the second we BHATT use the Lie group symmetry to generate fluid) in a porous tube that resembles Professor of Mathematics the flow of blood surrounded by plasma all possible solutions of a p.d.e. (Bhatt Department of Mathematics and in an artery. and Krishnan). It was discovered that by changing My second Ph.D. student has studied Computer Science the porous material the velocity of the symmetries of differential equations: Faculty of Science and Agriculture inner fluid could be increased or de- topics in nonlocal symmetries of dynamical creased. This idea can be used for re- systems and was awarded his degree in University of the West Indies moving the gall stones/kidney stones 2010. St. Augustine once they are in the arteries. The same idea can be used for the movement of an Epidemic models 868 662 2002 ext. 3859 Prey and Predator models ovum transport in an oviduct after fer- [email protected] tilisation. (v) and (vi) deal with the system of first order ordinary differential equations Magneto Hydrodynamic flows where we are mainly interested in the PUBLICATIONS Sometimes in oil well drilling we come equilibrium values and the stability of the equilibrium values. In the existence across hard rocks which make the drilling E. J. Hinch and B. S. Bhatt; Sta- of equilibrium values means the disease impossible. In such situations acids bility of an acid front moving exists and the instability means the disease (known as mud acids) are used to soften through porous rock. J. Fluid becomes epidemic. We try to find the the rock. To get insight into such problems Mech. 212 (1990) 279-288. the study of stability of moving acid front ranges of various parameters (e.g. birth rate, death rate, transmission rate of disin the porous rocks becomes very im- M. E. O'Neill and B. S. Bhatt; ease etc.) under which the disease can portant since it may damage the structure. Slow motion of a sphere in be controlled. John Hinch and I examined the con- the presence of a naturally In (vi) the instability means that the ditions of stability for the movement of permeable wall. Quart. Jour. prey and predators can not coexist. These an acid in a porous medium. The heat Mech. Appl. Math. 44 (1991) ideas can be applied to the study of: transfer problems in porous media have 91-104. been carried out by my first Ph. D. • crime in a country, • the trade between countries, student who obtained her degree in Balswaroop Bhatt, David • the war between two coun- (2007). Owen and Rameshwar P. Jaju; tries, At present we are considering the Switching effect on prey • the management of any insti- Brinkman, Darcy combination to describe species living in different tution or company, the porous medium as given by Hill and habitats with arbitrary preda- • any other system where we Straughan, Generalized Couette flow of tory rates II, J. phys. Soc. Japan come across the interaction of two immiscible fluids has been examined 71,9 (2002)2304-2309. by an M.Sc. student in his project. An- two or more species. other student is working towards his Ph. B. S. Bhatt, D.R. Owen and R. We are using disease and prey predator D. in this area. P.Jaju, Switching of predation models to study crime in Trinidad and on prey species in the presence Tobago (one of my Ph.D. students is New methods to find the solutions of of predator interference. Int. J. working on this). partial differential equations Pure and Applied Mathematics My future research will be on the ap- Two new techniques, namely, hodo- 45,4(2008) 587- 598 graph method and the group invariant plications of above areas.

(19) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Richard A.I. Brathwaite Professor - Agronomy Department of Food Poduction

I have developed two schools of research, one in structures. Agronomy with emphasis on Cereals and Legumes, and 3. Sustainable cropping systems for the production of the other in Weed Science. My research programme is vegetables under protective structures. concerned with the comparative evaluation of growth, development, yield and yield components of improved Major contributions arising from the research are: the germplasm and the development of agronomic optima development of the composite sweet corn variety “UW in Legumes (bodie bean, soyabean) Cereals (rice, maize, 7,” which is a rugged performer producing two marketable sorghum) and selected Horticultural Crops. ears per plant with excellent consumer acceptability; Research is also focused on aspects of Weed Science the identification of improved high yielding varieties including studies on problem weeds like Rottboellia well-adapted to our particular environmental and edaphic cochinchinensis (corn grass) and Commelina spp. (water conditions and agronomic optima for the production of grass) and the identification of efficacious chemical and corn, cowpea, soyabean and selected vegetables; the non-chemical weed management systems in a range of identification of weed management strategies for a range cropping and non-cropping situations. of crops including Cereals, Legumes and selected veg- Work continues under these two schools with new etables. areas of focus aimed at enhancing food and nutrition se- Many of the studies on the crop species, especially the curity, rural development and poverty alleviation. These vegetables, have been conducted using on-farm research are: with cooperating farmers and this has resulted in their 1. The utilisation of agricultural by-products (compost, adoption of improved practices. compost teas and botanicals) for pest and disease Most of the research work has been carried out in as- control, as well as growing media. sociation with nine Ph.D, ten M.Phil. and five M.Sc. 2. Agronomic evaluation of heat and salt tolerant veg- graduate students as well as in undergraduate student etable varieties in open field and under protective projects. (20) PUBLICATIONS

GANPAT, W.G., ISAAC, W.P., BRATHWAITE, R.A.I. and BEKELE, I. (2009). Farmers’ attitude towards a participatory research method used to evaluate weed management strategies in bananas. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. 15 (3): 235 – 244

St. Martin, C.C.G., Bedasie, S., Ganpat, W.G., Orrigio, S., Isaac, W.A.I., and BRATH- WAITE, R.A.I. (2008). Greenhouse Technology is once again washing the Caribbean. Can we ride the wave this time around? Proceedings of the International Congress on Tropical Agriculture, 30 November – 5 December 2008, Hyatt Regency Trinidad, Port of Spain. pp. 144-152. RICHARD A.I. BRIDGEMOHAN, P., BRATHWAITE, R.A.I. and MC. DAVID, C.R. (1991). Seed survival and patterns of seedling emergence studies of Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. BRATHWAITE Clayton in cultivated soils. Weed Research 31 (2): 265 - 272. Professor of Agronomy Department of Food Production RAMKHELAWAN, E. and BRATHWAITE, R.A.I. (1990). Leaf area estimation by non-de- Faculty of Science and Agriculture structive methods in sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 67 (3): 203 - 206. University of the West Indies St. Augustine BRATHWAITE,C.W.D., POLLARD, G.V., ELANGO, F., HAQUE, S.Q., PERSAD, C.G., BALA, G., BRATHWAITE, R.A.I. and GRIFFITH, S.M. (1987). Guidelines for the identifi- 868 662 2002 ext. 3320/2090 cation and diagnosis of damage in crop plants caused by insects, diseases, weeds and [email protected] nutrient disorders. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), Trinidad and Tobago. ISSN-0253-4746

(21) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Andrew Lawrence Professor - Environmental Biology Department of Life Sciences

Marine Sea Cucumber Study – importance of marine invertebrates Shortly to be published in a book and supported by two prestigious Darwin Initiative grants, this nine- year study examined the over-exploitation and vital role of sea cucumber in the Egyptian Red Sea. Professor Lawrence was Project Leader in both studies, which involved a survey of the species in the region and those being exploited in the fishery, an examination of bioactive substances of potential medical use, development of a model aquaculture system for sea cucumber and study of the functional importance of this group of animals.

Survey highlighted significant over-exploitation of sea cucumber Results from the survey identified 22 species of sea cucumber in the shallow waters of the Egyptian Red The survey team collects samples of each species of sea cu- Sea. Of these seven species were exploited commercially. cumber. The survey also showed that the fishery in Egypt was against bacteria, fungi, a protozoan parasite and two following the boom and bust pattern of over-exploitation. cancer cell lines. Whilst no antibacterial activity was Almost all commercial species were fished out along found, we did find significant activity against three the whole coastline of Egypt with the most valuable strains of the fungal infection Candida. species becoming locally extinct. The results were pre- Our work also identified activity from several species sented to the Egyptian Government who instigated a against the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Fungal in- three-year ban on the fishery in the most affected Gov- fections are increasingly important in hospitals particularly ernorate. in patients with immune deficiency such as HIV. How- ever, the activity against Leishmania may be even Study identifies bioactive substances more important. of potential use On the WHO list of most important pathogens, it is A second aspect involved an intensive study to estimated that 350 million people are at risk of Leish- identify any bioactive properties in the key sea cucumbers maniasis. There are over 12 million infected people collected in the region. Sea cucumbers are well known worldwide with two million new cases each year. Of for their biomedical value in Asia particularly as an these, it is estimated that 57,000 people die each year. anti-inflammatory. Over 150 bioassays were undertaken In addition, with links now to HIV infection, there

The survey team with Prof. Lawrence (second on left). (22) Clockwise from top One of the species of sea cucumber from which bioactive substances of potential use have been identified. ANDREW LAWRENCE

Scanning EM of spicules from the skin of a sea Professor of Environmental cucumber, vital for the identification of each Biology species. Department of Life Sciences Breeding and growing these valuable animals Faculty of Science and Agriculture could lead to a sustainable fishery in Egypt. University of the West Indies St. Augustine may be a real potential to develop treat- maintaining the livelihoods of local fishing ments against this disease. communities. 868 662 2002 ext. 3739 Most recently we have also found bio- Overall, the project has been considered [email protected] logical activity against the cancer cell a great success. We have shown that the lines. Interestingly, the biological activity potential options value of the animals as seems to vary between populations of suppliers of new drugs may be much the same species in different parts of its higher than that currently gained directly range. This has led to a re-examination through the fishery. This, together with PUBLICATIONS of the taxonomy of the species using tra- the important functional role of the ditional taxonomy and DNA bar-coding animals has been successfully used to Lawrence, AJ and Hemming- techniques. This has shown that these encourage the Egyptian Government to way Eds: (2003) The Effects of populations are genetically isolated and maintain the existing ban on the fishery Pollution on Fish, Molecular may represent sibling species. This has and to give the stocks time to recover. Mechanisms to Population Re- important implications for the conserva- As a consequence we were invited to sponses. Blackwell Science tion and management of these species. participate in an UNFAO workshop in Ltd, Oxford, 336pp China reporting on sea cucumber trade Functional importance of sea cucumber and mariculture and a workshop in Lawrence, A.J., Ahmed, M., In addition to these studies we also Malaysia to advise the Animals Committee Hanafy, M), Gabr, H., Ibrahim, looked at why sea cucumber are so im- of the Convention on International Trade A and Gab-Alla, A. (2004) Sta- portant and what their functional role in in Endangered Species (CITES) on the tus of the Sea Cucumber Fish- the ecosystem is. Closely related to starfish, possible listing of this group of animals. ery in the Red Sea – The Egypt- these animals can grow to over one metre ian Experience. In: Lovatelli, in length and we found that they are Finally, it has also highlighted the im- A. (comp./ed.); Conand, C.; vitally important in nutrient recycling portance of many species to the health Purcell, S.; Uthicke, S.; Hamel, and in maintaining the health of coral of coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs have J.-F.; Mercier, A. (eds.). Ad- reef ecosystems. As sediment feeders and been shown to be incredibly important vances in sea cucumber aqua- nutrient recyclers the loss of these animals to the economies of the countries of the culture and management. FAO through over-fishing may lead to a sig- Caribbean. For example, approximately Fisheries Technical Paper. No. nificant degradation of the world’s coral 60 per cent of the GDP of Tobago is re- 463. Rome, FAO. 2004. 457p reefs. lated to its coral reefs. Yet these systems are increasingly under threat. Ahmed, M.I. and A. J. Mariculture of sea cucumber We have just begun a study, therefore, Lawrence (2007) The Status of In the final aspect of the study we looking at the resilience of the coral reefs Commercial Sea Cucumbers looked at whether mariculture could help in Tobago and the role of herbivorous from Egypt’s northern Red Sea to save this group and provide an alter- fish in the maintenance of coral reef Coast. Beche de Mer Informa- native source of animals to fishing, thereby ecosystem health. tion Bulletin 26, 14-18 (23) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Dyer Narinesingh Professor - Chemistry Dean, Faculty of Science and Agriculture

(24) Our research group’s focus over the and water samples. These sensors are years has been centred around the at- based on the degree of enzyme inhibition tachment of biologically active molecules by the analytes. such as enzymes, antibodies or antigens Another related aspect of our research to various types of polymeric supports focuses on the development of novel with the view of utilising these immo- synthetic affinity matrices for the pu- DYER NARINESINGH bilised biomolecules in the development rification of antibodies. Antibodies are of clinical as well as environmental now being widely used commercially Professor of Chemistry biosensors, immunoassays, enzyme based for diagnostic as well as therapeutic Dean clinical analyses, affinity chromatographic purposes. As such rapid, simplified, low Faculty of Science and Agriculture purification of antibodies as well as in- cost methods of purification leading to dustrial bioreactors and implantable de- high purity antibodies are critical in University of the West Indies vices in humans. this context. St. Augustine To date we have been able to develop Our research group has successfully and evaluate a number of amperometric developed a novel synthetic biochro- 868 662 2002 ext. 2091/3570 biosensors for monitoring clinically im- matographic affinity matrix for the rapid c/o Dean’s Office portant substances such as glucose, ure- purification of immunoglobulins. The 868 662 2002, ext. 2112/2113 ase and cholesterol. Here our focus has affinity matrix was synthesized by cou- been on the trapping of the clinically pling n, n -dimethyl aminopyridine and 868 662 5012 important enzymes such as glucose ox- analogues of 2-, 4-, 6-trihalopyridine [email protected] idase, peroxidase and urease into a spe- and the procedure involves a simple cially formulated ecectroactive biocom- two-step purification procedure. PUBLICATIONS patible co-polymer consisting of poly- The third aspect of our research hema (the polymer used in contact focuses on the use of immobilized bio- D.F. Wu, X. Zhou, G. Ander- lenses and breast implants) and polypyr- molecules, mainly enzymes and anti- son, A. Fuentes, L. Slater, D. role. bodies coupled with flow injection analy- Narinesingh, P. Jiminez, T. To date the biosensors developed have sis to develop improved analytical sys- Gopiesingh and T.T. Ngo, been evaluated in vitro and have shown tems for the quantitations of important (1999) Sensitivity and Speci- to have very low detection limits and clinical metabolities. These methods of ficity of DR-70TM Lung Can- relatively free of interferences from analyses seek to combine the specificity cer Immunoassay. Analytical other substances inherently present in and sensitivity of these biomolecules, Letters 32(7), 1351-1362. serum. These biosensors have also been the advantages of immobilisation and reconfigured for use as potential im- the sensitivity, small sample volumes S. Brahim, D. Narinesingh and plantable devices in experimental animals and high throughput rate of flow injection A.Guiseppi-Ellie (2002) and are being evaluated. into a single analytical procedure. Polypyrrole-hydrogelcompos- The ultimate aim is to be able to use A number of analytical procedures ites for the construction of these biosensors as implantable devices have been developed using this technique clinically important biosen- in human beings for the continuous for the quantification of clinical samples sors. Biosensors and Biolelec- (24/7) monitoring of clinically important such as glucose, urea and cholesterol. tronics, 17(1-2), 53-59. metabolities. This specially formulated Of special interest is the development electroactive biopolymer is also being of an elisa screening method for the S. Brahim, D. Narinesingh, evaluated for use a potential “artificial quantification of a pan-tumor marker A.Guiseppi-Elie (2002) pancreas” in the treatment of diabetes associated with cervical and lung cancers. Bioactive composite hydrogels by trapping into the polymer both insulin Work has also been done on the use of for clinical biosensors and and glucose oxidase. In vitro testing is immobilised enzymes in industrial re- Controlled release of drugs currently in progress. actors. Two such applications that have Polymer Preprints, 43(2), We have also been developing various been successfully evaluated were the 625-62 environmental amperometric biosensors use of immobilised lactase and papain for the rapid monitoring of pesticides in the removal of lactose from milk and residues and heavy metals in food crops the clarification of beer. (25) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Christian Posthoff Professor Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

In the area of research, I want to emphasise some different properties and directions: • the research must be comparable with the advanced international level, • the research must be useful in the environment of the researcher, • the research must include students and contribute to their education, • the research must have a broad educational background.

The research can be grouped in the following way: The first group includes the interdisciplinary research shared by Mathematics - Physics - Computer Science - Medicine that has been based on the cooperation of Prof. Saunders, Prof. Addae and myself. Some example include:

Krauss, M., Grohmann, G., Addae, J., Posthoff, C., Saunders, R. Non- invasive recording of parameters of the heart and the circulatory system using the NIRP- method and its application for the sickle cell anaemia examples Workshop on Advances in Methodology and Monograph (48 pages), 2002. Software in Decision Support Systems, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, M. Krauss, C. Posthoff, D. Bilz Optimal and Normal Austria, 1995, Proc. p. 34. Values for Heart and Circulatory Parameters and their Assessment by Non-invasive NIRP Methods Signal Posthoff, Ch. Prototyping of Learned (Fuzzy) Logic and Image Processing (SIP-96), Orlando 1996. Structures Using (Fuzzy) Logic Equations 2nd Workshop Boolesche Probleme, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 1996, Arjoon, C., Addae, J., Saunders, R., Posthoff,Ch., Proc. p. 79-84. Krauss, M. et al. Analysis of the Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous Systems in Normals and Patients Posthoff, C. Learning Logic Functions from Examples Using Photoplethysmography, IX. Annual Meeting of - Better conceptions and Models Proceedings Intelligent the Caribbean Academy of Science, Guadeloupe, 1998. Information Systems IIS'97, Bahamas 1997, p. 251- 256. Ramadharsingh, R., Saunders, R., Posthoff, C. et al. SQUID magnetocardiography in healthy Trinidadians, Posthoff, C. Learning from Examples and Decision Proceedings of XXI Congress of the European Society Trees IX. Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Academy of Cardiology. 1999, pp. 991-994. of Science, Guadeloupe, 1998.

Saunders, R., Peters, H., Addae, J., Posthoff, Ch. et Steinbach, B.; Posthoff, Chr. Optimal Design Using al. Coarse-grained dimensional analysis of EEG waves Implicitly Given Function Sets In: The Experience of in healthy and patients with functional disorders, 12th Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Micro- Annual Meeting and Conference of the Caribbean Acad- electronics - Proceedings of the VII-th International emy of Sciences, Guyana, 2001. Conference CADSM. Lviv Slavsko, Ukraine, 2003, pp. 446-453. The second group includes research results that are applied in Artificial Intelligence and in Electrical En- Steinbach, B.; Posthoff, Chr. Optimal Design by Re- gineering (Logic or Digital Design). solving Boolean Equations In: The Experience of De- signing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelec- Posthoff, Ch. Learning fuzzy-logical structures from tronics - Proceedings of the VII-th International Con- (26) ference CADSM. Lviv Slavsko, Ukraine, Sets of Hamiltonian Circuits for Classifi- 2003, pp. 454-457. cation of Documents In: Quesada-Aren- cibia, A.; Rodriguez, J.C.; Moreno- Diaz, M. Johnson, Ch. Posthoff, TRISAT - R. jr.; Moreno-Diaz, R. (Eds.): EURO- A SAT-solver Using Ternary-Valued Log- CAST Computer Aided System Theory, ics 14th International Workshop on Post- Extended Abstracts. IUCTC Universidad Binary ULSI Systems, University of Cal- de Las Palmas de Grand Canaria, 2009. CHRISTIAN gary, May 18, 2005. pp.177-178. POSTHOFF Ch. Posthoff, M. Steinbach A Multi- Professor Processor Approach to SAT-problems The final area is Education-related ac- Department Mathematics 9th International workshop on Boolean tivities. The relation between research and Computer Science Problems, Freiberg University of Mining and education is one of the most important Faculty of Science and Agriculture and Technology, Freiberg, Germany, factors to be considered. Particularly, the 2006. two books published in 2004 and 2009 University of the West Indies show the relation between research and St. Augustine Steinbach, B.; Posthoff, Ch. Extended education. Theory of Boolean Normal Forms In: First, you must explore the theoretical Proceedings of the 6th Annual Hawaii problems and solutions, and then these 662 2002 ext. 3080 International Conference on Statistics, results must be supported by software [email protected] Mathematics and Related Fields, Honolulu, and introduced into the education of en- Hawaii, 2007, pp. 1124-1139. gineers and Computer Scientists. PUBLICATIONS Posthoff, Ch.; Steinbach, B. SAT-Prob- Steinbach, B.; Posthoff, Ch. Logic Func- lems - New Findings In: Proceedings of tions and Equations Examples and Exer- Steinbach, B.; Postho, Ch. the 6th WSEAS International Conference cises Springer Science + Business Media XBOOLE and the Education of on Data Networks, Communications, B.V., 2009, pp. 1-231. Engineers In: Computer-Aided Computers, Trinidad and Tobago, , 2007, Design of Discrete Devices - pp. 339-344. Ch. Posthoff, Artificial Intelligence - CAD DD 2007, Proceedings State and Application Fifth Annual Meet- of the Sixth International Con- Posthoff, Ch.; Steinbach, B. The Solution ing of The Academy of Sciences, George- ference , 2007, Minsk, Be- of Combinatorial Problems Using SAT town, Guyana 1994. larus, Volume 2, pp. 14-22. In: SIAM Conference on Discrete Math- ematics - Abstracts, 16 19 Juni 2008, Ch. Posthoff, Computer Science Edu- Steinbach, B.; Posthoff, Ch. Burlington (Vermont), USA, p. 36. cation - Present Stage and Further Re- Set-Based SAT-Solving. In: quirements Sixth Annual Meeting of The Journal - FACTA Posthoff, Ch.; Steinbach, B. Sudoku Academy of Sciences, Castries, St. Lucia UNIVERSITATIS (NI), Series.: Solutions Using Logic Equations In: Stein- 1995. Electronics and Energetics. bach, B. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 8th Vol. 20, No. 3, 2007, 395- International Workshops on Boolean Ch. Posthoff, The Impact of Information 414. Problems, Freiberg University of Mining Technologies on Science, Technology and and Technology, Freiberg, 2008, pp. 49- Education Proceedings of The Caribbean Posthoff, Ch.; Steinbach, B. 57. Academy of Sciences, 7th Annual General Logic Functions and Equations Meeting, 1996, p. 121-126. Springer Science + Business Steinbach, B; Posthoff, Ch. The Boolean Media, 2004. Deferential Calculus - Introduction and Ch. Posthoff, Computer Science as one Examples Proceedings Reed-Muller Foundation of (Higher) Education Con- Workshop, Naha, Okinawa, Japan, 2009, ference “Re-Thinking Education in the pp. 107-117. Caribbean: Yesterday, Today and To- morrow”, Sint Maarten, October 11-13, Steinbach, B.; Posthoff, Ch. Complete 2006. (27) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Indar Ramnarine Professor - Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of Life Sciences

I have been involved in Aquaculture Research, Fisheries closely with the Fisheries Division of the MALMR. Research and Fish and Shellfish Diversity (both freshwater With post-graduate students, we have determined the and marine) since 1985 when I returned to Trinidad optimal mesh size for the fish pot fishery of Trinidad, and Tobago to join the Department of Zoology, UWI. the optimal mesh size for the carite and mullet gillnet Within the past ten years I have developed research in- fishery and also evaluated the fish nursery function of terests in evolutionary biology and behavioural ecology the Caroni Swamp. I am currently working with a post- of the guppy. I have successfully supervised seven PhDs graduate student on the development of a by-catch and seven M.Phils pursuing higher degrees in the field model for the shrimp trawl fishery in the Gulf of Paria. of fisheries science and management, aquaculture and I served on the Fisheries Monitoring and Advisory fish and shellfish diversity, and behavioural ecology of Committee of the MALMR as Deputy Chairman, as the guppy. I am currently supervising two PhD and well as on the National Wetlands Committee. I also lead five M.Phil students. a UWI Team that developed a Policy for the Management My research has yielded one book, one monograph, of Marine Fisheries of Trinidad and Tobago. one book chapter, 48 publications in refereed journals, A few years ago, I developed a plan for the management 16 refereed conference proceedings, 13 refereed abstracts, of the fisheries resources in the Caroni Swamp. 18 workshop papers and ten technical reports. I have published ten papers in 2009 and 2010 since attaining Fish and Crustacean Diversity Research the rank of professor. I have conducted surveys in both islands of Trinidad and Tobago to look at the diversity of fish and decapod Aquaculture Research crustaceans and have co-supervised two graduate students My research in aquaculture has focused on studies on who studied the diversity of these groups. I have also induction of spawning, determination of the nutritional developed a key for the identification of the freshwater requirements, and development of hatchery and production fish of Trinidad and Tobago. I conducted a study on the technology for important local species with potential for aquatic biodiversity of the Caroni Swamp with emphasis aquaculture. I developed methods for induced spawning on the fish and shellfish diversity. I am currently part of in the cascadu and river conch, determined the nutritional a research team led by Professor A. Magurran of St An- requirements of both species and also the production drew’s University, which was awarded a European Re- technology for the commercial culture of both species. search Council Grant for the sum of 1.8 million euros I also worked on the hatchery and production technology for the project entitled “Biological diversity in an for the Malaysian prawn and have improved methods inconstant world: temporal turnover in modified ecosys- for the intensive culture of the tilapia. I designed tems”. This is a five-year project that is due to begin in hatcheries and fish farms in Trinidad, Guyana, Bangladesh September 2010 and would involve research in freshwater and Nepal and have done voluntary work in Jamaica, ecosystems in Mexico, the Amazon, Scotland and Guyana, Suriname, Cambodia, Nepal, Thailand and Trinidad. Bangladesh. My current research in aquaculture involves the de- Guppy Research velopment of Urban Aquaculture using the tilapia as I am actively involved in guppy research from the the major species. I have also begun research on the de- evolutionary biology and behavioural aspects and have velopment of Aquaponics with the intention of screening established collaborative links with researchers from local plants and fish species for culture and eventually Scotland, Canada, USA, Wales, England, Sweden, Italy developing backyard systems. I chaired a committee and Australia. Our research looks at networking, sexual that formulated a Policy for Aquaculture Development harassment, sperm competition, mate discrimination, for the MALMR, served as Chairman of the Aquaculture response to alarm cues amongst other behavioural Association of Trinidad and Tobago and am currently aspects. the technical advisor to this association. I have attended international aquaculture conferences and have chaired Expertise various sessions at these meetings. I am considered to be one of the regional experts in aquaculture and fisheries and a world authority on the Fisheries Research Cascadu (Hassar) and designed several aquaculture My research on Fisheries has focused on the develop- projects in various countries with emphasis on tilapia ment of sustainable fishing methods and I have worked and prawn culture. (28) INDAR RAMNARINE Professor of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Science and Agriculture

University of the West Indies St. Augustine

868 645 3232/9 ext. 3955/3093 [email protected]

PUBLICATIONS

Ramnarine, I.W. (1994) Larval development and growth of the cascadu Hoplosternum lit- torale (Hancock 1828). Aqua- culture 126: 291 - 298.

Pettersson, L.B., Ramnarine, I.W., Becher, S.A., Mahabir, R, and Magurran, A.E. (2004) Sex ratio dynamics and fluctuating selection pressures in natural populations of Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata. Behavioural Ecology and So- ciobiology. 55: 461 – 468

Solomon, F.N. and Ramnar- ine, I.W. (2007) Reproductive biology of the white mullet, Mugil curema, in the Southern Caribbean. Fisheries Research 88(1-3): 133-138

(29) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Dr. Ashok Sahai Professor - Statistics Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

Research assessment as demonstrated through publi- 3. Angela Shirley and M. Raghunadh Acharya/ cations achieved with colleagues in the Department of 2006/Jr. of Applied Sciences/6(9)/1798-1801/ Statisti- Mathematics and Computer Science at UWI St. Augustine cally Improved Approximation by Modified Lupas during the period 2006-2008 including web links for Operators/ http://ansijournals. com/jas/2006/1798-1801.pdf publications: 4. Shanaz A. Wahid & Arvind Sinha/2006/ Jr. of 1. Acharya, M. Raghunadh & Ali, Hydar/2006/Jr. of Applied Sciences/6(12)/ 2662-2665/A Positive Linear Applied Sciences/6(9)/1966-68/ Efficient Estimation of Operator Using Probabilistic Approach /http://ansijour- Normal Population Mean/ http://ansijournals.com/jas/ nals. com/jas/2006/2662-2665.pdf 2006/1966-1968.pdf 5. Acharya, M. Raghunadh, Ravi Gedela & Srinivas 2. Angela Shirley and M. Raghunadh Acharya/ Mukundam /2006/Jr. of Applied Sciences/ 6(15)/3164- 2006/ Jr. of Applied Sciences/6(9)/1797-97/Statistical- 3166/Dynamically Changing Priorities Algorithm For ly-Oriented Iterative Algorithm for Improved Approx- CPU Scheduling/ http://ansijournals. com/jas/2006/3164- imation by Modified Baskakov Operators/ http://ansi- 3166.pdf journals.com/jas/2006/1794-1797.pdf

(30) 6. Acharya, M. Raghunadh, Robin Project(s) in India/http://www.gisdevelop- Antoine & Peter Chami /2007/Jr. of Ap- ment.net/application/miscellaneous/mwf_27ab plied Sciences/7(4)/604-606/A Statistical s.htm Perspective For Improving Approxima- tion By Modified Szasz Operator/ 2. Alexander Nikov, Micheal Andrew http://ansijournals. com/jas/2007/604-606.pdf McAdams, Farhat Karaca, & Robin An- toine/2007/ Map World Forum 2007/A DR. ASHOK SAHAI 7. Norris Sookoo/2007/ Jr. of Applied method for GIS usability measurement/ Professor of Statistics Sciences/7(6)/830-834/Partial densities http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/mis Department of Mathematics On Rational Numbers http://ansijournals. cellaneous/mwf_68abs.htm and Computer Science com/jas/2007/830-834.pdf Faculty of Science and Agriculture 3. Sahai, A., B. Tewarie, S. Verma and 8. Norris Sookoo & Shanaz A. A. Nikov;” On meta analysis of spatial Wahid/2007/Jr. of Applied Sci- panel data”; Journal Materials, Meth- University of the West Indies ences/7(6)/926-929/ Probability distri- ods and Technologies. International Sci- St. Augustine bution of m binary n-tuples/http://ansi- entific Publications, ISSN 1313-2539, journals.com/jas/2007/926-929.pdf 2(1): 238-251, 2008. http://www2.sta.uwi. 868 662 2002 ext. 3501 edu/~anikov/publ/2008-ISP-MM&T-2-1.swf [email protected] 9. Robin Antoine & Peter Chami /2007/Jr. of Applied Sciences/7(13)/ 4. Sahai,Ashok, Robin Antoine, Win- 1790-1794/ On efficient confidence in- ston A. Richards, and M. Raghunadh tervals for the log-normal mean/http://an- Acharya; “On Efficient Variance Esti- sijournals.com/jas/2007/1790-1794.pdf mators for Normal Population with PUBLICATIONS known Coefficient of Variation”; Inter- 10. Norris Sookoo & Shanaz A. national Journal of Statistics & Eco- Richards, Winston A., Robin Antoine, *Ashok Sahai, and Wahid/2007/Jr. of Applied Sciences/7 nomics (formerly known as the “Bulletin M. Raghunadh Acharya; “On (16)/2988-2996/ Lattices of SK parti- of Statistics & Economics”), Autumn Efficient Iterative Estimation tions/http://ansijournals.com/jas/2007/2366- 2009, Volume 3, Number A09 Algorithm Using Sample 2370.pdf http://ceser.res.in/ceserp/index.php/bse/arti- Counterpart of the Searles’ cle/view/338 Normal Mean Estimator with 11. Norris Sookoo & Shanaz A. Unknown Coefficient of Varia- Wahid/2007/Jr. of Applied Sci- 5. Verma, Sameer, and Ashok Sahai;” tion”; ences/7(20)/2988-2996 /Algebraic struc- On Efficient Confidence Interval Mean InterStat.http://interstat.statjour ture of lattices of SK partitions/http://an- Estimation for Commonly-Used Statisti- nals.net/YEAR/2010/arti- sijournals.com/jas/2007/2988-2996.pdf cal Distribution Modeling Earth Sys- cles/1001007.pdf tem”; InterStat. http://interstat.statjour- 12. Robin Antoine & Peter Chami nals.net/YEAR/2009/articles/0910002.pdf Richards, Winston A., Robin /2007/Jr. of Applied Sciences/7(7)/951- Antoine, Ashok Sahai, and M. 957/Meta- Analysis of Panel Data Gen- 6. Jaju, R. P., and A. Sahai; “An effi- Raghunadh Acharya; “On Effi- erated by a Set of Randomized Con- cient computational version of modified cient Iterative Estimation Algo- rithm Using Sample Counter- trolled Trials/ http://ansijournals. Szasz-Mirakjan-Operator”; InterStat. part of the Searles’ Normal com/jas/2007/951-957.pdf http://interstat.statjournals.net/YEAR/2009/a Mean Estimator with Excep- rticles/0909001.pdf tionally Large But Unknown CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS Coefficient of Variation”; In Peer-Reviewed/Refereed Conference 7. Wahid, Shanaz Ansari, Ashok Sa- InterStat. Proceedings with names of co-authors and hai, and Vrijesh Tripathi; “An Iterative- http://interstat.statjournals.net/ publication details including web links. Improvement Algorithm for Newton’s YEAR/2010/ab- 1. Bhoendradatt Tewarie, Sameer Forward Difference Formula 1 Using stracts/1004003.php Verma/2007/Map World Forum Statistical Perspective”; InterStat. 2007/Meta-Analysis of Spatial Panel http://interstat.statjournals.net/YEAR/2009/a Data for Socioeconomic Development rticles/0907001.pdf (31) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Ramsey Saunders Professor - Physics Department of Physics

Physics Department Imperial College of Science defects that can significantly reduce the economic value and Technology, London of timber. Dimensional stabilisation to minimise hysteresis To assist with visual problems identified in early days effects was achieved by heating and by multiple cycling of the space flight program visual thresholds were meas- of the hysteresis loop. ured for spots two minutes in diameter across the human Utilising waste from the steel mill retina. Eigenvectors of the light threshold variations 1). Solar timber dryer : Using funding from the Euro- across the human retina were determined. This work pean Union (Lome II) a semi-commercial timber dryer confirmed the validity of the use of eigenvector analysis was built in which slag from the local steel mill was used for biological systems. See Saunders, R. McD. (1973). both as a heat absorber as well as for heat storage. This Eigenvectors of the Sensitivity Variations across the solar drying kiln is now available for commercial use to Human Central Fovea, Vis. Res. 13, 1823. the benefit of the university. The EU inspectors described this project as “a good example of EU money well Free University Berlin spent” Electrical recordings from single neurons in optic 2). Production of lead pencils using waste graphite tract, lateral geniculate and cortex of the cat and optic from the steel mill, local kaolinitic clays and local timber. tectum of the frog were carried out and analysed in This project was very successful but was not exploited order to determine the manner in which the brain because of competition of cheap products from the Far processes colour information. (See Saunders R. McD. East. and Grusser-Cornehls U. 1981). Chromatic subclasses 3). Type 2 grease lubricants: High quality Type 2 of Frog’s Retinal Ganglion Cells: Studies Using Black grease lubricants were developed using specially processed Stimuli moving on a Monochromatic Background. Vis. graphite based on particle size. A local patent was Res. 21, 469. obtained. Extensive test marketing was carried out for both industrial and automobile use. Success was achieved University of the West Indies in both areas. The product was used by Caroni 1975 Hysteresis in wood Ltd. for a period of two years, beating the competition Hysteresis effects in the expansion /relative humidity of large multinational lubricant companies. The University were discovered for the longitudinal, radial and tangential is currently trying to commercialise this work directions in local timber. This anisotropy can produce 4). Battery production: We successfully produced, (32) funded by Trinidad Cement Limited, system developed by New York University graphite brushes for motors and fabricated to produce brain maps for the different graphite lubricant blocks for the cement spectral regions for normals as well as company in an emergency situation. people with brain dysfunctions resulting from schizophrenia, depression, autism Photoplethysmography and alcoholism. The UWI/IDB Devel- This involves the use of special sensors opment Program has funded this project. RAMSEY SAUNDERS on the finger to determine the blood Professor of Physics volume pulsations the analysis of which Alzheimer’s Disease Department of Physics can yield the vascular resistance in various Cardio-cerebro vascular plaques for- Faculty of Science and Agriculture parts of the body. From the analysis be- mation responsible for Alzheimer’s disease cause of the chaotic nature of the vascular as well as plaquing in the blood circulatory system we can determine the quality of system is currently being investigated University of the West Indies the circulatory system in the arms, legs, with a group at the Charite (Free Uni- St. Augustine and the heart itself. Combined with external versity and Humboldt University) in stimuli we can determine the presence of Berlin, Germany under Professor Günter 868 662 2002 ext. 2591 a peripheral neuropathy. We have also Siegel and Professor Martin Malmsten [email protected] combined this technology with magnetic at the Institute for Surface Science in mats that contain coils producing magnetic Uppsala in Sweden. fields of various frequencies for the treat- In 2005 we produced the first in vitro ment of blood flow problems in the legs nanoplaques for Alzheimer’s disease with of diabetic patients. This work involved the lipoproteins Beta ameloid and Apo collaboration between Physics, the Medical Lipoprotein E4 demonstrating clearly the PUBLICATIONS Faculty and Computer Science and has genetic correlates of Alzheimer’s disease been funded by the UWI/IDB Develop- and the development of appropriate strate- Eligon A, Achong A and Saunders ment Program. gies to eliminate nanoplaque formation. R. McD (1992). The moisture Ad- sorption and Desorption Proper- Magnetocardiography Water Purification ties of some tropical woods. Jour- Here we have used a superconducting Over a billion people in the world do nal of Mat. Sci., 27,3442. quantum interference device (SQUID) not have a supply of safe drinking water. together with gradiometers to measure On account of diarrhea resulting from Patent: Saunders R, Saunders J the magnetic field of the heart during the fecal coliform bacteria there are about and Ali Shah S (1995), High weld heart cycle or the Magnetocardiogram 2.5 million deaths annually, of which 1.5 point graphite grease lubricant, (MCG). This device is far more effective million are from children under five years No. 41, Trinidad and Tobago than the electrocardiograph (ECG) in of age. To assist in this problem we have evaluating problems with the heart. This been involved in a major project with Ranu O, Saunders R, Addae J work resulted from a collaboration between five Latin American countries—Argentina, and Posthoff C. (2008). Quanti- the University of Wales (Swansea) and Chile, Mexico, Brazil and Peru—which fying brain electrical EEG the Physics Department UWI and was was initially funded by the OAS. We changes using different analyti- funded by the UWI/IDB Development have shown that under conditions in cal methods. Proc. 16th Meet- Program. Trinidad and Tobago all fecal coliform ing of CAS, Grenada, CAS 090, bacteria are removed after four hours pp448-455. The EEG is the record of the electrical and with the use of simple solar concen- signals of the brain and is usually measured tration in two hours making the water Saunders. R et al (2006). The using surface electrodes on the scalp. The safe for drinking. This method of disin- potential of SODIS, SODIS-like signals are classified on the basis of the fecting water is useful not only for rural methods and titanium dioxide spectral frequency band in which they areas but also in post disaster situations. nanoparticles for water disin- lie. Thus we have the alpha, beta, delta Our research group has not only changed fection in rural communities in and theta bands representing different the technology but in addition have been Trinidad and Tobago. Chapter frequency spectra for analysis. Using a able to obtain pure water in times as little 11,OAS/AE/141,Editor Marta 22 electrode system we have a neurometric as ten minutes. Litter, pp. 335 – 378 (33) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Paul Shaw Professor - Geography Department of Food Production

My research is in the fields of geomorphology and en- proxies such as oxygen isotopes from ‘big’ science vironmental change in the Tropics, ranging from rainforest projects such as marine and ice cores. to desert. Much of it focuses on the use of landforms as Terrestrial records from the Tropics have been much environmental proxies to reconstruct the past on a range harder to come by, firstly because of the poor preservation of time scales, ranging from the late Quaternary (200,000 of sedimentary (especially organic) sequences on land, years) to the Historical (200 years). second because of the late development of appropriate I have worked extensively in deserts (in particular the chronological methods. These issues are particularly Kalahari of southern Africa), in Eastern Europe, and in acute in the humid tropics and in deserts. the Caribbean, with an output of two books and around In the Kalahari region of Southern Africa my studies 80 scientific papers. over the past 30 years of lakes, valleys, dunes, caves, Quaternary Science is the extraction of climatic or chemical sediments and the Okavango Delta hydrological environmental information from the environment on system have shown their potential as climatic proxies timescales ranging from the historical (decades and cen- (see Thomas and Shaw 1990), whilst the development turies) to near-geological (10-1000 ka). It is reliant on of new techniques, such as dating by optically stimulated the identification of climatic proxies—features that can luminescence (OSL) have pushed back the research be identified as potentially yielding climatic data, and frontiers in chronological control and resolution. the use of techniques to both interpret and date the Recent work has focused on the dating of lake proxy. It is a well-established and fast moving field, shorelines at Lakes Ngami (Botswana) and Chilwa with long-term (1-100 ka) global records created from (Malawi) using a specially designed corer to extract

(34) The Caribbean offers less potential for palaeoclimatic study. However, landforms such as the caves of Trinidad offer clues to the response of the Caribbean to the same global climatic perturbations. Paul Shaw

light-proof samples for OSL dating. These ratios for Cold Air Cave, South Africa 200,000-year records (Burrough et al (Finch et al 2003), a first step on the road 2007; Thomas et al 2009), matched with to reconstructing annual temperature and other data sites in southern Africa, suggest rainfall records from cave deposits for that the region is not only prone to global the tropical world. climatic perturbations, but may lead, The Caribbean offers less potential for rather than follow, global responses. palaeoclimatic study. However, landforms PAUL SHAW Over the last glacial cycle southern such as the caves of Trinidad offer clues Professor Geography Africa experienced aridity at the Last to the response of the Caribbean to the Department of Food Prduction Glacial Maximum, followed by increased same global climatic perturbations. Faculty of Science and Agriculture rainfall around 16-13,000 years ago. It is To explore this possibility, it has been also apparent that the region’s lakes are necessary to build a data base of all of the responding to relatively short-term events, caves and their scientific potential, a task University of the West Indies such as Heinrich Events, which occur which has taken three years of fieldwork. St. Augustine when the ocean circulation breaks down. Oxygen and carbon isotope analysis is An offshoot of this research has been now in progress on stalagmite G2U from 868 662 2002 ext. 3612 the development of new, high resolution, Gasparee Cave, which offers an exciting [email protected] analytical techniques, particularly for cave insight into the climate of the island at speleothems. Mass spectrometry, using 8,200 years ago, the time of the so-called the latest generation of Secondary Ionising 8.2k event, when disruption of the Gulf Mass Spectometry (SIMS) equipment Stream circulation lowered the temperature has allowed the analysis of stalagmite car- of Europe by around 5oC and brought bonate for trace elements, such as strontium widespread drought to the Caribbean. PUBLICATIONS and barium, at levels of one ppm over an- In the case of Trinidad, the period of alytical spots of ten microns. aridity lasted around 30 years, way beyond Thomas, D.S.G., Bailey, R.M., Mapping materials at this scale allows the drought envelope of historical mete- Shaw, P.A., Durcan, J.A. & Sin- for the identification and characterisation orological records. Given the intensity of garayer, J.S. 2009 Late Quater- of stalagmite precipitation at an annual the drought experienced in 2010 it is a nary highstands at Lake Chilwa, to sub-annual scale, in turn yielding very useful reminder of the range of changes Malawi: frequency, timing and high resolution climate records. An ex- possible in our climatically uncertain pres- possible forcing mechanisms in ample of this is the 50-year precipitation ent. the last 44ka. Quaternary Sci- record constructed from Ba:Ca and Sr:Ca ence Reviews 28:526-539

Burrough, S.L., Thomas, D.S.G., Shaw, P.A. & Bailey, R.M.2007. Multiple Quaternary highstands at Lake Ngami, Kalahari, northern Botswana. Palaeogeogra- phy, Palaeoecology, Palaeocli- matology 253: 280-299

Shaw, P.A. & Thomas D.S.G. 2005. Late Quaternary environmental change in the Kalahari. In: Smith, M & Hesse P. (eds) 23o South: The Archaeology and Environmental History of the southern Deserts. National Extracting speleothem G2 Museum of Australia Press, from Gasparee Cave, Trinidad. Canberra. Chapter 3: 29-44

(35) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Gurdial Singh Professor - Chemistry Department of Chemistry

My research encompasses a number of areas of organic chemistry. These are generally targeted at ob- Fig 1 taining solutions to a range of diseases that are prevalent in humans and to date have no general treatments. The approach my team are employing entails the attainment of a sound understanding of the mechanisms involved that are the cause of the disease states. I am also Fig 2 interested in developing new methods that solve significant problems in the energy sector and in Green chemistry.

Synthesis of cell surface epitopes of Tuberculosis mycobacterium Fig 3 My research team members are engaged in developing new methodology for the synthesis of galacto- and ara- binofuranoside (1, 2), synthesis targeted at the synthesis of naturally occurring oligosaccharide found on the cell surface of the TB organisms. Our strategy involves synthesis of 1-O-unprotected sugars for use as glycosyl acceptors in the preparation of 1,5-linked oligofuranosides having free anomeric centres. While this approach could potentially lead to the formation of several gly- utilising both unprotected and partially protected sugars. cosylation products, if successful, it would dramatically We have observed that we obtain rate enhancement of simplify the synthesis of oligofuranosides and possibly glycosylation reactions using these supported enzymes have general application in glycosylation. See Fig 1 along with good chemical yields. Our target is the syn- The team has been partially successful in this strategy thesis of the important hexasaccharide, Globo-H. This in that we have prepared arabinosaccharides in antigen occurs on prostate cancer cells and can serve 35-40 per cent yields with total β-selectivity. As a as a target for immune recognition. result of these findings we have undertaken density Our strategy will substantially shorten the synthesis functional theory calculations in order to understand of this important saccharide. To date we have prepared the equilbira that occur and are involved in these reac- the three disaccharides in 100 mg quantities required tions. See Fig 2 as part of the convergent synthesis for this target. At present, we are actively investigating applying this approach for the synthesis of furanosides of the Synthesis of Glycosylcyanohydrins ribo- and xylo-sugars. as Insect Antifeedants A distinctive group of natural products found in Carbohydrate Ionic Liquids. higher plants, e.g. yams and cassava, that exhibit a My research team members and I have recently definite relationship to their biosynthetic precursors patented, (2008 Ionic Liquids, USA Patent: 12/126, are the cyanogenic glycosides. A characteristic feature 639), our research in the area of carbohydrate based of the cyanogenic glycosides, e.g. zierin 1, is their ionic liquids. The synthesis of these new classes of ability to release hydrocyanic acid by hydrolysis and ionic liquids is outlined in the scheme below. We are this process is often initiated by enzymes when the actively pursuing the utilisation of these stable ionic tissues which contain them are damaged by mechanical liquids for the enantiomeric synthesis of secondary or other means. and tertiary alcohols. See Fig 3 The penultimate step in the biosynthetic pathway involves transglycosylation with UDPG. Supported Enzymes for Oligosaccharide Synthesis In order to develop more efficient synthesis of complex Development of Novel Treatments oligosaccharides we have successfully immobilised for Dengue Viruses transferase enzymes and are investigating their em- The dengue virus is the most important human ployment for the efficient synthesis of saccharides pathogen that is borne by arthropods. Over the last (36) decade the incidence of epidemics, as a to perform due to the C-H bond strength result of contracting dengue fever, is esti- being 435 kJmol-1, making it the most mated at up to 100 million cases annually. inert hydrocarbon. Furthermore, the con- Furthermore, the most severe form of the ditions required for its conversion to the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) desired product, methanol, and results in has emerged in the same period resulting the latter undergoing additional chemical in 500,000 cases worldwide. Every year reactions. To our knowledge catalysts to GURDIAL SINGH these infections result in death in ca. 33 overcome these problems remain elusive. Professor of Chemistry per cent of the reported cases. In stark contrast to this, methane mono- Department of Chemistry To date the sole method available to oxygenase enzymes, in nature, convert Faculty of Science and Agriculture prevent dengue infections is the control methane to methanol at room temperature. of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector. This The crystal structure of membrane-bound approach has proved to be expensive particulate methane oxygenase has been University of the West Indies and mostly unworkable with serial in- reported recently. The active site of the St. Augustine fections occurring in most of the tropical enzyme contains Cu (II) ions. regions of the world where multiple Our programme is utilising a fragment 868 662 2002 ext. 3538 dengue viruses circulate. based approach to prepare the peptide [email protected] In order to investigate the efficacy of SAIGLLSAVAATAFYAAHGE and to new vaccines we are involved in the syn- study its binding to copper and subsequent thesis of the saccharide GlcNAc-[Fuc(a1- oxidation. 6)]-b1-4GlcNAc-Manb1-4(Mana1-6)a1- An added benefit derived from this pro- 3Man using 1,3-propanediylphosphate gramme is that it will provide in house coupling protocols. skills and methodology for the synthesis PUBLICATIONS of peptides and thus provide expertise Peptides; Oxidation of Methane for the synthesis of complex glycopeptides, P. G. J. Plaza, B. A. Bhongade, The efficient transformation of methane accomplishing a long term goal in my re- G. Singh, “Synthesis of chiral to methanol is chemically a difficult reaction search. carbohydrate ionic liquids” SynLett. 2008, 2973-2976.

R. K. Shrivastava, E. Maudru, G. Singh, R.H. Wightman, K.M. Morgan “Synthesis of Chiral Cyclohexanes and Car- basugars by 6-exo-dig Radical Cyclisation Reactions” Biel- stein J.Org. Chem. 2008, 43.

S. N. Manjula, N. Malleshap- pa Noolvi, K. Vipan Parihar, S. A. Manohara Reddy, V. Ra- man, A. K. Gadad, G. Singh, N. G. Kutty, C. M. Rao, “Syn- thesis and antitumor activity of optically active thiourea and their 2-aminobenzothia- zole derivatives: A novel class of anticancer agents” Eur.J. Med. Chem. 2009, 44, 2923- 2929.

(37) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Pathmanathan Umaharan Professor - Genetics Head, Cocoa Research Unit

Professor Umaharan’s research efforts have been and Cercospora leaf spot diseases with high yield. focused on genetically improving yield, product quality The focus on work carried out in Anthurium has been and resistance to tropical diseases with the ultimate goal on resistance to two bacterial pathogens, bacterial leaf of improving the profitability of tropical crops grown in blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv dieffen- the Caribbean. Genetic strategies provide for a sustainable bachiae and bacterial leaf spot caused by Acidovorax an- approach to improving agricultural productivity. thurii, which together with the nematode, Radopholus similes were responsible for the decline of the anthurium Resistance to diseases industry in the Caribbean and in other parts of the world. Tropical pests and diseases severely affect crop pro- At present, work on nematode resistance is underway ductivity in the Caribbean; and estimated losses in pro- with the objective of transferring resistance identified in ductivity due to diseases vary between 20-80 per cent. local Caribbean pinks into elite varieties. Much of the work of Prof. Umaharan and his graduate Work on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) has centred students have focused around developing resistance to around two major diseases affecting cocoa production, diseases affecting tropical crops with the ultimate goal of black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) and witches’ broom improving profitability, and includes: (a) charactering (Moniliopthora perniciosa) diseases, the first is of global the causal organisms (b) developing screening methods importance, while the latter is of importance in Latin to the diseases (c) identifying sources of resistance (d) studying the genetics of resistance and (e) developing marker-assisted selection approaches or candidate gene based approaches to identify resistance, when required and (e) breeding new varieties utilising the sources of resistance identified. Highlights of the work on tomato include (a) elucidation of Potato yellow mosaic (b) developing diagnostic methods for the detection of the virus, (c) study of the epidemiology of the virus (d) identification of resistance to the virus and (e) field evaluation of varieties that combine acceptable levels of resistance with good agronomical characteristics for release to farmers. In addition, screening methods for identifying resistance to bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) were developed, which have been used to identify resistance and to understand the genetics of resistance. Using the screening methods a number of varieties that combine resistance to both diseases have been selected for release to the farmers. Work is now being undertaken to incorporate nematode resistance based on candidate gene markers. Highlight of the work on black-eyed pea and bodi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) include the breeding of varieties that combine resistance to Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and Cercospora leaf spot diseases. This involved the (a) elucidation of the existence of CPSMV and two species (Pseudocercospora cruenta and Cercospora apii pseudonym cruenta) of the causal organism of Cer- cospora leaf spot disease; (b) an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence and incidence of the diseases in Trinidad and Tobago; (c) characterising the effect of the diseases on crop productivity (d) identification of resistance to the pathogens (e) elucidation of the genetics of resistance to the pathogens and (f) breeding bodi and black-eyed pea varieties that combine resistance to both CPSMV (38) NEW VARIETIES have been developed and released to farmers. • Three dwarf photoperiod insensitive pigeon-pea varieties (UW223. UW263; UW255). • Three bodi varieties, UW-Resist, UW22 and UW27 that combine resistance to Cow- pea severe mosaic virus disease and Cercospora diseases. • Two black-eyed-pea varieties that combine resistance to Cowpea severe mosaic virus disease and Cercospora diseases. • Five Anthurium varieties that combine resistance to bacterial blight with bacterial leaf spot resistance are being evaluated for release. • Tomato varieties with high levels of resistance to begomoviruses and good agronomic features have also been identified for release to farmers.

America and the Caribbean. At present, diseases the methodologies are used in pre-breeding - Five anthurium varieties that combine programmes to develop resistance enhanced resistance to bacterial blight PATHMANATHAN populations and in breeding to develop - Tomato varieties with high levels of better cocoa clones. resistance to begomoviruses and good UMAHARAN Research on disease resistance in hot- agronomic features Professor in Genetics pepper is presently underway with studies Head, Cocoa Research Unit directed towards developing resistance to b) Patents and variety protection cer- Faculty of Science and Agriculture viral diseases and Phytophthora capsici. tificates: Studies are underway on Phytophthora - A patent for the identification of sys- University of the West Indies resistance. temic resistance to bacterial blight St. Augustine using a gfp based plasmid and resistance Improvement in yield and to foliar infection using a leaf vacuum 868 662 2002 ext. 2114/2115 product quality infiltration method has been obtained. Prof. Umaharan’s work has also centered - Variety protection certificates are being Fax: 868 662-8788 on improving yield and product quality in applied for the black-eyed pea varieties, [email protected] bodi beans, pigeon pea and hot pepper bodi varieties, pigeon pea varieties and and product quality in cocoa and Anthuri- anthurium varieties. um. Studies on improving yield entailed PUBLICATIONS determining the relative contribution of c) Incubators yield components to yield, understanding - UWI has engaged in research and de- Elibox, W. & Umaharan, P. the genetics of yield components, investi- velopment activities with Kairi Blooms (2007). A green-fluorescent gations into heterosis and the exploitation Ltd in a incubator-type setting. In par- protein based screening of heterosis in breeding and developing ticular breeding of new varieties is method for the identification breeding strategies to effectively improve being pursued using technologies de- of resistance in anthurium to yield through breeding. Studies on product veloped by UWI. systemic infection by Xan- quality involved studying factors affecting - A semi-commercial tissue culture facility thomonas campestris pv dief- consumer acceptance, developing method- has been set up to provide anthurium fenbachieae. Plant Pathology ologies to assess quality parameters, in- plantlets to local growers who need 56: 819-827. vestigating the genetics of product quality anthurium propagules in small numbers. attributes and developing appropriate Elibox, W and Umaharan, P. breeding approaches. d) Commercialisation arrangements (2007). Genetic Basis of Re- - The bodi, black-eyed pea and pigeon sistance to Systemic Infection Outreach pea varieties are being tested on a by Xanthomonas axonopodis a) New varieties have been developed large scale at the Chaguramas mega- pv. dieffenbachiae in Anthuri- and released to farmers to overcome con- farm. Similarly, the anthurium varieties um. Phytopathology 98 (4): straints. are being tested at Kairi blooms limited 421-426. - Three dwarf photoperiod insensitive on a large scale. pigeon pea varieties (UW223. UW263; - A memorandum of understanding has H. Booker & Umaharan, P. UW255) been developed with Trinidad and To- (2008). Quantitative resistance - Three bodi varieties, UW-Resist, bago Agribusiness Association for the to Cercospora leaf spot dis- UW22 and UW27 that combine re- commercialisation of new hot pepper ease caused by Pseudocer- sistance to Cowpea severe mosaic hybrids being developed. cospora cruenta in Cowpea. virus disease and Cercospora diseases - Licensing arrangements for the com- Euphytica 162: 167-177. The - Two black-eyed pea varieties that mercialisation of bodi, black-eyed pea Netherlands. (DOI combine resistance to Cowpea severe and pigeon pea is being pursued with 10.1007/s10681-007-9490-7). mosaic virus disease and Cercospora private seed companies. (39) Faculty of Engineering

Kit Fai Pun Deputy Dean, Graduate Studies and Research

Research 2000-2010 control; Mineral processing; Natural gas engineering; The Faculty of Engineering, a leading single campus Petroleum processing technology; Process design, faculty of The University of the West Indies, is Optimisation and Control; Reaction engineering; dedicated to the conduct of fundamental and applied Reservoir engineering; Sugar technology and Utilisation research in various engineering and related disciplines of biomass. that supports the current and future needs of national and regional development in the Caribbean. The Department of Civil & Environmental Faculty has five departments each of which aim to Engineering (CEE) provide world quality education in Engineering, Geoin- The Department has eight laboratories: Structures, formatics and Geosciences, and innovative Research Concrete, Fluid Mechanics, Environmental Engineering, and Development. Soil Mechanics, Highway Materials, Geology and Transportation in the CEE Department. It obtains Department of Chemical Engineering (CE) research funds from local agencies (e.g. the National During the past decade, the CE Department has Institute of Higher Education Research, Science and been committed to provide national and regional Technology) and international sources such as EU service to the process industries including petroleum and the British Council and identified materials and petrochemicals, bauxite, sugar and food processing research, the built environment and the role of the in the Caribbean. The Department recognized the construction sector in the local national economies as need to promote industrial linkages, applied research, areas of high priority. Other areas of priority include fundamental research and the continuing education the organisation and management of labour, the tech- of persons in Chemical Engineering and relevant dis- niques of construction, operation and maintenance of ciplines. Its research efforts have geared towards facilities, the design of systems and the specification solving the problems in the broad areas of Agricultural of materials. Additional focus is also placed on Hazard crop processing; Enhanced oil recovery; Food science Resistant Construction and Coastal Engineering. and technology; Heavy oil recovery; Industrial pollution (40) Department of Electrical and Computer Engi- The Department also made significant contri- neering (ECE) butions in the steelpan research and the commercial The ECE Department has established five subject development of the instrument. Another area of Groups to conduct research and collaborative keen research in the Department relates to theories work. These are: of Space and Time Detection of the Ether. 1) Communication Systems Group in areas of mobile technologies for development, software Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing designed radio, communications technologies Engineering (MME) and network; The MME Department conducts scientific and 2) Computer Systems Engineering Group in applied research that supports the national and areas of computer architecture and organisa- regional needs. This involves a wide range of im- tion, embedded systems design and application, portant areas in five research groups, namely Video/Audio processing, Artificial Intelligence Biosystems Engineering, Manufacturing Engi- (AI) and robotics; neering, Thermal Engineering, Engineering Me- 3) Control Systems Group in the development chanics, and Industrial Engineering & Management. of interactive online control systems, fuzzy Several research teams (such as Rapid Prototyping logic and robust control system design; (RP), Industrial Engineering and Applications 4) Electronic Systems Group in the design of (IEA) and Technology Transfer and Management reconfigurable logic systems, multi-media (TTM)) were formed. In addition to the Faculty’s signal processing, and sound profile of the support, the Department leverages its resources steelpan, and by conducting research initiatives via its Centre 5) Energy Systems Group in the regional electrical for Enterprise Research Integration and other systems at both utility and industrial levels, laboratories (e.g., CAD/CAM Laboratory and the analysis and simulation of power systems, newly established Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) wind energy and control of electrical machines. Laboratory) and through collaboration with other (41) Faculty of Engineering

government agencies, professional bodies, academia geodesy, land administration, spatial analysis, geoin- and industry. formatics, spatial and settlements planning, the environment and ecosystems. Department of Geomatics Engineering and Land Management (GELM) Highlights of Research Contributions (Previously, Department of Surveying & Land In- The Faculty’s Annual Reports for the past ten years formation) had provided factual records and insights into some The GELM Department’s research expertise is es- of the rich research undertaken or completed over the tablished in the ability to understand, capture and vi- period. Apart from hundreds of research outputs in sualise the spatiotemporal phenomena and processes terms of refereed journal articles, technical/research to provide reliable management options for decision- papers and consultancy reports published in the makers to achieve sustainable development. These period, there were several significant achievements objectives are achieved by using surveying, mapping, highlighted below: monitoring, modelling and spatial analysis tools and In total, 33 MPhil and 21 PhD research degrees in techniques. Cutting edge technology is being utilised various engineering areas had been conferred along in the research such as global positioning systems, with hundreds of taught Master’s graduates since satellite remote sensing and GIS. Besides, the De- 1999/2000. partment engaged in the field of physical planning The University of the West Indies honoured three and development associated with policy planning, of Faculty members, Professor Clement Sankat in strategic and development planning, coastal zone plan- 2000/01, Professor Richard Dawe in 2004/05 and ning and development control. Professor Kit Fai Pun in 2007/08, in recognition of Over the period, priority areas and new themes of their contributions in research in addition to other research have been identified and are being pursued. areas such as University Service, Public Service and The research focus extends to areas covering geomatics, Teaching.

(42) In 2006/07, the UWI’s Steelpan Research Lab with overseas academic and research institutions, and team led by Professor Brian Copeland (being for instance, the ECE Department developed a the first recipient) had been honoured for their proposal for a Caribbean ICT Research Programme contributions with the Order of the Republic of in 2008/09. Trinidad and Tobago, the Nation’s highest award The Faculty’s Research and Innovation Committee in recognition of the development of the Genesis responded to the UWI Strategic Plan observation Pans (G-Pans) and Percussive Harmonic Instrument of the need for increased innovation to support (PHI). Caribbean economic sustainability. It proposed a Dr. Ronald De Four’s Patent Cooperation Treaty structure for a Caribbean-wide Innovation System (PCT) Patent Publication was published in March that would not only see the expansion and im- 2009 in the United States of America, following an provement of business opportunities supported by earlier grant of a positive International Preliminary UWI development activities but would also direct Examination Report (IPER) for his work on a higher levels of UWI pure and applied research. Self-Starting Method and an Apparatus for Sen- I am proud to present this report that summarises sorless Commutation of Brushless DC Motors. the research focuses and contributions of the Faculty New research centres (such as the Centre for of Engineering to St. Augustine Campus in the Enterprise Research Integration and the Centre past decade. Perhaps of greater importance to the for Coastal Engineering and Management) and research accomplishments was the benefit gained other facilities (e.g. the Steelpan Research Laboratory by sharing knowledge through collaborations among and the Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Labora- staff within and across departments and with other tory) have been or are being established to strengthen government, academic and industry partners. The the Faculty’s research capabilities. Faculty’s goal is not only to respond effectively to The Faculty has extended institutional collabo- the stakeholders, but also to build collaboratively rations for research via respective departments research links and leadership.

(43) Faculty of Engineering Andrew Chadwick Professor - Coastal Engineering Director, Centre for Coastal Engineering & Management

Andrew Chadwick is the Professor of Coastal Engi- neering and Director, Centre for Coastal Engineering and Management, at the University of the West Indies. Previously, he was Professor of Coastal Engineering and Associate Director of the Marine Institute at the University of Plymouth. He was awarded a BSc. in Engineering Science from University of Durham (1974), M.Sc. Water Resources (1978) from Newcastle Uni- versity, and in 1990 was awarded his PhD. from the University of Brighton. He has a substantive publication record (circa 100 publications), including two internationally used textbooks, refereed journal papers and international conference papers. To date, his research grants total circa £2 million, comprising funding from UK research councils and the European Union. Since 1986, his research work has centred on near- shore wave measurements, coastal sediment transport, hydrodynamic and morphodynamic numerical modelling. The emphasis of much of this work has been in urements of coarse and mixed sediment beach profile evaluating and validating theory and models against response in the 300m long, 7m deep, 5m wide GWK field and laboratory data and in identifying key processes flume in Hannover. In 2002-2004, he led a research to be modelled. His research focus is on the use of team investigating coastal processes for the Slapton coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic models, Barrier Beach System, a major UK barrier beach field and physical scaled model measurements, detached system. Between 2006 and 2009, he led the UK contri- breakwaters, coarse grained and mixed beaches and bution to the European Network for Coastal Research studying barrier beach systems. Co-ordination Action (ENCORA) and was the EN- He led the research team studying large scale physical CORA themes co-ordinator (http://www.encora.eu/ modelling of detached breakwater schemes in the UK coastalwiki/Main_Page ). Coastal Research Facility (basin 34m by 20m). He He has been a member of the editorial Panel for was also a member of the steering group for the EU Maritime Engineering, the review board for the Journal funded experiment that produced near full-scale meas- of Hydraulic Research, the EPSRC Peer Review College

(44) ANDREW CHADWICK Professor - Coastal Engineering Director, Centre for Coastal and a reviewer for Coastal Engineering. • The development of a Coastal Mon- Engineering and Management He is also a member of the following itoring System for Trinidad. Department professional associations: CEng & MICE. • The development of a prototype Department of Civil & On his appointment as Professor at shoreline management tool for Environmental Engineering the University of the West Indies, St. Trinidad. Faculty of Engineering Augustine, Chadwick established the • The development of a web based Centre for Coastal Engineering and Man- coastal atlas, containing geo-refer- University of the West Indies agement (CCEM). Its mission is to un- enced marine and coastal data for St. Augustine dertake research of international excel- Trinidad and Tobago. lence in the field of coastal engineering • The application of wave transfor- and management, by conducting research mation and sediment transport mod- 868 662 2002 ext. 2506 on an experimental, computational and eling to assess coastal erosion hotspots [email protected] theoretical basis into all aspects of coastal around Trinidad. processes, engineering and management • Assessment of storm surges and PUBLICATIONS and providing a focus for research training resurgences for the coastlines of and technical service support for coastal Trinidad with the impacts of sea Authored Books: agencies and industries. level rise in the face of climate Chadwick, A J, Morfett, J C, CCEM has six academic staff and five change. Borthwick, M. (2004). Hy- research students currently engaged in • The establishment of a coastal ob- draulics in Civil and Environ- the following research projects: servatory in Las Cuevas Bay. mental Engineering (4th ed) E & FN Spon

Reeve, D., Chadwick, A. J., Fleming, C. (2004). Coastal Engineering: Processes, Theory and Design Practice E & FN Spon.

Refereed Journal: C Gray-Bernard, A J Chad- wick. (2009). Development of a shoreline Management Tool for Trinidad. The Journal of the Association of Professional En- gineers of Trinidad and Tobago. Vol. 38, No. 1 Octo- ber 2009 33-41

(45) Faculty of Engineering Brian Copeland Dean, Faculty of Engineering Professor - Electrical and Computer Engineering

Brian Copeland graduated at the University of the He is Co-ordinator of the Real Time Systems Group, a West Indies, St. Augustine with a BSc in Electrical En- UWI unit for developing university/industry liaison. gineering (First Class Honors) in 1978, with an M.Sc in Professor Copeland is Project Leader for design and Electrical Engineering (Control Systems) from the Uni- construction of the Electronic Scoreboard at the Queen’s versity of Toronto in 1981 and with a PhD in Electrical Park Oval. He is also Co-ordinator, Steelpan Initiatives Engineering (Control Systems) from the University of Project (SIP) responsible for the G-Pan and PHI instru- Southern California in 1990. ments and Convener at Steelpan Research Centre, UWI, He is a Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering and a Member of the Board of Directors, eTecK and and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at the University Chairman, National Training Agency. of West Indies since 2007. He was Head of the Department Professor Copeland has won many prestigious awards of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UWI from among them he is the first recipient, Order of the Republic 1997 to 2007. of Trinidad and Tobago, 2008, a Joint recipient of the He lectures in Digital Electronics, Microprocessor Sys- Chaconia Medal Gold as a member of the G-Pan team, tems and Control Systems, has been responsible for the he received the Guardian Life Premium Teaching Award restructuring of the Department’s Undergraduate Cur- in 2002, the BP/AMOCO Fellowship Award for Senior riculum in Digital Electronics and Control Systems and Academic Staff at the UWI, 2001 and a LASPAU/Fulbright remains an active lobbyist for engineering education scholarship for Doctoral program at the University of reform. Southern California, Los Angeles, 1987 among others.

(46) Research and Development Interests Selected Conference Presentations 1. Steelpan technology: amplification, and Publications digital synthesis, sound field mapping 1. B. Copeland, R. DeFour, S. Gift and and modal studies St.C. King , Sustainable development 2. Technology Management in developing in T&T and the Caribbean, Sir Arthur countries Lewis Memorial Conference, UWI, St Augustine, September 25-27 2008 3. Design of numerically stable advanced control system algorithms with special 2. Copeland, B., and Roberts, S., Inter- emphasis on H-2 (H2)- and HInfinity national Accreditation for Engineering (H∞)- norm optimisation for strictly Education in the Caribbean, presented BRIAN COPELAND proper systems at the CANQATE 2005, Conference Dean - Chair - Elec. & Computer Caribbean Area Network for Quality 4. Supervisory Control and Data Acqui- Eng.; Leader - Control Sys. Group; Assurance in Tertiary Education sition Systems (SCADA) and Distrib- Prof - Digital Elect., (CANQATE), Crowne Plaza Hotel, uted Control Systems (DCSs) for wide Port-of-Spain, November 2005 Microprocessors area computer monitoring and control Dean’s Office 3. Copeland, A. Morrison and T. Rossing, 5. Design of microprocessor systems for Faculty of Engineering Sound Radiation of Caribbean Steel- control pans, Journal of the Acoustic Society 6. Design of complex logic systems (in- of America, July 2004 University of the West Indies cluding floating point co-processors St. Augustine 4. Muddeen, F., and Copeland, B., Free- and small microprocessors) using Com- field sound measurements of the plex Programmable Logic Devices Caribbean Steelpan – an application 868 662 2002 ext. 2064/2199 and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays of Cepstrum Analysis, to be presented [email protected] at SoutheastCon 2003, Jamaica, April Patents 4-6 2003. PUBLICATIONS 1. US Patent 7,750,220 B2 of July 6, 5. B. Copeland and F. Muddeen, Ob- 2010. The G-Pan Musical Instrument. servations on Measurements taken of Gift, S. and Copeland, B., “A 2. Trinidad and Tobago TT/P/2009/00030 the Sound field of a Clifford Alexis High Quality Mixer Circuit”, of 2009 An Apparatus For Percussive Double Second Pan (Where to (not) West Indian Journal of Engi- Harmonic Musical Synthesis Utilizing put the microphone), Presented at the neering, Vol. 23, No. 1, July MIDI Technology (APHAMS). Co- World Steelpan Music Festival Con- 2000, pp28-35. inventors: Marcel Byron, Keith May- ference Session, October 2002, Copeland, B. “Design of a nard, Earle Phillip. Also filed under Trinidad and Tobago. PCT as PCT 2007/000002. PCT IPER Power Demand Controller: 6. B. Copeland, A. Morrison and T. Testing Regional Design Strat- granted, patent pending in the USA, Rossing, Sound Radiation of Caribbean egy”. West Indian Journal of patent filed in 28 other jurisdictions Steelpans, Presented at the 142nd Engineering, Vol. 22, No.1, 3. Trinidad and Tobago TTP/2009/00050 Meeting of The Acoustical Society of July 1999, pp20-28. of 2009. The G-Pan Musical Instru- America, Dec3-7 2001, Florida. ment, (with PS in the Office of the Copeland, B. “Pickup Meth- 7. Foley, M.W., Kwok, K.E. and Attorney General, Trinidad and To- ods for the Electro-Acoustic Copeland, B., Polynomial LQ Solution bago). Also filed under the PCT as Steelpan”. West Indian Journal to the Averaging Level Control Prob- PCT 2007/000001. PCT IPER granted, of Engineering, Vol. 18 No2. lem, Presented at the 16th International patent filed in 60 other jurisdictions January 1995 pp41-48. Conference on CAD/Cam, Robotics 4. Trinidad and Tobago 1993, #21 of and Factories of the Future, Trinidad B. R. Copeland and M. G. Sa- 1993. Electro-acoustic pan using vari- and Tobago, June 26-28, 2000. fonov. “A Zero Compensation able reluctance pickups. Approach to Singular H2 and 8. B. Copeland and M. G. Safonov. A H∞ Problems”. Journal of Ro- 5. Trinidad and Tobago 1993, #20 of Generalized Eigenproblem Approach 1993. Electro-acoustic pan using piezo- bust and Non-Linear Control, to Singular Control Problems - Part Vol. 5, pp71-106, 1995 electric pickups. II: HInfinity Problems. Proc. of the 6. Trinidad and Tobago 1983, #62 of 31st IEEE Conference on Decision 1983. An Electronic Steelpan (co-in- and Control, Tucson, Dec 1992. ventor: Dr. Stephan Gift) (47) Faculty of Engineering Richard Dawe TTMC Chair in Petroelum Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering

Professor Dawe’s major petroleum research interests (which were the basis of his appointment as Professor) lie in the areas of reservoir engineering and petroleum geoscience, particularly visualising reservoir behaviour and reservoir physical properties. His research seeks to explain how an oil reservoir can work through an examination of the fundamentals of enhancing oil recovery, hydrocarbon thermodynamics, effect of geological heterogeneities on reservoir behaviour, surface phenomena in porous media, and alternative energy.

Research Interests since 1999 In 1999, Professor Dawe was appointed TTMC Chair in Petroleum Engineering. Subsequently, his research initiatives concentrated on the needs of the Trinidad and Tobago hydrocarbon producing industry. The results have been presented in 67 papers since 1999, in refereed and non-refereed international journals, and one edited book with two chapter contributions. Current research interests can be summarised under the general topics:-Reservoir engineering and petroleum geosciences; heavy oil recovery—particularly VAPEX and foamy oil; use of hydrates—transport, desalination of sea-water, potential gas source; hydrocarbon thermodynamics and physical properties of petroleum fluids, including hydrates, gas condensates; effects of reservoir heterogeneities; surface phenomena in porous media; water de-oiling of oilfield wastewaters by gas flotation; desalination of seawater; fundamental aspects of enhancing oil recovery; development of novel visualisation of oil recovery phenomena; novel apparatus for teaching purposes; and sustainability—energy, food, employment, water.

Recent projects include: Heavy oil problems: Topics being investigated include recent developments in heavy oil enhanced recovery, particularly gravity drainage processes using vapour extraction via horizontal wells (the VAPEX processes), down hole heating, foamy oil and the (often) resulting asphaltine production problems. A new process VAPEX (Vapour Extraction) using horizontal wells and volatile solvents are being developed, mainly in Canada. Sometimes heat (steam) is also proposed to lower the viscosity, but this increases energy costs and CO2 emissions. The VAPEX process has been investigated by experimental work to demonstrate gravity drainage flow in films at the macro- and micro-scale.

Natural Gas Hydrates(NGH): A “new” huge source of natural gas exists—that of (48) natural gas hydrates, NGH, with the gas the surface facilities at Phoenix Park. The being mainly methane. Large sources of premium components, propane and butane, NGH are being identified by seismic re- generate an additional source of income. flection below the sea-floor in the oceans’ All of Trinidad’s gas condensate reservoirs sediments near continental shelf plates. are currently produced by pressure de- NGH could possibly solve much of the pletion, as their oil/gas ratios are signifi- energy needs after 2020, but safe ways of cantly less than 50 barrels per million RICHARD DAWE extraction still have to be designed. When standard cubic feet, so depletion processes MA, DPhil, CEng, CSci, CChem, exploitation becomes viable, Trinidad’s are practiced, thus some, but not all, pos- CGeol, FRSC, FEI, FGS gas industry needs to be very astute to sible condensate recovery occurs. TTMC Chair in Petroleum Engineering ensure she benefits from her own reserves Some of the PVT properties of con- Chemical Engineering Department of NGH, which are present in the deeper densate reservoirs relevant to the nature offshore areas. of the behaviour of Trinidad’s reserves Faculty of Engineering Equally important is hydrate technology have been measured, and consideration development, which has focused on con- given of how a producer may obtain the University of the West Indies version of methane to solid (GtS) hydrate contracted rates of gas delivery of these St. Augustine for the feasibility of transporting stranded high flow rate wells (> 100 million scf/day), natural gas to market around the Caribbean but still have maximum economic benefits home (UK) 0144 20 8743 1750 using gas hydrates. This could be a lower from condensate recovery. cost solution to managing associated gas Heterogeneity effects (permeability and in regions lacking gas infrastructure and/or wettability) on reservoir flow and dis- markets. Compared to alternative tech- placement. nologies such as LNG and gas to liquids, This study demonstrates the importance PUBLICATIONS GtS hydrates conversion is relatively sim- of incorporating reservoir heterogeneity ple, low cost and does not require complex into pore displacement analysis, but of Editor of Modern Petroleum processes or extremes of pressure or tem- course the nature of the heterogeneity Technology, Upstream Vol- perature. There could be possibilities for has to be known. Generally, interpretation ume 550pp published by John Wiley for Energy Institute NGH for transport of natural gas from of flood experiments in heterogeneous (UK), August (2000) and au- Trinidad to the Caribbean Islands at vol- core material is hampered by the effects thor of Chapters: Introduction umes much less than those normally con- created by the (unknown) boundaries of - New Technological Devel- sidered for LNG, but still commercial the heterogeneities. These experiments opments- pp xxiv-xxvi within the whole transport chain from therefore provide clear visual information Introduction –Fundamentals producer to consumer. to provide a firmer understanding of the pp23 Reservoir Engineering pp Another direction being explored is the displacement processes during immiscible 75 desalination of sea-water through gas hy- displacement, and to present data for drates. This is because sea-water when input to numerical simulators, and to val- Journals first freezes forms crystals of pure water. idate the simulator through a comparison R Hosein, W Bertrand and R A The problem is how to use this physical with these experimental results. Dawe, Trinidad and Tobago process to economically produce potable heavy oil recovery, The Oil water on the massive scale needed to Sustainability; energy, food, employment, water. Sands & Heavy Oil Technolo- satisfy human and agricultural needs. Dif- Countries having hydrocarbon reserves gies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, ficulties of separation of the ice from the (oil and/or natural gas) are considered July 20-22 (2010) mother liquor are significant. fortunate compared with others that have J Marcelle-De Silva and R A to import their energy. Dawe, Experimental studies of Gas Condensate Fluid Studies: Thus, approaches to long-term sustain- the effects of permeability Many of the gas reserves off the East ability should be considered whilst the variations on immiscible flow, coast of Trinidad contain a significant resources are present, and must include Petroleum Science and Tech- proportion of gas condensate fluids. When programmes to develop sustainable energy, nology, 27(5) 498-510 (2009) these fluids are produced to surface, the food, water supplies and satisfying em- components can be separated by frac- ployment as well as to produce lucrative tionation into gas and liquid fractions at exports. (49) Faculty of Engineering Edwin Ikenna Ekwue Professor - Agriculture (Biosystems) Engineering Head, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

My main area of research is investigating the effect of organic materials on the physical and engineering properties of soils that affect soil erodibility,soil compaction and compressibility by farm machines working on soils. The understanding of these effects and their consequent quantification has been the thrust of my research activities over the years. My research recently extended into the investigation of the role of organic materials into some other engineering properties of soils like thermal and electrical conductivity of soils. Soil erosion by rainfall is a function of soil erodibility, land topography, vegetation and soil erosivity by rainfall. Soil erodibility is affected by soil texture, organic matter content, soil structure and soil permeability. Soil erodibility refers to the vulnerability of the soil to erosion, that is the soil factor in the soil erosion process. My initial PhD research focussed on the role of organic materials on soil erodibility. It involved the study of the effect of organic materials on all the major factors that affect soil erodibility: soil detachment, infiltration, soil shear strength, soil crust strength, soil compaction, soil aggregate stability and aggregate breakdown. It exposed the two major processes involved in the reduction of soil erodibility by organic materials: stabilising soil ag- gregates by colloidal organic materials like grass, farm yard and green manure and acting as a mulch like fibrous inert particles like peat. The research helped to explain the different opposing relationships previously obtained by different researchers, like the relationship between soil detachment and aggregate stability. The relationship was found to be positive for fibrous organic matter and negative for the colloidal ones. Also, not papers in the area of soil erosion research. well understood was the effect of organic matter on soil On coming over to The University of the West Indies shear strength. This was also found to depend on the in St. Augustine, Trinidad, the methods required to type of organic materials. All organic materials were boost agricultural production in the Caribbean region exposed as being able to reduce bulk density, increase was reviewed emphasising the supply of more irrigation soil porosity, reduce soil erodibility and increase infrastructure and tractors for large-scale food production. infiltration rates of the soil. On the irrigation side, water available for irrigation My research also revealed that the type of organic in Trinidad was found to be limited prompting research material like peat, grass, green manure and not just the on the best use of limited water allocated for irrigation. total organic matter content was important in soil The level of water required to irrigate different crops in erosion research. These effects were described and the local setting was quantified using lysimeters as well quantified. The effect of soil strength on detachment as using the empirical best model, Penman-Monteith, was described and a model equation was developed to which was soon discovered. Rainfall available to describe soil detachment. Caribbean countries was statistically analysed to obtain Lastly, the study involved the development of equipment rainfall parameters required for irrigation scheduling. required in soil erosion research including the design Irrigation scheduling using the computer-aided irrigation and construction of rainfall simulators, soil air perme- system called IRSIS was soon investigated and used to ameter, soil penetrometer and a novel equipment for schedule irrigation as well as to predict the level of measuring infiltration rates of soils during rainfall. This water needed in different farming situations in the PhD research led to the publications of nine journal Caribbean. The use and implication of different evapo- (50) The current research I am doing is to examine, model and quantify the thermal and electrical conductivities of soils from different parts of Trinidad. These values are required in the pipe and cable laying processes now taking place in the country. Edwin Ikenna Ekwue ration pan sizes for scheduling irrigation paction and compression, but since it re- was identified in different research works. quires irrigation during the dry season, Also investigated was the effect of soil this limits the water required to maintain compaction on irrigation scheduling of the swamps. Large-scale production of some crops in Trinidad. It was found rice was not recommended in Nariva that the maintenance of adequate irrigation swamp and other wetland soils. Rather, regime in the soil would help to ameliorate a land zoning policy that allows for the EDWIN IKENNA the effect of soil compaction in reducing cultivation of vegetables and carrying plant growth. The use of hydroponic and out of other farming activities in selected EKWUE aquaponic systems of irrigation have also parts of the wetlands was preferred. This Professor of Agricultural been investigated and further studies are recommendation formed part of the report (Biosystems) Engineering required in this area. of the environmental impact assessment (Soil and Water Resources Greater use of tractors in soil cultivation of the area submitted to the Government Specialization) in Trinidad and the Caribbean in general of Trinidad and Tobago in 1999. The Head of Department of Mechanical will result in environmental problems soil compaction work was also related to and Manufacturing Engineering principally soil compaction and com- study the soil physical and engineering Faculty of Engineering pressibility and so these studies of farm properties of common soils used in cricket University of the West Indies machinery traffic was important. There- pitches in Trinidad. These properties fore, methods of reducing soil compaction were studied in relation to their roles in St. Augustine was sought, specifically the use of organic soil pace, soil spin and bounce of the materials in reducing soil compaction. ball. It was found that of all the soils 868 662 2002 ext. 2171 The first part of this research involved studied, the Sevilla Clay was the best to [email protected] the quantification of the impact of different be used in cricket pitches in Trinidad. compaction efforts on soil shear strength, This work is to be continued. soil bulk density and soil penetration re- The current research I am doing is to sistance, which are all indices of soil com- examine, model and quantify the thermal PUBLICATIONS pactibility. Research revealed that organic and electrical conductivities of soils from Ekwue, E.I. 1990. Effect of or- materials like farm yard manure, peat, different parts of Trinidad. These values ganic matter on splash de- filter press mud and sewage sludge can are required in the pipe and cable laying tachment and the processes be used to ameliorate the impact of farm processes now taking place in the country. involved. Earth Surface machinery traffic on soil compaction. Detailed research work involves the de- Processes (UK) 15 (2): 175 - These effects were quantified and some termination of the effect of compaction 181. novel equations that could be used to do levels, soil water content, soil types and this were identified. organic matter contents on these thermal Stone, R.J. & E.I. Ekwue 1995. This study of soil compaction and com- and electrical conductivities and the im- Compressibility of some pactibility was extended in 1998 to the plication of these values for laying of un- Trinidadian soils as affected wetland soils Trinidad, especially Nariva derground pipes and cables required in by the incorporation of peat. Swamp where there were farmers who the growing liquefied natural gas industry Journal of Agricultural Engi- were then using heavy machinery to cul- in Trinidad. The study of electrical con- neering Research (UK) 60 (1): tivate rice as well deplete water in channels ductivities will also reveal the implications 15 - 24. in the area during the dry season, therefore on the corrosion rates of underground negatively affecting the environment of pipes used in the water and other industries Simon, C.M., E.I. Ekwue, F.A. Gumbs & C.V. Narayan 1998. the swamp in terms of soil compression in Trinidad. Evapotranspiration and crop and salt water intrusion as a result of Latest research efforts have been the coefficients of irrigated maize lowered water levels. The major finding engineering design, construction and test- in Trinidad. Tropical Agricul- from this further study was that while ing of soil erosion, soil sieve apparatus ture (Trinidad ): 75 (3): 342 - increased use of tractors could increase and water measuring devices. These have 347. agricultural production on wetland soils been used to quantify the effect of com- in Trinidad; this will cause large compaction effort, organic matter contents, pression and compaction. Rice is well soil type and rainfall effects on soil trans- adapted to these high levels of soil com- port both by overland flow and raindrops. (51) Faculty of Engineering Stephan Gift Professor - Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Professor Stephan J. Gift started graduate research nition from the Institute of Electrical and Electronic in optimal control theory in the Department of Electrical Engineers, which elevated him in October 2003 to the Engineering under Professor St. Clair King in 1976 level of Senior Member, and was elected Fellow of the leading to a PhD in Electrical Engineering in 1980. Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Subsequently, he was appointed a full lecturer in the Tobago. Other awards included the Young Innovator Faculty of Engineering at age 24, one of the youngest award from the Ministry of Culture (1986) and in lecturers at the St. Augustine Campus. Following a 2002, the Prime Minister’s Award for Innovation and 12-year period in industry, he began a period of Invention in Electronics. intensive investigation in electrical engineering and its Some of his contributions in the field of academia foundations resulting in his professorship in 2005. He and industry are outlined in the sections that follow. has published over 60 papers in international peer-reviewed journals. Professor Gift has been invited to Electrical Engineering review papers for 13 major international engineering Over the past several years, in the area of electrical journals and to sit on the editorial board of the renowned engineering he has conducted research in the design of international journal Passive Components. new electrical systems including electronic filters, in- His contribution to electrical engineering was recog- strumentation amplifiers, current and voltage amplifiers, nised in 2008 when he received the Bishop’s High and precision rectifiers. Simultaneously he published School Tobago Alumni Association’s 2008 Distinguished over 35 papers on these designs in international refereed Alumni Award for Engineering. He also received recog- journals. Recently, he introduced a complementary

(52) circuit element called a Current Feedback book in which he confirms the invalidity Conveyor that is one of only two current of relativity theory and describes what amplifiers that can be assembled with many consider is the correct theory of commercially available integrated circuits. space and time. He also introduced several new current Of great significance is his accomplish- feedback amplifier circuit topologies. ment in detecting an inter-galactic cosmic Many of his papers in electronic circuit medium that has eluded detection by the STEPHAN J.G. GIFT design are cited by other researchers. international scientific community for Professor of Electrical Engineering This research is being conducted with over 100 years. This universal all-pervasive Department of Electrical and Professor Brent Maundy of the University medium, known in the 19th century as Computer Engineering of Calgary. the ether, was believed by all scientists Faculty of Engineering As a direct result of this work he re- to be the carrier of light and all electro- ceived a BPTT Fellowship and was magnetic radiation but is today considered granted two half-year sabbaticals to pre- undetectable. University of the West Indies pare a textbook on Electronic Circuit He also has been invited to review pa- St. Augustine Design with Professor Maundy of the pers for the international journal Physics University of Calgary. The manuscript Essays and the Journal of Scientific Explo- 868 662 2002 ext. 3155 is almost completed and a publisher is to ration and to speak at numerous seminars [email protected] be identified shortly. and presentations on this area of his work. Science of Engineering He received awards for this work from In the area of the science of engineering, The Friends of the Tobago Library Com- he has been examining the science of en- mittee who selected him as Individual of PUBLICATIONS gineering and has published over 20 pa- the Year 2006 for scientific contribution, pers on his findings in international peer- from the Electronics Department of the S.J.G. Gift, A Quantum Theory of reviewed journals. In two papers, he Servol Centre at La Romain in 2005 for Magnetism, Progress in Physics, proposed a new particle model that sug- his claimed detection of the ether and Vol. 1, January 2009, pp 7-19. gested that electrons are not elementary previously from the UWI Guild of Grad- particles as is currently believed but like uates who presented him with the Pelican S.J.G. Gift and B. Maundy, A protons and neutrons are made up of Award for Excellence in Science and Novel Circuit Element and its quarks. This idea is new and provides Technology in 1993. Application in Signal Amplifi- persuasive answers to a broad range of cation, International Journal of questions unanswerable by the existing Public Health Circuit Theory and Applica- Standard Model. Over the past four years, Professor tions, Vol. 36, No. 3, May He has also published a new theory of Gift has been actively involved in inves- 2008, pp219-231. the magnetic force observed in many tigating and evaluating published research household magnetic devices, for which on the health effects of electromagnetic S.J.G. Gift, B. Maundy and F. there is no explanation. This model pre- radiation and bringing this information Muddeen, High-Performance dicts the existence of a new massless to the attention of the public in Trinidad Current-Mode Instrumentation particle, which he refers to as a magnaton and Tobago through reports, seminars, Amplifier Circuit, International that is the agency that creates the magnetic public lectures and letters in the news- Journal of Electronics, Vol. 94, force. papers. No. 11, November 2007, pp In related work he has shown that He recommended the rejection of the 1015-1024. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, one of standard for radiation exposure recom- the most celebrated ideas in the history mended by the World Health Organiza- S.J.G. Gift, The Relative Mo- of science that is based on the notion of tion and the development of a new stan- tion of the Earth and the Ether light speed constancy, is flawed. This re- dard for Trinidad and Tobago. Conse- Detected, Journal of Scientific search has attracted some international quently, he was appointed to a committee Exploration, Vol.20, No.2, attention. Most notably he has been in- established by the Trinidad and Tobago 2006, pp.201-214. vited by a leading Italian physicist to Bureau of Standards for the development write the foreword of his forthcoming of such a standard. (53) Faculty of Engineering Timothy Michael Lewis Professor - Construction Engineering & Management Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering

(54) Professor Lewis’s research over the years emphasised the economics of the construction sector in Trinidad and Tobago and the role of construction in the development process particularly, in a developing country (investigating the Bon Curve). Through collaboration with Dr. Roger Hosein (Dept of Economics, UWI) this research has been enhanced and published in two renowned journals thus far. This research is on-going and some aspects of MICHAEL LEWIS the current work was presented at an Inaugural Professorial Lecture in Professor, Construction Engineering 2008. It also formed the basis for a chapter in the leading text book and Management, Department of “Quantifying the GDP-construction relationship”, in Economics for the Modern Civil & Environmental Engineering Built Environment edited by Prof L. Ruddock, Taylor & Francis, New York/Oxford. (2009). Faculty of Engineering Most recently, Professor Lewis was invited to contribute a chapter called “The Study of Construction Management: International Development – University of the West Indies Caribbean Region” in Construction Management: Building a Discipline edited by St. Augustine Prof D. Langford, Taylor & Francis, New York/Oxford, (2009). His current publications are awaiting review and relate to an economic perspective on 868 662 2002 ext. 2502 traffic and congestion and on health and safety in the construction industry. [email protected] In 2005, he became Professor, Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UWI, St Augustine. On his appointment he conducted a complete review of the programme and a major restructuring of the programme and the courses. As a result, a new postgraduate course in Research Methodology (COEM6020) and a Practical PUBLICATIONS Team Project (COEM6025) for postgraduates were introduced in the programme (both with Dr. Andrew Petersen). The restructuring has been done “Creativity on the Teaching in line with the international trend towards ‘learning outcomes’ and revised Agenda”, European Journal of forms of assessment. Engineering Education, Vol 29, For the period 2005-2006, Professor Lewis was appointed as Deputy No 3, Sept, 2004 (pp415-428) Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Distance Education & Outreach and between “The Construction Industry in 2006 and 2008 as Deputy Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Research, Graduate the Economy of Trinidad & To- Studies and Outreach. From 2007 until the present, he was appointed as bago”, Construction Manage- External Examiner, Construction Management Programme, University of ment and Economics, Vol 22, Technology, Kingston, Jamaica, and since 2008 served as External Examiner No 5, June 2004 (pp 541-549). (Construction Economics & Management) for the University of Cape Town, South Africa (With Dr R. Hosein) “Quanti- He designed, developed and implemented a new MSc programme in Con- fying the relationship between struction Management delivered in the University of Guyana in 2006, and aggregate GDP and construc- assisted UWI, Cave Hill in the development of a new MSc in Building and tion value added in a small pe- Construction Management during 2009, for the first cohort that was accepted troleum rich economy - a case in January 2010. study of Trinidad and Tobago”, Among his recent publications are two journal articles: Construction Management • “Impact of globalization on the construction sector in developing countries” and Economics, Vol 22, 2004 (2007), Construction Management and Economics, Volume 25 Issue 1, Jan (pp.7-pp.23) and “North Sea Oil and Scotland's Economic Prospects”, Croom • “A Comparison of Highway Construction Costs in Guyana and Trinidad” Helm, London, 1978 (co-au- (with C.J. Willis) (2009), Journal of Construction Procurement, Vol. thor Dr. I.H. McNicoll) 13, No. 1 (pp 14-23) He was editor of a book and CD – Construction In Developing Countries: New Issues and Challenges from the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Construction in Developing Countries, Port-of-Spain, Jan 16-18, 2008.

(55) Faculty of Engineering Winston Lewis Professor - Manfacturing Technology; Plant Layout & Ergonomics Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

Professor Lewis has been promoting research and development work at the University of the West Indies in the multidisciplinary areas of metallurgical and industrial engineering, sheet metal forming, manufacture of the steelpan musical instrument, applied ergonomics and His research and development work was recently workplace design, engineering quality management and highlighted in 60 Under 60, a special 60th Anniversary nano-technology. This work has been published in commemorative edition of UWI’s Pelican Magazine. leading international and regional journals such as: The Past research work by Professor Lewis: Journal of Mechanical Working Technology; ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry; Journal of Applied Ergonomics; Metallurgical Engineering: Journal of Materials Processing Technology; Journal of Quality& In an attempt to revive the foundry industry in the re- Reliability Management; Journal of Cleaner Production; Inter- gion, Professor Lewis has investigated the use of in- national Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management; digenous sources of iron such as direct reduced iron Journal of Materials and Manufacturing Technology; West (DRI) pellets for the production of ductile iron castings Indian Journal of Engineering; Journal of Machining Science using small typical medium frequency induction melting and Technology; Journal of Metal Finishing; Journal of Bio- furnaces found in small foundries in developing countries Technology; The TQM Magazine; and The Asian Journal of such as Trinidad and Tobago. He continues to apply his Quality. knowledge in sustainable facilities design and ergonomics Professor Lewis has authored 78 academic papers of to develop suitable facilities for this purpose. which 40 are journal papers and 38 conference papers. He has also successfully supervised one Ph.D. candidate, Sheet Metal Forming: three M.Phil. candidates, and 50 Graduate Students Professor Lewis developed a new method of applying blank holding force approximately proportional to the punch force in cup drawing. This has reduced the cost of production of deep drawn components and improved the efficiency of the drawing process.

Manufacture of the Steelpan Musical Instrument: Professor Lewis continues to explore innovative low- cost manufacturing processes, which can be used to manufacture the national musical instrument of Trinidad and Tobago, the musical steel drum or steelpan. In order to achieve more consistent and deeper formed components while maintaining the high quality of the instrument, he proposes the use of the Marforming process and the Flow-forming process, an adaptation of the Spinforming process, be used more frequently in the future to replace the traditional Hand-forming method.

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Ergonomics Design of Handles for Hand mentation for SMMEs operating in de- WINSTON LEWIS Tools: veloping economies. The research team Professor Professor Lewis has applied ergonomics has developed a scale for measuring top Manufacturing Technology; in the design of handles for hand tools. It management commitment towards con- Plant Layout & Ergonomics has been shown that the stresses exerted tinual quality performance improvement Department of Mechanical & in SMMEs. Empirical studies were con- on the flexor and extensor muscles of the Manufacturing Engineering arm while using the ergonomically designed ducted to acquire senior management Faculty of Engineering handles are lower than those exerted views on the use of the QMP Scale in the while using the traditional tool handles. manufacturing sector in Trinidad and To- Thus the risk of injury through repetitive bago. A self-assessment scale was devel- University of the West Indies trauma disorders are greatly reduced oped to measure top management com- St. Augustine while allowing for higher working effi- mitment, which provides practical insights ciencies. for evaluating the levels of maturity on 868 662 2002 ext. 3181 performance improvement in SMMEs. [email protected] Engineering Quality Management The team has also developed a self assessment scale, the Employee Perception Over the past decade Professor Lewis’ PUBLICATIONS research and development work has been Scale (EPS), and investigated the reliability focused mainly on the development and and validity for measuring employees’ perception towards the continual im- W.G. Lewis and C.V. Narayan, use of Quality Management Systems “Design and Sizing of Er- provement of SMMEs. (QMS) and Standards for use in the gonomic Handles for Hand workplace in to improve safety, quality Tools”. Journal of Applied Er- and efficiency. To this end, he has worked Current research interests of Professor gonomics Vol. 24, No. 5, Oc- with the Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Lewis are Sustainable Facilities Design tober Journal of Applied Er- Standards (TTBS) to develop Workplace and Nano-technologies. gonomics Vol. 24, No. 5, Oc- Standards. tober 1993, pp. 351-356. Professor Lewis and his research team Nano-technology: have worked on a number of practical Nano-technology is becoming critically W.G. Lewis, “Review of the research methodologies that take cogni- important in various industrial fields, in- Status of Ductile Iron Castings sance of the peculiarities of small and troducing new platforms for wealth cre- From Direct Reduced Iron in medium-sized manufacturing enterprises ation and offering an abundance of op- Trinidad and Tobago”. The (SMMEs) and the impact on their quality portunities for improving the standard of West Indian Journal of Engi- management practices in developing coun- living. In the global scenario, nano-tech- neering SPECIAL ISSUE Vol. 21, No. 1, July 1998, pp. 26- tries. The research team has also ranked nology is recognised as the enabling tech- 34. the critical factors (CFs) and quality man- nology towards next generation devices which have gained enough confidence to agement principles (QMPs) that determine W.G. Lewis, A.O. Ameerali, have significant competitive advantages. the success of total quality management and K.F. Pun, “Manufacture of TQM as it applies to QMS implementation Despite the massive developments in High Quality Musical Steel in SMMEs. They have used the literature nano-technology around the world only Drums in Trinidad and Toba- on TQM implementation in SMMEs op- traces of nano-initiatives are apparent in go.” The Asian Journal on erating in a developing environment and the Caribbean region. Professor Lewis Quality, Vol. 6 , No. 3, 2005, identified critical factors and prioritised and his colleagues at UWI have developed pp. 204 – 215. them according to the frequency in which a research agenda which addresses a new they appeared in publications. The team interdependent approach to focus on niche identified critical factors of TQM imple- areas.

(57) Faculty of Engineering Jacob Opadeyi Head, Department of Geomatics Engineering and Land Management

Jacob Opadeyi (PhD, MBA, MRICS) is a Professor • A tool for evaluating the readiness and capability of and Head of the Department of Geomatics Engineering local national institutions to deal with the risk of and Land Management in the Faculty of Engineering. disaster. Currently, his research seeks to develop a regional • A list of best practice recommendations for disaster Disaster Risk Management Benchmarking Tool (BTool) risk management. to improve the ability of national governments, civil • A tool for regional benchmarking of nations and society organisations and the private sector to proactively programmes. plan and implement effective and efficient actions that would reduce their vulnerability to natural disasters and The BTool was designed as a self-administering tool create greater economic resilience when they do occur. with responsibility for oversight, data analyses, data The BTool has the following utilities: storage, data management, and quality control assigned • A tool for evaluating the adequacy of current to an independent regional lead agency such as the disaster risk management tools. Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States [OECS]. It

(58) is not intended, at this time, to be com- identification, risk mitigation, risk transfer, prehensive given the following multi-di- disaster preparedness, emergency re- mensions of disaster risk management: sponse, and rehabilitation and recon- risk exposure, geographic extent, and struction. The team will score the ade- vulnerable elements. In terms of risk ex- quacy of the country’s risk management posure, it was designed for multi-hazards tools and resources and return an agreed with the scope to rework it for a particular score for each of the six components of JACOB OPADEYI, hazard. In geographic extent, it could be disaster risk management. Head, Department of Geomatics redesigned for use at national, community, Engineering and Land Management or enterprise levels. It is, however, cus- Computing the indices Faculty of Engineering tomizable to meet specific dimensions. A two-step approach is proposed for In its present form, it covers all the the rating of a country’s disaster risk vulnerable elements in general but may management efforts. In the first step, University of the West Indies be redesigned to focus on any one of the the risk management index (RMI) for St. Augustine following vulnerable elements: affected each of the six components of compre- population, infrastructure, economy, and hensive disaster risk management 868 662 2002 ext. 2109 environment. (CDRM) is calculated. In the second [email protected] The tool was developed in six stages. step, the Total Disaster Risk Management These are: Index (TDRMI) of the country is com- • Selection of a comprehensive disaster puted. management framework • Identification of disaster risk man- Calculating the Total Disaster Risk agement tools and resources Management Index (TDRMI) PUBLICATIONS • Design of assessment questions The Total Disaster Risk Management • Stakeholder review and modification Index (TDRMI) of the country is the Opadeyi, J. and Balfour of the tool average of its score in each of the six Spence (2006). “Vulnerability • Pilot testing and modification of the components of comprehensive risk man- Benchmarking Tool”. A Tech- tool agement. Using such indices, the country nical Manual published by the • Adaptation of the tool by local and is able to identify the adequacy of its Organisation of Eastern regional stakeholders. risk management initiatives, identify gaps, Caribbean States (OECS) and overlaps, omissions, as well as strengths United States Agency for Inter- The BTool may be used as both national and successes. The indices may be used national Development/ and regional disaster risk assessment to select and prioritise projects and pro- Caribbean Open Trade Sup- tools. grammes that will help to improve its fu- port Program (USAID/COTS). ture rankings. National Assessment The result of this assessment may also J. Opadeyi and D. Brown As a national assessment tool, it is rec- be used to develop remedial actions, pro- (2008). “Geographic Informa- ommended that a national multi-sector grammes of work, and build support for tion Systems for Urban Plan- assessment team be established. The team budgetary allocations in the following ning and Management in the should comprise of persons from the years after the assessment. Caribbean: Finding the right ap- public sectors, business community, and proach” West Indian journal of community-based organisations. The Use of the BTool as a Engineering. Vol. 30(2) pp 1-12 work of the team should be supported Regional Benchmarking Tool by a research assistant who will be re- The BTool may be used as a regional Keith Miller and Jacob sponsible for the sourcing of relevant benchmarking tool for comparing the Opadeyi (2009). “New Geo- documents, data, and information required level of disaster risk management of one detic Infrastructure for to accurately respond to the assessment country against another. It has currently Trinidad and Tobago” Survey- questions. If necessary, the team should been adopted in seven Caribbean coun- ing and Land information Sci- be divided into six sub-teams, with each tries and it is currently been tested in all ence, 69(10; pp19-28 sub-team focusing on one of the six dis- the British Overseas Territories of the aster risk management components: risk Caribbean. (59) Faculty of Engineering Kit Fai Pun Professor - Industrial Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

I joined UWI in 2001 as a senior lecturer and obtained Departmental Supervisions & Research my tenure and was promoted to Professor of Industrial Since joining UWI, I have successfully supervised Engineering (IE) in 2004 and coordinator of the In- 60 final-year students’ capstone engineering projects. dustrial Engineering Group in the Department of Me- These projects cover a wide spread of industrial engi- chanical and Manufacturing Engineering of the Uni- neering and engineering management areas, from lab- versity. I now coordinate programmes, chair graduate oratory- and technical-based to application-oriented studies and research for my faculty and lead a task and industry projects. At the graduate level, I successfully force to having established The Centre for Enterprise supervised 25 Masters’ dissertations and four MPhil/PhD Research Integration (ERI). theses, and am currently guiding six MPhil/PhD In 2006, I won the prestigious UWI/Guardian Life students in areas of Innovation systems, Lean manu- Premium Teaching Award for Excellence. In 2008, I facturing, Quality management, Organisational learning, was recognised in “60 under 60” as one of the 60 aca- and Technology transfer. Simultaneously, I have in- demics for UWI in terms of the broad range of academic tensified the publishing capacity of students and junior pursuits and impact they have had and are having in staff and contributed to resurgence of a research culture. the Caribbean region and abroad. In the same year, I Over the past years, I have more than 40 joint publica- was also a recipient of the 2007/08 Vice-Chancellor’s tions with my graduate students. Award for Excellence in Category V: All-round Per- In fostering the university-industry collaboration to formance in Teaching and Research. My biography bring a synergy of research outputs across the Depart- has been selected for inclusion in The Marquis Who’s ment at UWI, I have been leading a taskforce to Who in Science and Engineering since 2006. establish the ERI Centre since 2004. One main challenge for the centre is to build and expand the capacity for Research Accomplishments research and innovation in the absence of structured On the research sphere, I consider myself an active national and regional mechanisms for funding relevant researcher among all Faculty colleagues. My research research. Since 2005, three research groups, namely focuses on areas of Engineering Management and Sys- Rapid Prototyping (RP), Industrial Engineering and tems, Industrial Engineering, Quality systems, and Applications (IEA) and Technology Transfer and Man- Technology Management. I apply technological enquiry agement (TTM), were formed under my mentorship to the capacity of organisations (particularly, small- in the Faculty. Several research and industry collaboration and medium-sized enterprises in the Caribbean) in initiatives such as rapid prototyping in glass products, rapid commercialisation in business that is technology environmentally recycling of plastics bottles, and sim- based. My work in developing a scale for measuring ulation of distribution networks for motor fuels across management behaviour is people and customer oriented. the nation, are being developed. Moreover, I acquired Since 2001, I have written and contributed to writing research funding as Principal Investigator and Co-in- more than 80 refereed journal articles and 40 conference vestigator for seven projects (amounted TT$275,000 papers, authored three books/book chapters, and edited or US$ 45,800) at UWI among them “Employee Em- seven special issues of journals and conference pro- powered Quality Improvement in Manufacturing En- ceedings. I have received several honours in recognition terprises in Trinidad and Tobago”, (Completed in No- of research from external bodies, among them the Top vember 2004), and “Science and Technology: Vehicles 25 Requested Papers for April 2002 - April 2004 in for Sustainable Economic Development in the Expert Systems with Applications Publication: Chin, Caribbean” (Completed in October 2008). K.S., Pun, K.F. and Lau, H.C.W., ”Development of a knowledge-based self-assessment system for organisa- Three selected research areas are elaborated below: tional performance”, Expert Systems with Applications, Area 1. Manufacturing Strategy Formulation Vol.24, No.4, March 2003, pp.443-455 and the Recipient and Performance Measurement of the Emerald Literati Network 2006 Highly Com- Measuring organisational performance plays a very mended Award Publication: Pun, K.F., “An empirical important part in translating corporate strategy into investigation of strategy determinants and choices in results in manufacturing firms. Various emerging (non- manufacturing enterprises”, Journal of Manufacturing traditional) performance measurement (PM) systems Technology Management, Vol.16, No.3, 2005, pp.282- have recently devised to aid firms in selecting and im- 301 plementing measures. This research provides guidance

(60) KIT FAI PUN Professor of Industrial Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering

University of the West Indies St. Augustine

868 662 2002 ext. 2068/2069 [email protected]

PUBLICATIONS

Pun, K.F. and White, A.S., "A performance measurement paradigm for integrating strate- about what to measure and how to design sized enterprises (SMEs) in technology gy formulation: a review of performance measures that could be transfer has become a critical issue in systems and frameworks”, In- linked to the corporate strategy and ob- both the academy and practice. This re- ternational Journal of Manage- jectives of organisations. search is two-fold: it investigates the rel- ment Reviews, Vol.7, No.1, evancy of the collaborative approach to 2005, pp.25-46 Area 2. Total Quality Management innovation and technology transfer in and PM Practices SMEs and 2) is geared toward the de- Pun, K.F. and Jaggernath-Fur- Competitive environments and priorities velopment of generic self-assessment longe, S., "Exploring culture di- change over time, effective enterprise model for SMEs to determine their per- mensions and enablers in management always depends on the ef- formance in Innovation and new product quality management practices: fective measurement of performance and development (NPD) practices. some findings", The Asian Jour- results. This research investigates into I also engaged in two collaborative renal on Quality, Vol.10, No.2, determinants/factors affecting the inte- search projects with overseas scholars 2009 pp.57-76 gration and identifies essential ingredients and researchers. One was concerned and self-assessment criteria for facilitating with “Strategy Formulation and Per- Pun, K.F. Sankat, C.K. and Moti- the total quality management (TQM)/ formance Measurement in Manufacturing lal, C.B., “Towards collaborative performance measurement (PM) practices Enterprises” (with City University of agro-innovation in in organisations. Hong Kong and Middlesex University, developing countries: the England; Completed in 2009), and the Caribbean perspective”, Interna- Area 3. Innovation and New latter is an on-going project on “Writing tional Journal of Agricultural Re- Product Development an Industrial Engineering Text/Case sources, Governance and Ecolo- How to enhance the innovation capa- Books”, (with City University of Hong gy, Vol.5, No.1, 2006, pp.51-74 bility and improve the success rate of Kong and The Hong Kong Polytechnic forms (particularly small and medium- University). (61) Faculty of Engineering Domalapally Rao Professor - Structural Engineering Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering

D S Prakash Rao was a Professor of Structural En- concrete bridges due to insolation (solar radiation) gineering with the Department of Civil and and Envi- effects. These stresses, not usually considered in the ronmental Engineering at UWI, St. Augustine. He design of bridges, induced distress in several structures. had over forty years of research, design and teaching Concrete bridges are constantly exposed to the ambient in countries such as India, Germany and Australia and environment, and subjected to alternate heating and had been involved with projects on a wide range of cooling cycles. The ambient conditions (temperature, topics such as bridge analysis and design, model testing, solar radiation and wind velocity) induce thermal gra- pre-stressed concrete, live load surveys, software de- dients in the bridge superstructure, leading to additional velopment, concrete technology, high-rise buildings, stresses over the cross section, besides longitudinal earthquake engineering and non-destructive testing. movements and vertical deflections. Temperature dis- Professor Rao has published widely, and authored a tributions and the resulting stresses have been investigated handbook on the design of bridge deck slaps, a profes- in several countries including U. K., America, Australia sional book on detailing of reinforcement, four textbooks and New Zealand; the reported investigations in other on strength of materials and structural analysis, and a countries are scanty. technical monograph on durability of concrete structures. His investigations led to the development of design He is the recipient of several awards. The following temperature distributions for concrete bridges of various are summaries of several areas of his research profile. configurations for the ambient data in Melbourne, Australia and in New Delhi, India and the stresses in- Design temperature distributions and thermal duced in various configurations of concrete highway stresses in concrete bridges bridges were assessed. A comprehensive document on 1 the major computer programs developed on these The research project dealt with thermal stresses in aspects were also prepared.

(62) Assessing the seismic response confirmed by laboratory testing and cor- of structures by monitoring low relation with similar data. The project 2amplitude ambient vibration char- involved the procurement of the equip- acteristics ment, extensive evaluation in the labo- Earthquakes that devastated various ratory, and training of technicians, stu- regions of India in the expected (Bhuj, dents and professional engineers in various 2001) as well as unexpected regions methods of testing. While the emphasis DOMALAPALLY (Latur, 1993) caused extensive loss of was on the applications, the limitations SURYA RAO property and human life. of the methods were also appraised. The project envisaged the review of Professor Structural Engineering existing procedures for seismic analysis, Department of Civil & and the development of guidelines for Seismic resistant design of rein- Environmental Engineering seismic resistant structures. It also in- forced concrete framed structures Faculty of Engineering volved monitoring of the low amplitude 4 ambient vibrations of structures, and The failure of reinforced concrete struc- University of the West Indies tures in recent earthquakes in several comparing the response with various an- St. Augustine alytical models. The study leads to the countries has caused concern about the formulation of rational seismic resistant performance of concrete structures, es- Deceased (February 2011) design procedures and structural con- pecially of the beam-column joints. The figurations. performance of framed structures depends not only upon the individual structural elements but also upon the integrity of Performance assessment and non- the joints. In most of the cases, joints of PUBLICATIONS destructive testing of concrete framed structures are subjected to the structures most critical loading under seismic con- D. S. Prakash Rao, 2002. In- 3 troduction to Strength of Ma- Non-destructive testing (NDT) is an ditions. The reversal of forces in beam - integral part of structural performance column joints during earthquakes may terials. University Press Limit- evaluation. Periodic inspection and main- cause distress and often failure, when ed, Hyderabad, India 2002, tenance of structures is essential to ensure not designed and detailed properly. The p.162 long service life of structures. It is also design and detailing of joints play a necessary to establish the reasons for crucial role in providing ductility and D. S. Prakash Rao, 1995. De- deterioration of the structure before plan- strength required to sustain large defor- sign principles and detailing of ning its repair program. Quality control, mations and reversed stresses during concrete structures, Tata Mc- routine inspection as well diagnostic in- earthquakes. Graw-Hill Publishing Compa- vestigations require the application of Some of the common incorrect design ny Limited, New Delhi, India, NDT techniques judiciously for evaluation and construction practices of beam-col- 1995 p.360 and effective implementation of control umn joints are appraised along with pos- measures. sible remedies. Various types of joints, D. S. Prakash Rao, 1986. Tem- NDT yields a rapid assessment of the their behavior under lateral forces are perature distributions and existing condition of the structure. How- discussed along with the experimental stresses in concrete bridges, ever, no single NDT technique yields results. The behaviour of various types Journal of the American Con- data on complete structural performance; of joints was assessed, along with the crete Institute, Vol. 83. No 4 usually two or more techniques have to design and detailing aspects. An equation, July- August 1986, pp588-596 be adopted for correct evaluation and applicable to both normal strength and diagnosis of structural deficiencies. It is high strength concretes, for calculating also essential to study the structural the area of transverse reinforcement in drawings and construction records, as the joint was proposed based on recent well as the existing structure in order to research. The procedure for the design correlate the data of various NDT tech- of various types of joints was also for- niques. Often in situ studies have to be mulated.

(63) Faculty of Engineering Chandrabhan Sharma Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Renewable Energy with Energy Security:

The Introduction of RE Portfolio Standard in the Economies of the Caribbean Island Chain The common thread of the last five Summits of the Americas was to enhance energy security amongst the member states while at the same time encouraging the development of a common policy framework for renewable energy (RE). RE has been advocated as a method for reducing the dependence on imported energy and a necessary requirement for the reduction of the carbon footprint of countries, most of which are signatories to the Kyoto protocol. The Caribbean is particularly susceptible to the effects of global warming as most of the population live close to the sea and hence would be the first to feel the effect of the predicted rise in the sea level. The Caribbean Islands, with the exception of Trinidad, are very dependent on tourism. However, with the expected temperature changes due to global climate change, the Caribbean Island chain will be devastated as most islands would lose their most valuable tourist asset, their sandy beaches. The predica- ment of the islands is further exacerbated by the fact that they have no control of the predicted sea level rise as their aggregated anthropogenic green house gas (GHG) emissions are less than 0.2% of global value. With the introduction of international legal instru- approach to GHG emissions reduction has been leg- ments such as the United Nations Framework Con- islating renewable energy (RE) portfolio standards, vention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol which require nations to meet a certain percentage of there has been an international push to combat climate their power generation demands through the use of change by committing countries to a reduction in energy derived from natural, sustainable energy sources GHG levels. such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ocean Additionally, this commitment has been driven by a currents. desire to reduce pollution and increase energy security There are many common technical and economic in the face of highly variable fossil fuel prices. One barriers to the introduction of RE technology to the

(64) Caribbean Islands. Trinidad and Tobago this means is that the unit cost of elec- is peculiar in that it has an economy tricity from these RE technologies is that is heavily based on an energy sector not just the RE technology cost but the that is driven by the country’s abundant inclusion of the back-up cost as well. fossil fuel resources. This strong hydro- In addition, solar and wind atlases for carbon economy and a population of a each island must be developed so that little over 1 million has resulted in there is a proper mapping of the available CHANDRABHAN Trinidad and Tobago being one of the RE resource. No investment should be highest GHG emitting countries in the made before these two fundamental SHARMA world, on a per capita basis (quite in- steps are done. Deputy Dean - UG Stud. Affairs significant on an actual value basis). The financial and policy measures that (Fac. of Eng); Prof - Ind. & Comm. Furthermore, unlike some of its would have to be taken by the govern- Power Sys.; Energy Sys.; Caribbean neighbours, there has been ment in order to introduce RE tech- Power Sys. Protection little in the way of implementation of nologies would certainly open the gov- Department of Electrical & RE technology in the country. This per- ernment to criticism and opposition. Computer Engineering haps makes Trinidad and Tobago ideal However, a gradual approach, supported Faculty of Engineering for an examination of the benefits, draw- by an aggressive public awareness cam- backs and barriers to the introduction paign would probably help mitigate this. of RE technologies and the lessons learnt This approach would first entail focusing University of the West Indies can then be expanded to the more tourist on the most easily achieved GHG re- St. Augustine dependant islands of the Caribbean. ducing method as well as energy effi- In an effort to introduce a sustainable ciency and conservation measures that 868 662 2002 ext. 3141 RE portfolio, the Caribbean islands would receive the least resistance. [email protected] must each establish an environment that At the same time support must be is most suited to the introduction of provided to the research on and building solar and wind power generation for of the infrastructure necessary for RE PUBLICATIONS that country. The governments must development to become feasible. This know a priori, the effect of RE intro- would put the Caribbean on the sus- “A wind energy conversion sys- duction on the power system before a tainable path to making a significant tem (WECS) for the Island of To- portfolio standard can be articulated. impact on its emissions. bago - A Case Study”, Energy Hence the necessary power system stud- The savings achieved would help offset Engineering, The Journal of the ies must be commissioned as one of the the cost to consumers of implementing Association of Energy Engineers first steps. RE technology. (ISSN. 0199-8595), Vol. 96, No. It should be remembered that both In the long run, it would help wean 3, 1999. pp#06 - 28. wind and solar sources are intermittent the islands away from total dependence in nature and hence require 100 per on fossil fuels and move to one that is “Wind as a reliable source for cent back-up in these island states. What sustainable and renewable. electricity generation: The Trinidad and Tobago Perspec- tive.” Published in Renewable Energy, the Journal of the World Renewable Energy Congress VI. July 2000, pp 1221-1225. Pub- lished by Elsevier Science Ltd. ISBN : 0 080 43

“Wind speed distributions: a new catalogue of defined models”. Wind Engineering, UK ISSN 0309 524x, vol. 25, No.6, 2001, pp#319 – 337.8652. ISSN: 0960-1481 (65) Faculty of Engineering Bonnie J. Tyler Professor - Biomaterials; Surface Chemistry Departent of Chemical Engineering

Bonnie Tyler is a Professor in the Department of organised an international workshop in this field: Chemical Engineering at UWI, St. Augustine Campus. Surface chemical analysis: Improving data interpretation Her research deals with the chemical processes that by multivariate and informatics techniques. The con- occur at organic and biological interfaces including ference was held in Trinidad at the Salybia resort and medical implants, biofilms, foods and atmospheric particles. included scientists from Europe, Asia and North Her special strengths lie in applied mathematics in- America. cluding multivariate data analysis and the mathematics Since Professor Tyler’s approaches to data analysis of non-destructive depth profiling. Importantly, she are applicable to a wide range of areas, this accounts has developed algorithms for calculating depth profiles for her involvement in projects ranging from the recal- from angle dependent ESCA data sets for and for pro- citrance of biofilm infections to the study of the chemistry cessing 2D and 3D TOF-SIMS images. Recently, she of fossil fuels.

(66) Her earlier publications between 1997 and 2006 include the following:

Khot, P. D.; Suci, P. A.; Miller, R. L.; Nelson, R. D.; Tyler, B. J., A small subpopulation of blastospores in candida albicans biofilms exhibit resistance BONNIE J. TYLER to amphotericin B associated with differential regulation of ergosterol and Professor beta-1,6-glucan pathway genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50 (11), Biomaterials; Surface Chemistry 3708-16. Department of Chemical Engineering Tyler, B. J.; Rangaranjan, S.; Moller, J.; Beumer, A.; Arlinghaus, H. E., TOF-SIMS imaging of chlorhexidine-digluconate transport in frozen hydrated biofilms of the fungus Candida albicans. Applied Surface Science 2006, 252 (19), University of the West Indies 6712-6715. St. Augustine

Willse, A.; Tyler, B., Poisson and multinomial mixture models for multivariate 868 662 2002 ext. 3076 SIMS image segmentation. Anal Chem 2002, 74 (24), 6314-22. [email protected]

Tyler, B. J., Multivariate statistical image processing for molecular specific imaging in organic and bio-systems. Applied Surface Science 2006, 252 (19), 6875-6882. PUBLICATIONS Rangarajan, S.; Tyler, B. J., Topography in secondary ion mass spectroscopy images. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 2006, 24 (5), 1730-1736. Holmes, H. A.; Pardyjak, E. R.; Tyler, B. J.; Peterson, R. E., Inves- Pataki, D. E.; Tyler, B. J.; Peterson, R. E.; Nair, A. P.; Steenburgh, W. J.; tigation of the time evolved spa- Pardyjak, E. R., Can carbon dioxide be used as a tracer of urban atmospheric tial distribution of urban PM2.5 transport? Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2005, 110 (D15), -. concentrations and aerosol composition during episodic Peterson, R. E.; Tyler, B. J., Analysis of organic and inorganic species on high PM events in Yuma, AZ. At- the surface of atmospheric aerosol using time-of-flight secondary ion mass mospheric Environment 2009, spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36 (39-40), 6041- 43 (28), 4348-4358. 6049. Khot, P. D.; Suci, P. A.; Tyler, B. Wagner, M. S.; Tyler, B. J.; Castner, D. G., Interpretation of static time-of- J., Candida albicans viability flight secondary ion mass spectra of adsorbed protein films by multivariate after exposure to amphotericin pattern recognition. Anal Chem 2002, 74 (8), 1824-35. B: assessment using metabolic assays and colony forming Baty, A. M.; Leavitt, P. K.; Siedlecki, C. A.; Tyler, B. J.; Suci, P. A.; units. J Microbiol Methods Marchant, R. E.; Geesey, G. G., Adsorption of adhesive proteins from the 2008, 72 (3), 268-74. marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, on polymer films in the hydrated state using angle dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Tyler, B. J.; Rayal, G.; Castner, Langmuir 1997, 13 (21), 5702-5710. D. G., Multivariate analysis strategies for processing ToF- SIMS images of biomaterials. Biomaterials 2007, 28 (15), 2412-23.

(67) Faculty of Medical Sciences

The Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS) is comprised of the Schools of Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Med- icine, Pharmacy, and Advanced Nursing Education. The five schools working under the umbrella of “One Health” provide unique opportunities for multi- and interdisciplinary research and has resulted in a wide spectrum of research activities, ranging from studies on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dengue and the development of vaccines against canine leptospirosis, to investigations into the links between mental illness and migration, the dental health of the people with special needs, and approaches to medical education. Synergies created through collaborations within the Faculty are further enhanced by links with other UWI Faculties and with regional and international institutions.

Lifestyle-related and other chronic conditions The School of Medicine has a strong focus on lifestyle- related and other chronic conditions, in particular those that are increasing in incidence due to economic globalisation, demographic change, and dietary/behavioural changes associated with westernisation, examples of which include obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and asthma. On-going research by graduate students within the Department of Preclinical Sciences with international partners, seeks to understand metabolic derangements that occur during chronic consumption of a high car- Dr. Christine Carrington bohydrate diet, associated with risk for type 2 diabetes. The effects of high calorie intake on the brain and Deputy Dean, possible links to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease Graduate Studies and Research are also under investigation. Other work on the mechanisms of action of mito- chondrial enzymes is also relevant to our understanding together with international collaborators showed that of Alzheimer’s disease and myocardial infarction. the high prevalence of type-2 diabetes among Trinida- dians of South Asian ancestry could not be accounted for by differences in the genetic architecture and that Role of ethnicity in determining many of the alleles known to be associated with NCD disease susceptibility were not clustered in a particular ethnic group in In addition to investigating the biochemical and mo- Trinidad. Data from other work suggested a role for lecular mechanisms underlying non-communicable dis- dietary patterns in the aetiology of type-2 diabetes eases (NCD), FMS researchers have helped to clarify among men of South Asian ancestry. their epidemiology in Trinidad and Tobago and the An ongoing study is addressing the hypothesis that wider Caribbean. In many cases there are apparent ethnicity is a significant determinant in the embryonic differences in disease expression or prevalence between response to changes in cellular environment, and accounts, ethnic groups. in part, for the variation in incidence and in the devel- As such several studies have attempted to clarify the opment of NCD. Other studies led by the Department role of ethnicity in determining disease susceptibility. of Paraclinical Sciences investigated the effect of ethnicity For example, by the Department of Preclinical Sciences on the expression of clinical diseases such as asthma (68) and dengue virus infection. Another aimed at molecular and nutrition education in order to promote healthy definition of racial admixture in the diverse Trinidadian lifestyle behaviours and reduce obesity among school- population should facilitate such investigations. aged children. Asthma and other allergic disorders are also of The Faculty is also a key player in the Regional growing concern to the region. In this respect, re- Non-Communicable Diseases Surveillance System, searchers in the Department of Paraclinical Sciences an initiative that is meant to improve the region’s ca- conducted a survey of allergic asthma, rhinitis and pacity to deliver cost-effective health services associated eczema among over 8,000 school-aged children in with NCD. Trinidad and Tobago, which has contributed to the Also, a diabetes surveillance study funded by the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Child- Helen Bhagwansingh Diabetes Research & Prevention hood. Institute (DERPI) has screened over 66,000 primary In addition, the department was a key player in a and secondary school students for diabetes. multi-institutional collaboration on the potential health In terms of chronic disease management, work led impact of Saharan dust clouds on Caribbean popula- by the Department of Paraclinical Sciences has shown tions. One aspect on Sahara dust and asthma in that type 2 diabetic patients at primary care settings Trinidad caught the attention of National Geographic in Trinidad and Tobago have poor glycaemic control. and was featured on “Strange Days on Planet Earth.” A follow-up study on self blood glucose monitoring has demonstrated the benefits of empowering patients to take the management and care of their blood Prevention, surveillance and glucose levels out of the laboratories to their own management of NCD homes. There has also been a strong emphasis on approaches to prevention, surveillance and management of NCD. The Faculty has been involved in several national Mental health and neuroscience surveys of the nutritional status of the general popu- Several FMS researchers are involved in studies lation. There have also been community-based inter- on mental health and neuroscience. In addition to in- ventions to reduce disease burden, resulting in gen- vestigations into Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, eration of data that can inform regional policy makers. there has been considerable work on neuronal injury FMS researchers are also working with partners in and neuroprotection, dementia, depression, phobia, academia, government, teachers, parents and children and substance abuse. to infuse the primary school curriculum with health The theme of ethnicity and health recurs here, as (69) Faculty of Medical Sciences

investigators have studied the question of whether become established in human populations, close col- ethnic variation in genes involved in alcohol metabolism laboration between researchers in the School of Med- explains differences in the incidence of alcoholism. icine and the School of Veterinary Medicine has Other work led by the Psychiatry Unit in the Dept been key to successful research efforts in these areas. of Clinical Medical Sciences identified family history, There has been considerable work on ecological substance use, unemployment, and African ethnicity and evolutionary factors that determine pathogen as risk factors for schizophrenia. The association be- emergence, dispersal and maintenance led by re- tween migration and increased rates of mental illness searchers in the Department of Preclinical Sciences has also been extensively studied. using a phylogenetic and computation biology approach.

Infectious Diseases of Animals and Humans An important FMS research theme is Infectious Animal health and disease Diseases of Animals and Humans. These include Researchers in the School for Veterinary Medicine HIV-AIDS, dengue and other emerging and re- have supported other studies of human disease emerging diseases such as Leptosiprosis, Yellow fever involving animal models and the use of animals as and other mosquito-borne diseases, drug resistant environmental sentinels. The agouti in particular has bacterial infections (including hospital acquired in- been closely studied with a view to development as a fections), food-borne diseases, sexually transmitted model animal as well as to facilitate reproduction in diseases such as Chlamydia and human papilloma captivity. virus associated cervical cancer, and animal infections While they contribute to studies of human disease, of public health importance. As most emerging infec- the primary interest of researchers in the School of tions in humans are caused by animal pathogens that Veterinary Medicine is animal health and disease,

(70) whether companion animals, livestock or free-living in an attempt to improve customer satisfaction at and captive wild animals. They focus on under- health care facilities. Research includes studies on standing the epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis patients’ expectation and level of satisfaction with and treatment of infectious and non-communicable nursing performance, preparation of nursing students diseases of animals, and contribute to veterinary for effective clinical practice and teacher’s perception public health. of school nurses in selected schools. Other research includes knowledge, attitude and practices of primary school teachers in relation to Epidemiology, public health potential HIV-positive students. and health promotion The School of Pharmacy has been involved in Research work centred on epidemiology, public the development of new drug delivery systems and health and health promotion emanates from all research in the pharmacy business field. schools and include studies on management of Past studies include an evaluation of patient-per- HIV-AIDS, caregiver burden and dementia, the ceived adverse effects of Tomoxifen by breast health and socioeconomic position of the aged, cancer patients, complementary and alternative evaluation of health monitoring protocols, devel- therapies used at medical practices and non-pre- opment of parameter norms for the regional popu- scription drugs used by hypertensive people and lation, oral health needs in young children, dental potential clinical risks. health education, oral health promotion, and dental The use of natural products (herbal medicine) in health of people with special needs. the treatment of wound healing, cancer, hypertension, The School of Advanced Nursing Education has epilepsy, peptic ulcer, and cardiovascular disease examined the customer services attributes of nursing is also an area of particular interest.

(71) Faculty of Medical Sciences Jonas Addae Professor - Physiology Head, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences

The role of glutamic acid receptors in protection against neurological diseases

The work of the British pharmacologist Henry Dale and the German physiologist Otto Loewi in the 1930s provided sufficient evidence that nerves communicate with each other in the brain by releasing chemicals that move across a synapse—the small space between two nerves. Acetyl choline and noradrenaline were known quite early to be examples of such chemical messengers, which became known as neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid (or glutamate) is one of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids that are linked together in human cells to synthesize proteins for numerous biochemical processes. Although the early work by V.B.Brooks, R.E.Rans- meier & R.W. Gerard and by T. Hayashi in the 1940s and 1950s had demonstrated that application of glutamate to the brain caused excitation and increased electrical activity of nerves, glutamate was considered to be too widespread in the brain to be a possible neurotransmitter. The systematic work by D.R. Curtis, J.W. Phillis and J.C.Watkins in the late 1950s to the early 1980s paved the way for the understanding of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Currently, glutamate is known to be one of the most common neurotransmitters found in the brain and spinal cord; it is used by nerves in the processing of sensations from the outside world (e.g. vision, hearing, taste, and smell); and skin sensations (e.g. pain and touch). Glutamate is involved in processing muscle movements e.g. walking, running, and skilled movements. The chemical also plays a major part in memory formation in different parts of the brain. Paradoxically, glutamate is also involved in several neurological and psychiatric disorders e.g. epilepsy, migraine, stroke, motor neuron disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and substance abuse. These neurological and psychiatric disorders are classified as “chronic non-communicable diseases”, a topic that forms part of UWI’s Faculty of Medical Sciences research themes. The question that has intrigued me over the years and formed the basis of my research is “How does a chemical that plays such crucial roles in several normal brain functions also be a major culprit in such a wide array of brain diseases?” Needless to indicate that, given the wide range of actions of glutamate in physiological (normal) and pathological (abnormal) processes, Part of the laboratory set up for recording electrical activity there are several laboratories worldwide that have of nerves in the brain. (72) been studying the actions of glutamate nerves against subsequent damage from different perspectives. from lack of oxygen or subsequent When glutamate is released by a nerve, intense stimulation of nerves by glu- it acts on four main types of proteins tamate-related compound. This ob- (known as receptors) to effect changes servation could provide a biological in other nerves. My research work (which explanation for the known protective has been in very close collaboration with effect of learning against dementia. JONASONWUBIKO ADDAE Trevor Stone of Glasgow University) ProfessorAGOZINO - Physiology has focused on the actions and interactions • Mild stimulation of nerves with glu- Head, Department of Professor of Sociology and Director between two of the glutamate receptors tamate-related compounds protects Pre-Clinical Sciences Africana Studies Program known as NMDA and AMPA. nerves against the harmful effects of Faculty of Medical Sciences In a series of experiments spanning a subsequent more intense exposure Department of Sociology two decades we have shown that: to the compounds; a process that has Virginia Tech University of the West Indies been termed preconditioning. This 562 McBryde Hall St. Augustine • In the cerebral cortex, nerves initiate finding supports the emerging un- Blacksburg steps that make them resistant to the derstanding that nerves in the brain VA 24061 868 645 2640 ext. 4621/4599 effects of continued activation of the can activate protective mechanisms USA [email protected] NMDA receptor by glutamate. Of against subsequent damage by glu- 540 231 7699 the four glutamate receptors, the tamate. Fax: 540 231 3860 NMDA receptor is the main one that mediates the damage to nerves. The results of our work have demon- [email protected] Hence, this finding indicates that strated that although glutamate is both a PUBLICATIONS there are intrinsic mechanisms that friend and foe to nerves of the brain, can protect nerves against the harmful there are intrinsic brain mechanisms that Addae, J. I., Evans, S. M., Ali, effects of glutamate. protect it from the harmful effects of N., & Stone, T. W. (2000). glutamate. Understanding these mecha- NMDA-induced changes in a • Mild stimulation of AMPA receptors nisms is essential to controlling the harmful cortical network in vivo are by glutamate prevents the effects of effects of glutamate without compromising prevented by AMPA. Brain Re- subsequent stimulation of NMDA its widespread essential normal functions search 869, 211-215. receptors, without interfering with in the brain and spinal cord. The alter- normal communication between native approach of blocking glutamate Stone, T. W. & Addae, J. I. nerves. AMPA receptors tend to me- receptors has had limited success because (2002). The pharmacological diate most of the normal brain func- such an approach has been accompanied manipulation of glutamate re- tions; hence, our finding indicates by serious side effects from the simulta- ceptors and neuroprotection. that such functions could limit the neous blocking of normal brain func- European Journal of Pharma- chances of nerve damage via the tions. cology 447, 285-296. NMDA receptor. We are currently examining how glutamate receptor activation interacts with Addae, J. I., Youssef, F. F., & • As a follow up to the above observa- other neurotransmitters in the brain Stone, T. W. (2003). Neuropro- tion, stimulation of AMPA receptors e.g. GABA and adenosine, to increase tective role of learning in de- in nerves protects nerves against its protective actions; and how the lo- mentia: a biological explana- epilepsy and spreading depression, cation of glutamate receptors on the tion. Journal of Alzheimer’s the latter is involved in migraine and nerve influences its physiological versus Disease 5, 91-104. stroke. pathological effects. Additionally, we are examining how extracts of locally Addae, J. I., Ali, N., Youssef, F. • In the hippocampus, a part of the available foods (e.g. curcumin) and F., & Stone, T. W. (2007). brain known to be crucially involved plants (e.g. jasmine and neem) could AMPA receptor activation rein memory formation, inducing Long- protect a person against some of the duces epileptiform activity in term potentiation (an experimental diseases listed above by affecting the the rat neocortex. Brain Re- model of memory formation) protects glutamate receptor. search 1158, 151-157. (73) Faculty of Medical Sciences Abiodun Adesiyun Professor - Public Health/Epidemiology Director, School of Veterinary Medicine

(74) Professor Abiodun Adesiyun assumed mastitis in cattle and bacteriological and duties at the School of Veterinary Medi- toxicological risks posed to consumers of cine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Uni- milk (18 papers); enteropathogens of versity of the West Indies, St. Augustine farmed and free-roaming wildlife (9 pa- Campus on October 30, 1990 as Senior pers); food safety relevant to ready-to- Lecturer in Veterinary Public Health/Epi- eat foods of animal origin (30 papers), demiology. He was promoted to the rank zoonoses due to bacterial and viral agents Abiodun Adesiyun of a full professor on February 11, 1999. (16 papers). Since joining the UWI, he has published During this period, two problems arose, Professor - Public Health/ a total of 105 peer-reviewed papers, pre- firstly, the outbreak of brucellosis in cattle Epidemiology sented 56 papers at local, regional and in- and water buffalo farms in the country in Director, School of ternational conferences, and served as 1998 and secondly, there were reports of Veterinary Medicine supervisor to three Ph.D. and eight M.Phil. dogs properly vaccinated against lep- Faculty of Medical Sciences students, all of whom have successfully tospirosis succumbing to the disease. With completed their theses. the introduction of a test and slaughter University of the West Indies In July 1999, he was a recipient of the policy by the government to eradicate St. Augustine University of the West Indies Vice Chan- brucellosis in the country the water buffalo cellor’s award for Excellence in the Area (buffalypso) population faced a threat of 868 645 2640 ext. 4213/4241 of Research for the academic year extinction considering the fact that close 1998/1999, to date the only award recipient to 75 per cent of the animals in herds [email protected] in that area in the Faculty of Medical were seropositive for brucellosis. An ex- Sciences. In April 2008, he was selected tensive investigation was conducted to as one of the UWI’s 60 leading academics assess the efficacy of B. abortus RB51 PUBLICATIONS (60 under 60) as part of the 60th An- vaccine, which had been successfully used niversary Celebrations. in the American bison and cattle. Adesiyun, A.A. and Kaminjo- Since 1990, he has individually or jointly The studies conducted by three of his lo, J.S. (1994). Prevalence attracted research grants worth graduate students (one Ph.D. and two and epidemiology of selected TT$2,344,868.70 (US$372,201.38): M. Phil.) and which produced nine full- enteric pathogens of livestock • UWI Campus Research grants length papers in peer-reviewed journals in Trinidad. Preventive Veteri- (TT$538,648.80 or US$ 85,499.81), provided invaluable information on the nary Medicine 19: 151 - 165. • Dean’s Awards for Research efficacy of the vaccine. (TT$140,000 or US$22,222.22), Professor Adesiyun has also carried out Adesiyun, A.A., Webb, L.A., • Trinidad and Tobago Government valuable research on morbidity and mor- Romain, H. and Kaminjolo, Research Grant (TT$1,107,700 or tality due to leptospirosis in vaccinated J.S. (1997). Prevalence and US$175,825.39), dogs, which has revealed that imported characteristics of E. coli strains • regional sources (TT$177,095 or vaccines were not effective in protecting isolated from milk and faeces US$281,110.32) vaccinated dogs. Studies in rats, suspected of cows on dairy farms. Jour- • international sources (TT$381,419.94 cases of canine leptospirosis and stray nal of Food Protection 60: or US$60,542.85). dogs established that the predominant 1174 - 1181. serovars of Leptospira in the country were Prior to the establishment of the School quite different from those in the vaccines Adesiyun, A.A., Offiah, N., of Veterinary Medicine in 1989, there used locally. Vaccine trials in hamsters Seepersadsingh, N., Rodrigo, was a dearth of scientific information in using killed vaccines produced from the S., Lashley, V. and Musai, L. veterinary medicine in the country. His two prevalent serovars were determined (2006). Frequency and antimi- major areas of research therefore, focussed to be significantly more effective than crobial resistance of enteric on identifying the important aetiological both commercial vaccines used locally. bacteria with spoilage poten- agents (bacterial, viral and parasitic) re- Studies are underway to confirm these tial isolated from table eggs. sponsible for diarrhoea in livestock in the findings in Beagle dogs. As a result of the Food Research International country, which resulted in the publication series of studies, he has one Ph.D. student 39: 212-219. of nine papers in peer-reviewed journals; under his supervision and has produced epidemiology of subclinical and clinical five publications.

(75) Faculty of Medical Sciences Andrew Adogwa Professor - Anatomy Head, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences

Over the years, I have undertaken studies singly as Knowledge of the nuclei is helpful in understanding well as collaboratively in the areas of neuroanatomy the behaviour of animals. and neuropathology. I have also conducted extensive Other research work includes the brainstem of echolo- studies on the gross and microanatomy of the brain of cating bats in Trinidad. My research interest was in domestic animals with special emphasis on the structure the structures of the respiratory system that enable the of the brainstem. bats to produce sounds as well as the parts of the brain In the brainstem the nerve cell bodies are arranged that enable the bat to have an acute sense of hearing. in groups traversed by nerve fibres giving the appearance At present, the research focus is on the cytoarchitecture of a web of nerve fibres within which the groups of of the brainstem nuclei of the auditory pathway of nerve cells are dispersed. The groups of nerve cells are these echolocating bats. These studies are undertaken referred to as nuclei. The study of cell types that form to contribute to the understanding of echolocation. the nucleus is referred to as cytoarchitecture. Another area of interest is neurodegeneration. Many Understanding the cytoarchitecture of the brainstem diseases belong to a group known as neurodegenerative is vital to the understanding of the manifestations of diseases. Examples of these diseases are: Alzheimer’s, certain disorders of the nervous system. Studies of the Parkinson’s and mad cow diseases. Copper deficiency organisation of these nuclei in normal animals (neu- causes neurodegeneration in animals and is of serious roanatomy) as well as in animals that manifest nervous economic importance to livestock farmers, both large system disorders (neuropathology) have been a major and small. Copper deficiency causes a nervous disease preoccupation of mine for several years. in lambs and kids characterised by in-coordination of

(76) the hind limbs. This condition is known asitic infestation had low copper levels as swayback disease and presents itself in their blood compared with animals in two forms: congenital and delayed. that had low parasite load. Worm infes- The congenital form is characterised by tation appears to be a major factor in the stillbirth or by animals showing in-coor- precipitation of this disease. Animals that dination soon after. In the delayed form had copper supplementation in their diets the young animals show signs of the dis- also were coming down with the disease ANDREW ADOGWA ease within the first six months of birth. and this led to a next level of the research. Professor - Anatomy This disease is endemic in Trinidad. Proper deworming may hold the key to Head, Department of Basic Extensive studies of the soils and plants swayback problems in Trinidad. Research Veterinary Sciences, in Trinidad showed that the soil is deficient in this area is ongoing as well. School of Veterinary Medicine in copper. The neuropathological evalu- Another area of research interest is ation of the brains of animals that are af- congenital malformations. These are ab- Faculty of Medical Sciences flicted with the disease characterised by normalities found in animals at birth and in-coordination confirmed the occurrence in human beings. They have several dif- University of the West Indies of swayback in Trinidad. ferent causes; some are sporadic as a St. Augustine I have conducted collaborative research result of developmental defects. A great on neuropathology of the brains of animals many occur as a result of environmental 868 645 2640 ext. 4205 affected by swayback in Trinidad. Patho- pollution. [email protected] logical studies of the cerebral cortex, Over the years, I have collected, char- cerebellum and spinal cord were done. acterised and documented congenital ab- In order to further understand the de- normalities in animals in different parts generative changes that occur in swayback of Trinidad. This research is ongoing. PUBLICATIONS disease, biochemical studies were un- Another major area of research that dertaken in collaboration with the bio- was undertaken with Dr. Gary Garcia A.O. Adogwa and Cazabon, chemistry unit at the Faculty of Medical in livestock science is in the anatomy of E.P.I. (2000). A Retrospective Sciences. Graduate students were involved wildlife species in Trinidad, mainly the study of congenital abnormali- in biochemical studies centred on cy- anatomy of the agouti. Agouti is an im- ties in Trinidad and Tobago. J. tochrome oxidase. Cytochrome oxidase portant meat source in Trinidad and Caribb. Vet. Med. Assoc.1: 32 was reported to be deficient in some of wider Caribbean. Agouti has the potential - 34. the neurodegenerative diseases. Accord- for large-scale production and domesti- ingly, biochemical studies were carried cation, which depends on knowledge of A. Adogwa, A. Mutani, A. out on the brain and liver mitochondria these animals. Some farmers are already Ramnanan and C.Ezeokoli, to evaluate the level of cytochrome oxi- growing agouti for sale. They need the (2005). The effect of gastroin- dase. These studies showed that as in support of scientific information that can testinal parasitism on blood Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases in help to improve the production of these copper and hemoglobin levels man, cytocrome oxidase displays reduced animals. in sheep. Can Vet. J. 46: activity in swayback disease. Animal Postgraduate students have been in- 1017-1021 models of these diseases are useful to volved in studies on various aspects of study these diseases and their treatment, agouti. Extensive work has been carried A.O.Adogwa, T. Alleyne and and about other neurodegenerative dis- out on the anatomy of the male repro- A. Mohammed (1999). De- eases in general. ductive system of the agouti, including generative changes in the Research in this area produced rabbit semen evaluation and storage, on the fe- cerebral cortex in swayback models of this disease, which we believe male reproductive system and gross and disease lambs. Alzheimer’s may be beneficial in the study of histological studies of the digestive system Disease Review. 4: 19 – 22. Alzheimer’s disease. of the agouti. Another aspect of the study of swayback Some of this information is necessary disease was the relationship between for veterinarians who will provide health parasitism, copper deficiency and sway- care for these animals when large-scale back. Our experiments in this regard production becomes a reality and will be showed that animals with high endopar- extended to other wildlife. (77) Faculty of Medical Sciences Zulaika Ali Professor - Child Health Neonatology Department of Clinical Medical Sciences

The over 1,000 sick newborn babies who are admitted that were undiagnosed and untreated. This resulted in an annually to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) improved surveillance system. She demonstrated that are the genesis of much of Professor Ali’s research over group B streptococcal infection was a major cause of the past years. In 1981 Dr. Ali assumed the post of mortality in the newborn and drew attention to the im- Lecturer in Child Health (Neonatology) at the NICU, at portance of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infection at the Mount Hope Women’s Hospital (MHWH) and re- the Mt. Hope Women’s Hospital. Her research identified mained the only Consultant neonatologist on call for the perinatal infection, asphyxia, respiratory diseases, pre- next 17 years except when she was out of the country. In maturity and jaundice as major causes of newborn the absence of a suitable handbook on neonatal medicine morbidity and mortality in Trinidad. in the developing world and due to the rapid change in junior medical staff on the Unit, Dr. Ali published Medical Foetal Programming Care of the Newborn in 1987 and a second edition in 1994. Several research projects were undertaken to better She contributed four chapters in a PAHO publication understand maternal factors associated with poor foetal entitled Manual of Perinatal Care for the Caribbean, growth and to gain insight into possible interventions to PAHO/WHO, 1996, which was used as a clinical guide optimise foetal growth. This research is directly related to for neonatal care in developing countries. the hypothesis that foetal undernutrition leads to dispro- portionate foetal growth and programmes the individual Perinatal Research to later develop chronic non-communicable diseases Dr. Ali carried out research that accurately documented (CNCN). It addresses the possible root causes of CNCDs major neonatal conditions seen in the NICU and drew [diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure] and may attention to important public health conditions such as an suggest ways for primary prevention of these diseases. outbreak of congenital rubella, which resulted in a na- In studies of newborns and their mothers, 5-L-oxoproline tion-wide immunisation programme involving teenage was found to be an indirect marker for foetal growth. In girls and women in the reproductive age group against lipid studies in mothers and their babies there was an im- rubella, and an increase in congenital syphilis due to an paired ability to increase plasma triacylglyceride (TAG) increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases during late gestation in Trinidadian women, women with

(78) low plasma levels of arachidonic acid (AA) workers (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during social workers and dietitians) in HIV/AIDS gestation gave birth to infants with lower and other conditions. Our experiences levels of AA and DHA (and vice versa). with the TTHTC have been presented at In anthropometric studies in women of scientific meetings locally, regionally and different ethnicities, compared to Afro- internationally. Trinidadians, Indo-Trinidadians had lower ZULAIKA ALI pre-pregnant weight and body mass index Operational Research: Telemedicine Professor - Child Health at 34-36 weeks, lighter infants and lower In 2004, Professor Ali established the (Neonatology), ponderal index. Shorter lighter mothers UWI Telehealth Programme, which enables Department of Clinical had lighter babies, shorter infants were real time videoconference consultations Medical Sciences born to mothers with the lowest pregnancy with specialists at the SickKids Hospital, weight gain. There were positive correlations Toronto for children with conditions that Faculty of Medical Sciences between birth weight and maternal triceps cannot be diagnosed or treated in Trinidad and subscapular skin fold thickness. Macro- and whose families cannot afford treatment University of the West Indies somic babies (≥4,000 grams) showed a abroad. The mission of the UWI Telehealth St. Augustine tendency to have lower systolic blood pres- Programme is “Improving access to high sures (bps) than lighter babies at five and quality health care, by integrating telehealth 868 662 9596 ten years of age. This may support the hy- into the standard health care delivery [email protected] pothesis that infants born small have higher system and enhancing information sharing bps in adolescence and adulthood. and collaboration with specialist health care centers abroad.” Research in HIV/AIDS In its sixth year of existence the pro- PUBLICATIONS As part of the UWI Response Programme gramme has assisted 159 families, has held against HIV/AIDS, Professor Ali spear- over 100 clinical consultations and 12 Z. ALI: Medical Care of the headed research focused on infusing babies have received free complex surgeries newborn. Second edition; CPPP HIV/AIDS content into curricula of all in Canada. There was a significant cost (1993) Ltd., Trinidad. 1994, pp faculties on the St. Augustine Campus and saving to the country. In addition there 227. ISBN:976-8052-04-X. presented their results in five papers at the was training for 10 lecturers, 12 dentists International AIDS conference in Bangkok, and 295 other health care professionals. Z. ALI: “Management of as- Thailand, 2004. She also led a team that This model is being used by the Sick phyxia in newborns,” Chapter conducted a national baseline survey of Kids Hospital International Programme 19; “The low birth weight in- knowledge, attitudes, practice and beliefs and regional paediatricians to develop a fant,” Chapter 21; “Feeding in HIV/AIDS in18-49-year-olds in 2007/8 programme for capacity building in pae- the newborn infant,” Chapter for the National AIDS Coordinating Com- diatric oncology for the Caribbean with 22, In Manual of Perinatal mittee. UWI Telehealth as the focal point. Our Care for the Caribbean, experiences have been presented at scientific PAHO/WHO, PAHO Doc Operational research: meetings locally and internationally. Pro- PAHO/CPC/3.1/96.02, Eds. Medical education fessor Ali is the Director of the Programme. Ernest Pate, Robert Gray & In order to assist the Ministry of Health Lennox Matadial, 1996 to roll out its programme of treatment, Ongoing research care and support for those infected and Research is continuing in the following Z. ALI, A Ameen, R Maharaj, affected with HIV, Professor Ali planned areas: prevalence of reported maternal D Ramdath, S Quesnel, W. and implemented the Trinidad and Tobago illicit substance use, markers for early de- Thomas, D. Picou Health Training Centre (TTHTC) with tection of perinatal infection, the relationship Report: Baseline Survey of offices at both the Faculty of Medical Sci- between insulin resistance in early preg- knowledge, attitudes, prac- ences and the San Fernando General Hos- nancy and the occurrence of gestational tices beliefs on HIV/AIDS of pital. These training sites are equipped diabetes and pre-eclampsia. the national population 15 to with videoconferencing facilities. A new research area is in learner-centred 49 years old residing in Since it was launched in June 2007, design of health oriented distance learning Trinidad and Tobago, 2008, TTHTC has trained over 900 health care courses. pp 285. (79) Faculty of Medical Sciences Chidum E. Ezenwaka Professor - Chemical Pathology Department of Para-Clinical Sciences

Research interest - Diabetes mellitus African author to report on early metabolic defects in Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic chronic disease and it offspring of African diabetic patients, my laboratory at is well known that environmental and genetic risk UWI was the first in the Caribbean to identify insulin factors are involved. Over the years my research has fo- resistance and early defective insulin secretion as risk cused in the area of diabetes. My contributions to factors for developing diabetes in offspring of Trinidadian scientific knowledge in diabetes have been documented type-2 diabetic patients. and disseminated through publications in reputable sci- Of greater significance however, was the identification entific journals and presentations at learned scientific of increased aggregation of biochemical risk factors for conferences and public seminars. These could be sum- the metabolic syndrome in offspring of Trinidadian marised under three areas: diabetic patients. Indeed, this finding, which was published in the Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Labo- • Causes of diabetes ratory Investigation became the first documented evidence Barnett and colleagues in a study of 200 pairs of of the risk of the metabolic syndrome in Caribbean identical twins provided the scientific evidence that es- subjects with positive family history of diabetes. tablished the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes. My con- The Volkswagen Foundation of Germany graciously tribution in this area of diabetes research was through a provided the needed funding to advance the offspring study on Nigerian offspring of diabetic patients on the study to molecular level. During the 30 months (Oct. early metabolic defects that contribute to the development 2002 - Mar. 2005) collaboration with German partners, of diabetes. we reported, for the first time in the Caribbean, that the When I joined the University of the West Indies, I offspring of type-2 diabetic patients had a low concen- continued this research on offspring of Trinidad patients tration of newly identified adipose tissue protein, with type-2 diabetes. The project, known as “offspring adiponectin. My laboratory was the first in the Caribbean study,” employed both individualised exercise and diet to provide evidence that the presence of the gene counselling (lifestyle intervention) and annual laboratory mutation (E23K variant) in the offspring of type-2 tests in prospective assessment of the risk of developing diabetic patients does not increase their glucose intolerance. diabetes in the offspring. Thus, similar to being the first This finding was significant because it caused temporary (80) redirection of my interest from molecular over the period. Our finding, which was biology studies to lifestyle modification reported in the Clinical Nutrition journal, studies for preventing diabetes. showed, for the first time, that patients who consumed roti regularly had the risk •Diabetes prevention of having higher after-meal blood glucose The study employing exercise, diet coun- levels than patients who consumed either selling and laboratory assessment continued bread or rice on regular basis. Because CHIDUM E. for the following five years, identifying this finding was well received at a con- obesity (body weight) and insulin resistance ference presentation and public seminars, EZENWAKA as two major factors that contributed to a press release was published in Sunday Professor - Chemical Pathology the development of diabetes and impaired Guardian of 11th June 2006 (p.12). Para-Clinical Sciences, glucose tolerance in one and five offspring Faculty of Medical Sciences respectively. Four years after our report In 2006, my research group (website: on non-diabetic offspring of diabetic pa- http://ezenwaka.webs.com/) expanded our University of the West Indies tients, others in The Netherlands confirmed research interest on cardiovascular risk St. Augustine obesity as the “best lone predictor for un- profile of diabetic patients to Tobago. diagnosed diabetes.” Subsequently, we identified for the first 868 620 9708/663-6668 time that abdominal obesity (or upper •Prevention of diabetes complications body obesity) is the major culprit respon- [email protected] On September 15, 2006, at a national sible for the high prevalence rates of the symposium on chronic non-communicable metabolic syndrome in type-2 diabetic diseases, it was recognised that people patients in Tobago and Trinidad. Another with diabetes easily develop cardiovascular significant finding from the project, was PUBLICATIONS diseases because of poor blood glucose the comparatively higher ten-year coronary control. Although I had advocated for heart disease risk prediction for diabetic Ezenwaka CE, D Seales, R Su- improved blood glucose management patients of East Indian origin. It is signif- rujlal, RP Mathura Glycated strategies in diabetic patients in Trinidad, icant to note that the results of the study haemoglobin A1c measure- I was convinced that investigation on the showed that self-monitoring of blood glu- ment in stored whole blood dietary pattern of patients at the primary cose in type-2 diabetic patients significantly sample is reliable for clinical care settings would provide further insight improved their blood glucose control and use. West Indian Medical Jour- into the cause(s) of the reported poor coronary heart disease risk profile. Our nal, 58(1): 17-20, 2009 blood glucose control. Thus, my laboratory finding suggests that type-2 diabetic pa- investigated the level of diabetes health tients will potentially benefit from inclusion Ezenwaka CE, Nwagbara E, education amongst the primary care pa- of glucose meters and test-strips in their Seales D, Okali F, Hussaini S, tients and concluded that one of the causes health-care package. Raja Bn, Sell H, Avci H, Eckel of the reported poor blood glucose control J. Insulin resistance, leptin and was poor local dietary education or pre- Current Research study monocyte chemotactic pro- scription. Based on the above finding that demon- tein-1 levels in diabetic and The idea of investigating the diet-related strated that self-monitoring of blood non-diabetic Afro-Caribbean cause of poor blood glucose control among glucose in type-2 diabetic patients signif- subjects. Archives of Physiolo- type-2 diabetic patients was thus conceived. icantly improved their blood glucose con- gy & Biochemistry, 115(1): 22- The results of the first part of the study trol and coronary heart disease risk profile 27, 200 identified rice, roti and bread as the three and considering that an approximated most regularly consumed carbohydrate 5000 diabetic patients in Trinidad and Ezenwaka CE, R Kalloo. Car- foods. We subsequently assessed the con- Tobago own glucose meters for home bohydrate-induced hyper- tributions of each of the above identified monitoring of blood glucose levels, we triglyceridaemia among West foods to poor blood glucose control by are currently assessing self-intervention Indian diabetic & non-diabetic allowing each patient volunteer to ingest practices for optimal blood glucose control subjects after ingestion of three 75 grams equivalent measures of these among diabetic patients involved in self- local carbohydrate foods. Indi- foods at seven-day intervals. We monitored monitoring of blood glucose in Trinidad an Journal of Medical Re- their blood insulin and glucose responses and Tobago. search. 121(1): 23 - 31, 2005. (81) Faculty of Medical Sciences Gerard Hutchinson Professor - Psychiatry Head of Department, Clinical Medical Sciences

I am a graduate of the University of the West Indies in patients of Caribbean and African origin in Britain. at undergraduate (1987) and post graduate levels I also began working in Developmental Psychiatry (1993) and completed my Diploma in Psychiatry in focusing on Attention Deficit Disorders and learning 1990 and Doctor of Medicine in Psychiatry in 1993. disability. After internship, I worked at the Psychiatry Unit, At the institute, I published several papers including General Hospital, Port-of-Spain for two years, then two that were significant in changing the prevailing at the St. Ann’s Hospital. During that time my first notion that there must be a biological or genetic major article, a survey of suicide cases by poisoning, reason for the excess rates of psychosis. was published in the West Indian Medical Journal in The 1996 paper argued that the morbid risk of psy- 1991. That study began my research interest in suicide. chotic illness was greater in second rather than in first From 1994, I worked as a Registrar at The Maudsley generation migrants. The 1997 paper proved that the Hospital in London, England, arguably the most Caribbean population did not have an increased rate famous psychiatric hospital in the world, and began of pregnancy and birth complications and therefore doing research at the Institute of Psychiatry, the this could not be responsible for the reported high leading research centre for psychiatry in Europe. rates of psychotic illness as researchers had suggested. There I developed an interest in psychosis primarily This finding led to a major multi-site grant from the because of the high rates of this disorder presenting Medical Research Council in Britain. I was appointed

(82) to coordinate the research at the London Psychology at the St Augustine Campus patient recruitment site in 1997 and also under the Psychiatry Unit where I am completed my Certificate of Training in the Unit Leader since 2001. This pro- NeuroPsychiatry that year. The London gramme has been quite successful, grad- site at the Institute of Psychiatry (IOP) uating over 40 students since its inception was the nerve centre of the project, with another 40 students at varying which was entitled AESOP–Aetiology stages of completion. It is being under- GERARD of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. taken with support from the University In 1998, I became a Clinical Lecturer of Birmingham and we aim to introduce HUTCHINSON in Psychiatry at the IOP and Kings the PhD programme with their support Professor in Psychiatry College Medical School, doing under- this year 2011. Head of Department - graduate lecturing to medical students The Psychiatry Unit under my lead- Clinical Medical Sciences alongside my research and already a ership has continued to train psychiatrists Faculty of Medical Sciences well recognised researcher in the area in the DM programme and now has of psychosis, I presented at conferences the largest number of registered stu- University of the West Indies in Spain, Switzerland, Germany and dents—22 among all postgraduate pro- St. Augustine the United States. grammes in the Faculty of Medical Sci- In 1999 I joined the University of the ences. West Indies as a Senior Lecturer in I was appointed as Head of the De- 868 645 2640 ext. 2914 Psychiatry at have remained here since partment of Clinical Medical Sciences [email protected] except for a hiatus in 2000- 2001 when in 2008, a post I currently hold. I now I returned to London to attend the Lon- have over 90 peer reviewed publications don School of Hygiene and Tropical and book chapters including the most PUBLICATIONS Medicine to complete my MSc in Epi- recent in the Principles of Social Psychiatry demiology as part of a Wellcome Fel- (2010). Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., lowship. I engage with colleagues at the Uni- Fahy, T.A., Bhugra, D., Gilvarry, I also obtained a Diploma from the versity of Toronto, Mc Gill University C., Moran, P., Mallett, R., London School, which led to a successful in Canada and Harvard University in Sham, P., Leff, J. & Murray, grant to study psychosis in the Trinidad the United States. My collaborations R.M. (1996) Morbid risk of setting in 2002- 2004. The results of with the Institute of Psychiatry continue schizophrenia in first degree that work showed that cannabis use and we have applied to the Wellcome relatives of white and African was the major precipitant of first episode Trust for a grant in 2011 to conduct an Caribbean patients with psy- psychotic illness in Trinidad. Presenting international multicentre research project chosis. British Journal of Psy- these results at international conferences with sites in India, Africa, England and chiatry, 169, 776-780. led to a resurgence in work about Trinidad and Tobago. cannabis use as a precursor to psychotic I work closely with the Department Sharpley, M., Hutchinson, G., illness. of Psychiatry at UWI, Mona most no- McKenzie, K.J. & Murray, R.M. I completed my Masters of Philosophy tably with the Professor of Psychiatry (2001) Understanding the excess in Psychiatry in 2004 comparing the Frederick Hickling. of psychosis among the African work in Trinidad with that from London. In terms of public service I have served Caribbean population in Eng- I maintained my research in suicide and as Consultant to the Office of the DPP land. Review of the current hy- due to the high suicide and attempted in Trinidad and St. Vincent, developed potheses. British Journal of Psy- suicide rates seen in Trinidad and con- counselling services for NIHERST and chiatry, 178 (suppl. 40), 60-68. tinued to publish on this area, joining now COSTAAT where I serve as Con- ranks with researchers from Britain and sultant for the provision of services. I Eddleston, M., Karralleidde, L., Sri Lanka to generate a consortium on pioneered the development of a full psy- Buckley, N., Fernando, R., the use of pesticides as suicidal agents. chiatric service at the Eric Williams Hutchinson, G., Isbister, G, et I was promoted to Professor in Psy- Medical Services Complex in Mount al (2002) Pesticide poisoning chiatry in 2006, the first national of Hope and am now the head of the psy- in the developing world. A Trinidad and Tobago to hold this post. chiatric services at the North Central minimum pesticides list. In 2006, I started the M.Sc in Clinical Regional Health Authority. Lancet, 360, 1163-1167. (83) Faculty of Medical Sciences Amanda McRae Professor - Human Anatomy Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences

What is so fascinating about a piece of tissue weighing The arrival of antibodies, which could be used to 1.3 kilos, which, is squishy, wrinkled, walnut shaped recognise brain structures, revolutionised this field. and looks like something that washed up on the beach. These antibodies introduced some new techniques and From the Stone Age to present day this seemingly un- their application to study of the brain; one being im- remarkable structure has been a centerpiece of amaze- munocytochemistry and the other Western Blots. These ment. Its structure, function and internal mysteries techniques allowed specific antigens to be visualised beckon for discovery. Thus it is not astounding that within the brain as well as to quantify their modification. theories, facts and even fiction have generated a body The production of antibodies directed against small of literature, which probably encircles the globe several neurotransmitter molecules such as dopamine, nora- times. In spite of this extensive literature more awaits drenalin, serotonin, GABA and acetylcholine were to be unveiled. Yes, the human brain has sparked imag- viewed as major contributions. The technology involved ination, creativity, critical thinking and debate for cen- linking small neurotransmitters to a large protein thus turies, and continues to do so. What or how is possible rendering these small molecules immunogenic. that one structure has consistently remained the cen- Having learned immunocytochemistry, I spent a year terpiece of curiosity for centuries. Possibly because the with the investigator to assist him test his antibodies. “Human brain are us”. This is the structure which Based on the technology used to produce them we defines our being as it is responsible for our intellect, began to produce some wild hypothesis. We wondered thoughts, relations, dreams, decisions and much more. if similar processes of making antibodies could be taking Its damage has devastating outcomes. place in the brains of people with neurodegenerative The brain casts a net in the pathway of investigators disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s. enticing them to unveil its mysteries. The brain entangled Both of these disorders result in the neurodegeneration me in its net of wonderment in the mid 70s. of neurons, which synthesize dopamine in the case of After the completion of my PhD, my career branched Parkinson’s disease or acetylcholine in Alzheimer’s off to develop a novel therapy for Parkinson’s disease disease. We considered that during neurodegeneration and to establish a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. abnormal proteins could be produced and thus trigger Serendipity and cherished collaborations have enabled an immune response thereby producing antibodies di- rewarding results in these areas. rected either against healthy neurons. This was like an

The use of the microscope is a major part of my research. This is a slide where brains have been immunostained with antibodies from the serum of an Alzheimer’s disease patient. Faculty of Medical Sciences

vited book chapters. One of our first accomplishments was to test blood samples for the presence of the microglia antibodies. We successfully established that the antibody in a blood sample has the same potential as what we found with cerebrospinal fluid that being the ability to differential diagnose dementias. At present, the antibody is determined immunocytochemically using perinatal rat brain as the substrate. This would not be preferred means to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease in a clinical setting. Thus we are collaborating with a group of scientists trying to identify the antigen recognised by the microglia antibody to develop an ELISA (an enzyme Neurodegenerative disorders: We use rodent models to investigate human neurodegenerative disorders. These type of investigations linked immunosorbent assay test) for blood that would have led to major to major breakthroughs in the design of therapies be clinically attractive and could lead to the development and to advance the understanding of disease processes. of commercial diagnostic kits to identify patients with croencapsulated dopamine would provide a suitable Alzheimer’s disease. substitute for fetal tissue. This was successfully carried We are currently pursuing other research projects out and we demonstrated that injecting microspheres including determining cognitive impairment in diabetics, containing microencapsulated dopamine into Parkinsonian establishing the prevalence of dementia in senior activity rats had the same functional benefits as fetal tissue. centres and geriatric homes in Trinidad and Tobago, Moreover these microspheres induced fibre growth. determining caregiver burden in people caring for An appreciated grant from CHRC has allowed this patients with dementia and conducting community work to continue at the Faculty of Medical Sciences. based prevalence studies of dementia in a well defined Results obtained at the Faculty of Medical Sciences catchment areas. For these investigations we use the continue to support that the implantation of dopamine following screening tools: Mini Mental State Examination microspheres have the potential to serve as therapy for (MMSE), Community Screening Instrument for De- Parkinson’s disease. mentia (CSID), Consortium to Establish a Registry for We continue to examine the role of inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Word List Learning the brain with new approaches established at the Faculty Test and Recall, and Clock Drawing Test (CDT). of Medical Sciences. A single injection of lipopolysac- Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS). This is indeed charide (LPS) induces dopamine (DA) cell death in a cherished collaboration and we continue to advance the substantia nigra through an inflammatory mediated as our dedicated focus is to understand age-related dis- pathway. This brain area is involved in Parkinson’s orders and their consequences on society in Trinidad disease. Firstly, we have used this agent to investigate and Tobago. means to protect the dopamine neurons from inflam- By the end of my PhD headlines aired the news mation. Our results have shown that a favourable around the world that brain transplants in rodents means to protect the brain from inflammation is to were being conducted in Sweden and held great promise reduce the intake of calories. On the other side we are as a cure for Parkinson’s disease. There was much con- also interested in learning about agents, which provoke troversy surrounding these brain transplants as they brain inflammation. A high intake of calories is generally depended on fetal brain tissue. If this were to be considered to provoke peripheral inflammation and performed in humans it would raise all sorts of ethical could have consequences on the brain. We selected to issues. My former boss had been responsible for investigate the influence of a high intake of calories in designing a process known as microencapsulation using the presence of a low-grade inflammation, which was microspheres composed of biodegradable polymers. induced by diluting the normal dose of lipopolysaccharide. These allowed the microencapsulation of any agent, Our findings indicate the addition of a sucrose solution which could be implanted in the form of injectable mi- to the diet accelerates inflammation and provokes a crospheres. The advantage was that the microencapsulated greater destruction to the dopamine neurons. Thus diet product could be slowly released for weeks, months or in combination with a minor inflammation in dopamine even years. During a visit to Alabama I happened to neurons, which could occur in the early stages of Parkin- meet him and during a conversation one thing led to son’s disease could provoke a neurodegenerative cascade the next and both of us came to conclusion that mi- of events leading to an accelerated pathological state. (1) I am of the opinion that the brain exercises the greatest power in the man Hippocrates On the Sacred Disease (Fourth century BC)

Members of DARTT conduct lively discussions: From left Drs. Nelleen Baboolal M.B.,B.S, DIP. PSYCH., D.M. PSYCH (Lecturer in Psychiatry, Depart- ment of Clinical Medical Sci- ences, Faculty of Medical Sciences), Gershwin Davis M.B.,B.S, PhD (Lecturer in Chemical Pathology, Depart- ment of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences) and Professor Amanda McRae PhD (Professor of Anatomy, De- partment of Preclinical Sci- ences, Faculty of Medical Sciences).

Monitoring the behaviour of Parkinsonian rats: Rats with experimental Parkin- son’s disease are monitored in a computerised rotational chamber. Ther- apeutic benefit from the implantation of dopamine microspheres can be appreciated by this apparatus. To be internationally competitive it is important that our experiments use research approved rat strains. For this reason we purchased and maintain a colony of Sprague Daw- ley rats.

Research Assistant Kimberley Assam administers tests to a patient and a caregiver. (85)(1) Imparting knowledge is a significant role for an investigator. Ashton Rogers uses a cryostat to section brains to prepare for immunocytochemistry. A new degree programme at UWI offers a Mphil/ PhD in AMANDA MCRAE neuroscience. Ashton Rogers will be the first recipient of a PhD in Neuroscience. Professor in Human Anatomy autoimmune response. As fate would gression using immune related biomarkers. Department of have it while attending a conference an Our research with antibodies continued Pre-Clinical Sciences Italian group presented their work show- its course and had been expanded to in- Faculty of Medical Sciences ing that something in the serum from clude people with Alzheimer’s disease. Parkinson’s disease patients killed cultured Based on our initial hypothesis we had University of the West Indies dopamine neurons. Could this substance expected to find antibodies directed against St. Augustine be an antibody? One thing missing was acetylcholine. However much to our sur- to test this hypothesis. An opportunity to prise we found that Alzheimer’s disease test the presence of antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid contained antibodies 868 645 2640 ext. 4633 cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson’s disease directed against the microglia cell. This [email protected] patients became available in Sweden. was indeed amazing as this was the same We trembled with excitement when immune cell that was considered initiate the results clearly demonstrated that neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. indeed there was an antibody in Parkin- Further research indicated that the anti- PUBLICATIONS son’s disease cerebrospinal fluid, which body has diagnostic potential as it is recognised dopamine neurons. We were present at a much greater frequency in McRae, A., Ling , E.A., Polin- a bit early with these results. In the mid the Alzheimer’s disease compared to aged sky,R., Gotffries, C.G., 80s the dogma was that the brain was an matched healthy seniors as well as persons Dahlström, A. Antibodies in immunological privileged zone and this with other forms of dementia. Thus we the cerebrospinal fluid of some did not leave room for consideration turned our focus on developing this anti- Alzheimer’s disease patients about immune responses and neurode- body as a biomarker in particular for the recognise amoeboid microglial generation. However the dogma of an early detection of Alzheimer’s disease. cells in the developing rat cen- immunological privileged brain was quick- We had indications that this could be tral nervous system. Neuro- ly falling apart since across the globe in case as it was present in people two years science 41 739-752 1991. Canada Professor Patrick McGeer had before they were clinically diagnosed successfully indentified the microglia as with Alzheimer’s disease. McRae A., Hjorth S., the immune cell of the brain. Thus a new In Trinidad this work has continued to Dahlström A., Dillon L.,Mason era for the brain was dawning as now flourish. An important aspect of research D. and Tice T. Dopamine fiber immunological processes were quickly is a team effort. This is one of the attrac- growth induction by implanta- being associated with the pathogenesis tions the field of neuroscience has—it tion of synthetic dopamine- of neurodegenerative disorders such as has become a virtual melting pot of ex- containing microspheres in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s dis- pertise, which enhances the advancement rats with experimental hemi- ease. More important microglia were of knowledge about the brain and its Parkinsonism. Molecular and being shown to have an early participation mechanisms in health and disease. Thus Chemical Neuropathology 16 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer and it is indeed rewarding to be a team 123-141 1992. Parkinson’s disease. Thus the fact that member with Drs. Nelleen Baboolal and microglia participated in the disease Gershwin Davis. We have successfully Davis G, Baboolal N., Seales process was an indication that inflamma- formed a company Dementia Research D., Ramchandani J., McKell S., tion was indeed an integral part of the Awareness of Trinidad and Tobago Mc Rae A. Potential biomark- neurodegenerative process. This opened (DARTT). Our steadfast collaboration ers for dementia in Trinidad consideration for immunotherapy as well has resulted in research, numerous pub- and Tobago. Neuroscience Let- as attempting to monitor the disease pro- lications, conference presentation and in- ters, 424: 2007, 27-30. (85) Faculty of Medical Sciences Paluri Murti Professor - Oral Pathology Director, School of Denistry

Research interests Lesions and Conditions in India, at the Tata Institute Professor Murti began his career in 1973 as a full- of Fundamental Research Bombay (now Mumbai), time researcher of the Basic Dental Research Unit & which subsequently became the WHO Collaborating International Reference Center of the World Health Center for Oral Cancer Prevention. Organization (WHO) for Oral Cancer and Precancerous As a member of the multidisciplinary research group

(86) he was a part of various prospective epi- of them standard text books for the demiologic studies (1973-1995) conducted Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) Pro- in rural areas of India involving over gram. 150,000 people. In a nutshell his contri- He has 9 chapters in books, 54 publi- bution encompasses cations in various journals, edited inter- 1. Tobacco habits in India and the national proceedings and has been a re- global scenario. viewer for the WHO Blue Book. PALURI R. MURTI 2. Epidemiological, clinical, cytological Professor and Director and histological characteristics of Special expertise School of Dentistry • oral cancer, precancerous lesions Early detection of oral cancer Faculty of Medical Sciences and conditions and other tobacco- • Oral and Maxillofacial Patholo- related oral mucosal lesions. gy/Oral 3. Natural history of oral precancer Diagnosis and Oral Medicine University of the West Indies with focus on clinical and histological • Immunocytochemistry St. Augustine aspects associated with malignant • Oral Epidemiology transformation. • Behavioural modification of tobac- 868 645 2640 ext. 4107 4. Behavioural modification of tobacco co use [email protected] use. • Dental Education 5. Primary and secondary prevention • Oral disease pattern in Trinidad of oral cancer. and Tobago 6. Influence of micronutrients and other components in oral cancer Areas of current research interest and precancer. As a staff member of the UWI School PUBLICATIONS 7. Characterisation of oncogenes in of Dentistry, Professor Murti has diver- oral cancer and precancer. sified his research interests and published Murti P.R., Johnson N.W., War- 8. Role of flow cytometry in the early in Oral Oncology, Distribution of Oral nakulasuriya K.A.A.S., Bhonsle detection of oral cancer. Diseases Pattern in Trinidad and Tobago, R.B., Gupta P.C and Daftary D.K. 9. Role of immunocytochemistry as a Medical Problems among Dental Patients Expression in oral precancer as a risk marker for oral precancer. visiting the School of Dentistry. marker for malignant potential: a long-term epidemiologic study Research applications to humanity What’s on the horizon? in India. J Oral Pathol Oral Med His work led to the understanding of HIV/AIDS-related oral lesions in 27: 197-206, 1998. many disease processes in regard to types Trinidad and Tobago, epidemiology of of tobacco habits—its association with oral diseases in Trinidad and Tobago Murti P.R., Bhonsle R.B., Gup- the etiology, pathogenesis, and malignant ta P.C., Daftary D.K., Pindborg potential of various oral precancerous Teaching J.J and Mehta F.S. Etiology of lesions/conditions, namely, erythroplakia, Professor Murti teaches his specialty oral submucous fibrosis with leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis and oral as a part of the Oral Disease Course in special reference to the role of lichen planus, role of tumor suppressor association with his colleagues for 1st areca nut chewing. J Oral gene in oral carcinogenesis, and early year to final year DDS Program. He Pathol Med 24: 145-52, 1995. detection and prevention of oral cancer. also teaches the in the Dental Auxiliary These aspects have day-to-day clinical Training Program. He provides oral Daftary D.K., Murti P.R., applications. histopathology diagnostic services at the Bhonsle R.B., Gupta P.C., School and for referrals. Mehta F.S and Pindborg J.J.: Research output Oral precancerous lesions and Professor Murti’s work is widely recog- Conclusion conditions of tropical interest. nised in international arena as a “gold Prof Murti besides being a researcher In: Prabhu S.R., Wilson, D.F. standard”. Most of the work done was is a diagnostic oral and maxillofacial Daftary D.K., Johnson N.W. the first of its kind in the world with pathologist, a clinician, a teacher and (Ed). Oral Diseases in the Trop- high citation index and citations in various coordinator of the Oral Disease group ics: Oxford University Press, research volumes and text books, some at the School of Dentistry. Oxford. 1992. pp. 402-28. (87) Faculty of Medical Sciences Vijay Naraynsingh Professor - Surgery Head, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences

Professor Naraynsingh is a renowned scholar in the In addition, a Residents Research Breakfast meeting field of medicine. He has received numerous awards was added on October 18th 2009 (at Paria Suites both locally and internationally including a national Hotel). This will take place twice per year. At this award in 1991: Chaconia Gold Medal. He is also a dis- meeting, Residents present their research. To date, tinguished Fellow of some of the most prestigious in- residents have already published nine papers in referred ternational colleges: journals since joining the programme. • Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh (1978), His research covers a wide range of subjects majoring • International College of Surgeons 1984 and in Vascular surgery, Diabetic Foot Disease and La- • Royal College of Surgeons of England 2003 paroscopic Surgery in which he has generated a large number of publications. These areas of ongoing interest In addition, he has been honoured by several organ- have increased the research output from the Department. isations for his long and meritorious service to Trinidad The undergraduate teaching has undergone a few and Tobago in the field of medicine. In regard to changes by updating the curriculum to include new teaching and research, he has had a significant impact areas such as minimally invasive surgery and the on the course and direction of the graduate programming casebook has been also reviewed as at October 2008. in the medical field. Publications Teaching and Research Professor Naraynsingh has produced 25 peer review The postgraduate (DM Surgery) programme was publications in the last two years (2008- 2009); 22 started five years ago on his recommendation and have already been published and six accepted (awaiting under his supervision. Professor Naraynsingh was re- publication). sponsible for the design of the curriculum, its topics Much work is taking place, especially since the post- and time-tabling. The programme offered two Post- graduate programme was started and he is ensuring graduate seminars per week, an Operative Surgery that both Residents and Staff become actively involved Session once/week, Audit Meeting once/week, Surgery in research. Grand Rounds once/week, Clinical Case Presentations once/week, joint Surgery-Radiology Round once/week Outreach and Journal Club once/moth. Professor Naraynsingh has done radio and television

(88) shows in order to educate the public on of Surgeons of England and has taken common problems such as breast cancer, part in their postgraduate examinations. diabetic foot problems and vascular dis- He has also been a reviewer for several ease. He has also lectured to the Diabetic medical journals and was recently put Association of Trinidad and Tobago and on the Editorial Board of the International delivered the Distinguished Lecture of Journal of Surgery. The University of Trinidad and Tobago VIJAY on Diabetic Foot Disease. Department/Administration He has lectured to the Northern Branch As Head of the Department of Clinical NARAYNSINGH and Southern Branch of the Trinidad Surgical Sciences, Professor Narayans- Professor - Surgery and Tobago Medical Association on sev- ingh oversees a broad range of surgical Head, Department - Clinical eral occasions and presented at their An- units—General, Plastic, Neurosurgery, Surgical Sciences, nual Research Day. He also lectured on Urology, Ophthalmology, Otolaryngol- Faculty of Medical Sciences mammography to the Cancer Society ogy, Orthopaedics, Anaesthesia, Paediatric 2008. Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology. University of the West Indies The complexity of administration is St. Augustine Regional and International Represen- increased as these areas are taught at tation four separate centres—Port- of-Spain In 2008, he was appointed President General Hospital, San Fernando General 868 645 2640 ext. 2960 of the Caribbean College of Surgeons Hospital, Sangre Grande County Hos- [email protected] (to present). This followed years of in- pital. Despite the obvious difficulties in volvement with the College—organising running such a department, he has man- meetings, printing booklets, presenting aged to work with academic, adminis- PUBLICATIONS papers and so on. He has also participated trative, technical and support staff to en- in regional workshops (e.g. Diabetic sure that the department functions effi- Dan D, Harnanan D, Gooden Foot in St. Lucia 2008) to update regional ciently. He continues to serve the de- K, Seetahal S, Hariharan S, practitioners. partment and the Faculty on several Narayansingh V, “Laparoscop- He is an Examiner at the Royal College committees. ic splenectomy in a minimal resource setting: a case series from the Caribbean”. Surg La- parosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010 Jun: 20 (3): e125-8

Maharaj R, Narayansingh V, Shukla P.j, “Management of nonparasitic Hepatic Cysts (Letter). J Am Coll Surg 2010 Jun, 210 (6): 1015

Naraynsingh V, Teelucksingh S, “Neuropath Ulceration” New England Journal of Medi- cine 362;9 March 2010

Narayansingh V, Dan D, Hari- haran S, Shukla P.J, Maharaj R, Bile Duct Surgery without T-Tubes” Indian Journal of Sur- gery August 2009

(89) Faculty of Medical Sciences Lexley Pinto Pereira Professor Department of Para-Clinical Sciences

The respiratory system has attracted my attention in Trinidad. due to its ability to cause severe distress of breathlessness Despite taking treatment, it was interesting to observe to afflicted patients and then in total submission to some contributory reasons for which patients failed to drug therapy promptly exhibit dramatic symptom relief. show a clinical response from asthma medications pre- In basic pharmacology these effects are easily attributable scribed for them. These comprised erroneous prescrip- to the manipulation of a particular entity in the human tions, patients had a poor understanding of the med- lung called a β(beta) receptor. ications they were using and flawed techniques of My PhD. research described the clinical assay of inhaling their drugs. drugs that could block the β receptor in the heart and These findings encouraged us to make recommenda- in fact one of these became favoured in the armamen- tions for regular education for patients, their prescribers tarium to treat high blood pressure. But because a β and their caregivers. Educational interventions, an im- (beta) receptor in the lung was also blocked, asthma portant tool for good disease management, can assist came forward as a significant clinical side-effect in in eradicating inaccurate opinions patients have about these patients. That finding nurtured an interest in the their treatments. After developing the first issue of the management of asthma, which is responsive (maybe Caribbean guidelines for Asthma Prevention and Man- submissive!) to stimulation of the β receptor in the agement examination of therapy utilisation in accordance lung. with the guidelines in specialist care clinics, it revealed Shortly after obtaining a lectureship position at the surprising and informative results emphasising patient UWI in 1991, I reviewed the physiology of this elusive education is essential for disease control and compliance receptor in the lung and explored drug utilisation in with treatment. asthmatic patients who were receiving specialist care Asthma exerts a considerable burden on children, and childhood asthma has a high prevalence in the West Indies. An imperative factor in treatment is to know what brings on acute asthma. Research exploring this aspect in children identified predictors of repeated emergency room visits of children. A very common problem caregivers reported was acute asthma developing close on the heels of the common cold, so we looked for the association of the common cold virus in children visiting the emergency room. One third of children with acute asthma harbour the common cold virus, which is irrespective of a seasonal influence. The strong linkage between viral upper respiratory tract infection, and allergic rhinitis with asthma, indicates they are possible sequel or likely triggers for acute asthma. Studying the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in asthmatic children and the asthma- related health burden revealed approximately half of these children suffer from allergic rhinitis, have increased emergency room visits, absence from school, and frequent day and night-time symptoms. These studies demonstrated asthma co-exists with other diseases or is erroneously diagnosed. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), another obstructive respiratory illness, less frequently prevalent, is likely missed by medical practitioners in favour of asthma. Patients diagnosed with asthma in specialist care confirmed that COPD is indeed missed for asthma, throwing open the possibility that other disease entities co-exist with asthma, confounding its diagnosis and management. (90) LEXLEY PINTO PEREIRA Professor Head, Department of Para-Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medical Sciences

University of the West Indies St. Augustine

868 645 2640 ext. 4602 [email protected]

PUBLICATIONS

Pinto Pereira L M, Orrett F A and Balbirsingh, M. Physio- logical perspectives of therapy Sedentary lifestyle, an industrialisation This association with the metabolic family in bronchial hyperreactivity. fall-out with rising prevalence in of diseases kindled interest in Diabetes, Canadian Journal of Anaesthe- Caribbean countries poses a major chal- one of the killer chronic non-communi- sia, 1996, 43:7, 700-713 lenge to prevention of obesity and chronic cable diseases (CNCDs) in Trinidad respiratory disease like COPD and asth- urging guideline based examination of Pinto Pereira L M, Clement Y, ma. New interest in inflammatory mech- disease management in Trinidad and the Simeon D. Educational Inter- anisms relevant to visceral obesity, insulin Caribbean. Exploiting drug therapy of vention for Correct Pressurised resistance, and the metabolic syndrome diabetes to address other endocrine dis- Metered Dose Inhaler Tech- in the asthmatic patient, suggests the in- orders seemed a natural follow up on nique in Trinidadian Patients flammatory nature of insulin resistance this new allied interest. with Asthma Patient Education may contribute to asthma in obesity. My early flirtation with the beta receptor and Counseling, 2001; 42: 91- This changing pattern linking respiratory in the cardio-vascular system and then 97 and metabolic disease by the common in the lung, to its role in therapeutic ap- thread of inflammation inspired collabo- plication in the treatment of asthma has Pinto Pereira LM, rative research with colleagues in Medi- been a winding road. The path led to Bartholomew LA, Brooks H, cine to explore a common marker (hs- allied respiratory disease and has now Lowe D, Rocke K, Rolle S, CRP) of inflammation in these conditions settled on co-morbid metabolic conditions Smith J, Thekwini O, Seemun- and COPD. Initial findings showed that associated with respiratory disease. Clearly gal TA, Bekele I. Chronic ob- lung function is not optimal in West as more information comes forth there structive pulmonary disease is Indian diabetics and it correlates nega- will be fewer obligations to continue in missed in asthmatics in spe- tively with age, body mass index, waist my mainstream area of interest, which cialty care in Trinidad, West circumference, chronic dyslipidaemia, will diversify and be dictated by emerging Indies. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. hs-CRP status and acanthosis nigricans findings in allied fields of clinical medicine 2007 Sep;11(9):1026-32. (a clinical marker of diabetes mellitus). and therapeutics. (91) Faculty of Medical Sciences Phyllis Pitt-Miller Professor (retired)

(92) Professor Phyllis Pitt-Miller joined the University of the West Indies in 1976 as the first Lecturer in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care at the St. Augustine Campus in the days when the Medical Faculty was known as the Eastern Caribbean Medical Scheme based at PHYLLIS PITT-MILLER the Port-of-Spain General Hospital. Professor (retired) She held both the position of Academic Anesthetics & Intensive Care and Departmental Head of Anaesthesia Faculty of Medical Sciences from 1982-1994 at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital. She acted as adviser to the Task Force setting up the Eric University of the West Indies Williams Medical Sciences Complex St. Augustine and when the facility was opened and Patient Services started she was ap- 868 662 4030 pointed Head, Department of Anaes- [email protected] thetics and Intensive Care at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex from 1992-1998 moving the Academic Unit from Port-of-Spain to EWMSC in 1992. She started the post graduate pro- PUBLICATIONS grammes in Anesthesia and graduated over 50 Diplomas in Anesthesia (DA) Pitt-Miller P.º: Oxytocics and and up to five Doctorates in Anesthesia their Effects on Systemic (DM Anesthesia) many of whom now Blood Pressure During Gener- hold Specialists Anesthetic posts in all al Anaesthesia for Caesarean five Regional Health Authorities. Section. Caribbean Medical She was appointed Dean of the Med- Journal. 1982, 43: 9-14. ical Faculty in 1999 and became the first female Dean of the Medical Faculty Pitt-Miller P., - Severe aplastic serving for eight years. anaemia – complete response Professor Pitt-Miller was awarded the to antilymphocyte globulin Chaconia Gold Medal for Long & Mer- and cyclosporin – WIJM 1999: itorious Services to Medical Education 48 (4): 238-239. and Medicine in 1994 and appointed a Professor of Clinical Anaesthesia and Thomas CN., Titus G, Intensive Care 2003. She retired from Williams D, Simeon D, Pitt- the University in 2009. Miller P, Two-year Mortality Her main research interests involved and its determinants following aspects of Clinical Anaesthesia and In- acute myocardial infarction in tensive Care with a later interest in Trinidad and Tobago – WIMJ Medical Education and her Research 2000: 49 (2) 112-11 Papers will be grouped under Clinical Anesthesia And Intensive Care and Pitt-Miller P., The teaching fa- Medical Education. cility at the Eric Williams Her current research interests include Medical Sciences Complex. gender issues in medicine and cost ef- An additional rising star from fective anesthesia for renal transplanta- the West. WIMJ.200150 Suppl tion. 4. 40-43 (93) Faculty of Medical Sciences Dinesh Dan Ramdath Professor – Biochemistry, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences

Free Radical Hypothesis of Kwashiorkor cussed on the population prevalence of deleterious Professor Ramdath started his graduate training at alleles associated with NCD. the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, UWI, Mona These studies examined the possibility that ethnic Campus where his research focussed on abnormalities differences in NCD may be the result of genetic pre- of micronutrient metabolism in the severely under- disposition. Genomic DNA was collected from the nourished child. Working with Prof. Michael Golden cord blood of consecutive live births at the Mt. Hope the two proposed the Free Radical Hypothesis of Women’s Hospital. This sample (n=300) was repre- Kwashiorkor, a common form of childhood undernu- sentative of the ethnic composition of Trinidad and trition, which challenged the widely held misconception Tobago. In a series of publications, Prof Ramdath that this syndrome was due to protein deficiency. and his international collaborators showed that the Some of the evidence derived from this work has in- high prevalence of type-2 diabetes among Trinidadians fluenced the WHO guidelines for the management of of South Asian ancestry could not be accounted for childhood undernutrition. by differences in the genetic architecture and that many of the alleles known to be associated with NCD Population studies of deleterious alleles were not clustered in a particular ethnic group in and NCD risk Trinidad. Nutrition could provide the best long-term, cost-effective solution to reducing the high burden of non- Glycaemic Index Methodology and communicable chronic diseases (NCD) such as type- Values of Caribbean Foods 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Initial work fo- Professor Ramdath worked with an international

(94) group to standardise the methodology the Caribbean Food and Nutrition In- for derivation of the Glycaemic Index stitute (CFNI), the University of Toron- (GI), or the glucose raising potential, of to, the University of Hawaii and the starchy foods. Several publications were University of North Carolina. With produced and these established a com- CFNI several national surveys of the mon and widely acceptable method for nutritional status of the population as the derivation of GI of local foods that well as the existing burden of disease DINESH DAN could be used to manage people with were assessed. Together with a graduate RAMDATH type-2 diabetes. As such, GI values for student (Mrs. Debbie Hilaire) and col- Professor - Biochemistry many commonly eaten Caribbean foods leagues at the University of Hawaii and Pre-Clinical Sciences are now available and have been incor- of North Carolina studies of the associ- porated in the clinical guidelines for the ation between dietary intakes and NCD Faculty of Medical Sciences management of persons with type-2 di- risk were pursued. University of the West Indies abetes. A study was conducted to obtain de- St. Augustine A collaborative study with the Uni- tailed nutrient composition data of 89 versity of Toronto assessed the dietary composite recipes in Trinidad from 50 868 662 1873 or 868 662 1219 GI of people in Trinidad and Tobago people living throughout the island and [email protected] and showed that men of South Asian a total of 359 recipes were collected. ancestry had a higher diet GI than their This has allowed for a more accurate Guelph Food Research Centre, Canada African counterparts. This suggests a estimation of the dietary intakes of [email protected] role for dietary patterns in the aetiology Trinidadians as well as provided baseline of type-2 diabetes among men of South information for the development of a Asian ancestry. specific food frequency questionnaire PUBLICATIONS for use in Trinidad. Nutrient-gene interaction Currently, work is being pursued to- Robinson S, Dawson S., Ram- Two studies have been facilitated by wards the validation of this dietary as- dath DD. Nutrition and Oral a grant from the Government of Trinidad sessment tool, which would be used to Health in HIV/AIDS. In SR and Tobago to establish a human tissue determine associations between diet and Prabhu ed. HIV/AIDS in Den- culture facility at the Faculty of Medical NCD risk. tal Practice: An illustrated Sciences. The first seeks to understand More recently Ramdath’s work has handbook for Caribbean Den- the metabolic derangements that occur focussed on the use of credible research tal practitioners. Multi Media during chronic consumption of a diet evidence for the formulation of policy. Centre. UWI, St. Augustine. comprising high amounts of carbohy- He has partnered with the Caribbean 2006. drates and which is associated with risk Health Research Council, Pan American for type-2 diabetes in humans. The sec- Health Organization, the Canadian Golden MHN, Ramdath DD ond seeks to test the hypothesis that Health Services Research Foundation & Golden BE. Free radicals ethnicity is a significant determinant in and Council on Research for Develop- and malnutrition. In: Trace El- the embryonic response to changes in ment Health to define the governance ements, Micronutrients and cellular environment, and accounts, in structure of health research systems Free radicals. ed. I.E. Dreosti. part, for the variation in incidence and (NHRS) in Trinidad. The NHRS as- New Jersey. The Humana in the development of non-communicable sessment produced a map of the major Press Inc. 1991;199-221. diseases among ethnic groups within players involved in the production, util- Trinidad. isation and funding of research in Ramdath DD, Isaacs RL, Trinidad and Tobago. With this process Teelucksingh S, Wolever TM. Population Based Studies on Burden clearly outlined it becomes easier to Glycaemic index of selected of Disease and Dietary Intakes identify existing evidence gaps for policy staples commonly eaten in the To assess the possibility that differences formulation for governments to strength- Caribbean and the effects of in the dietary intakes of the local popu- en the governance of research production boiling v. crushing. Br J Nutr. lation may account for the growing to support policy needs. This assessment 2004 Jun;91(6):971-7. prevalence and ethnic patterning of tool is already in use to assess the NHRS NCD Ramdath has collaborated with in other Caribbean countries. (95) Faculty of Medical Sciences Samuel Ramsewak Professor - Obstetrics & Gynaecology Dean, Faculty of Medical Sciences

Professor Samuel Ramsewak was appointed a Professor of Reproductive Medicine in 2002 and is presently the Dean of the Faculty of Medical Sciences. He was awarded the MD degree by thesis in 1999 from the University of the West Indies and the award of this degree was a milestone since it was the very first amongst all Campuses at this University. His dissertation was entitled Chlamydia trachomatis and Abnormal Reproductive Function in the Female. This was a study of the organism C. trachomatis, which is becoming increasingly recognised to be the commonest sexually transmitted disease worldwide, even surpassing gon- orrhoea, syphilis and HIV. Long-term consequences include ectopic pregnancy and posssibly miscarriage. Since the organism is difficult to identify, this work sought to locate Chlamydial DNA within infected tissues, such as the Fallopian tubes, the ovaries and the uterine lining (en- dometrium). Together with research colleagues at the Uni- versity of Sheffield, UK, he has accumulated the largest database in the research community worldwide, for Chlamydial DNA in these tissues. Based on research on this area, he has presented his findings at numerous scientific meetings including: • The prevalence of C. trachomatis in women with a history of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Abstract 173rd Meeting of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Southampton UK (1996). • The prevalence of C. trachomatis in women presenting with ectopic pregnancy in Trinidad. Abstract: 3rd Meeting of European Society for Chlamydial Research, Vienna, Austria (1996). • Molecular Methods for defining the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in gynaecological patients in Trinidad. Abstract: Joint International Post- graduate Conference of the Gynaecological and Obstetrical Society of T&T and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists UK. Trinidad (1997). • The detection of C. trachomatis in women presenting with ectopic pregnancy or infertility. Abstract: Meeting of Federation of European Microbiological So- cieties, Izmir, Turkey (1997). • Impaired female fertility: a role for C. trachomatis. Abstract: 175th Meeting of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Sheffield, UK (1997). (96) • Molecular methods to detect C. trachomatis Clinical & Experimental Obstetrics And in patients with ectopic pregnancy. Abstract: Gynaecology (Canada) 23:147-149 (1996) 176th Meeting of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. London, Ramsewak S, Naraynsingh A, Kuruvilla UK (1998). A, Duffy S • The use of molecular methods to detect Successful pregnancy by Intracyto- Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with ectopic plasmic Sperm Injection after radiother- SAMUEL RAMSEWAK pregnancy or tubal factor infertility. Abstract: apy-induced azoospermia. Professor - Obstetrics 9th International Symposium on Human West Indian Medical Journal 48:240-41 & Gynaecology Chlamydial Infection, Napa, California (1999) Dean US (1998) Faculty of Medical Sciences Barlow R, Cooke ID, Odukoya O, Major publications in the field Heathley M, Jenkins J, Narayansingh of Infertility: G, Ramsewak S, Eley A. University of the West Indies The detection of Chlamydia trachomatis St. Augustine Ramsewak S, Kumar A, Welsby R, in fresh tissue specimens from patients Mowforth A, Lenton E, Cooke ID with ectopic pregnancy or tubal factor 868 645 2640 ext. 5025 Is analgesia required for transvaginal infertility by PCR and In Situ Hybridis- [email protected] single-follicle aspiration in In vitro fer- ation (ISH). tilisation? A double-blind study The Journal of Medical Microbiology(UK) Journal of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo 50:902-908 (2001) Transfer (USA) 7:103-106 (1990) Eley A, Hemeg HA, Geary I, Ramse- PUBLICATIONS Ramsewak S, Sargeant S, Anderson wak SS, Herring A, Caul EO. E, Cooke ID Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Sohan K , Woodward B, Ram- Development of a modified bivalve antibodies in antenatal patients from sewak SS speculum for donor insemination Trinidad. Successful use of transrectal British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED IN- ultrasound for embryo transfer 97:455-456 (1990) FECTIONS (UK) 77:301-302 (2001) in obese women. J Obstet Gynaecol 24: 839-40 Li TC, Dockery P, Ramsewak S, Ramsewak S, Narayansingh G, Ku- (2004) Klentzeris L, Lenton E, Cooke ID ruvilla A, Naraynsingh A, Woodward The variation of endometrial response B, Turner K, Duffy S, Kumar A. Rampersad J, Wang X, to a standard hormone replacement ther- Initial experiences with In-vitro Fer- Gayadeen H, Ramsewak S, apy in women with premature ovarian tilisation Technology in the English- Ammons D. failure. An ultrasonographic and histo- Speaking Caribbean. In-house polymerase chain re- logical study West Indian Medical Journal 50: 274-77 action for affordable and sus- British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (2001) tainable Chlamydia trachoma- 98:656-661 (1991) tis detection in Trinidad and Ramsewak S, Sohan K. Tobago. Rev Panam Salus Narayansingh G, Ramsewak S Successful pregnancy after frozen em- Publica. 2007 Nov;22(5):317- Carnival and conception in Trinidad bryo transfer. 22. and Tobago West Indian Medical Journal 50: 339 Fertility and Sterility (USA) 555-558 (2001) Woodward BJ, Campbell KH, (1992) Ramsewak SS. Sohan K, Ramsewak SS A comparison of headfirst and Ramsewak S, Narayansingh G, Bassaw Pleural effusion after in-vitro fertilisa- tailfirst microinjection of K, Harewood, Bridgewater E tion: consider ovarian hyperstimulation. sperm at intracytoplasmic Fixation of interceed does not improve West Indian Med J 53: 265 (2004) sperm injection. Fertil Steril. its efficacy against adhesion formation 2008 Mar;89(3):711-4. in rats. (97) Faculty of Medical Sciences Terence Seemungal Professor - Adult Medecine Department of Clinical Medical Sciences

Terence Seemungal graduated in Medicine from the University of the West Indies in 1989. He did his in- “I think that research is really good only ternship and early house officer-ship training in Trinidad if it can be simply explained and used by and did his membership training in Birmingham, United anyone. Thus if I am to assess for myself Kingdom. In London he did research on inflammation what is my most important contribution to and aetiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations leading to a PhD at the Uni- the field of medicine, I think it would be versity of London. He completed his professional two-fold. training in chest and general internal medicine in the Firstly, in 1998, I succeeded in using a North East Thames circuit where he trained at the simple patient-friendly instrument to London Chest, Royal London and University College, The Middlesex Hospitals and surrounding District quantify the frequency of chest infections in General Hospitals. He then returned to Trinidad as a one chronic lung disease that has had Senior Lecturer in Medicine at the St. Augustine tremendous implications for the treatment Campus of the University of the West Indies and Hon- of this condition since then. orary Consultant Physician at the Port of Spain General Hospital. He was subsequently elevated to the rank of Secondly, in 2004 I found that COPD is Professor of Medicine where he continues his research quite common in our hospitalised into COPD and other chronic lung diseases. patients. It was a disease that Professor Seemungal is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Member of the British and American was not previously much Thoracic Societies. Over the ten-year period ending thought about in this country 2009, the Thompson Reuters Science Watch survey and the Caribbean. This dis- found that Professor Seemungal was the second most covery is important for defin- highly cited author world wide in COPD research. ing health care priorities in Seminal International Work In COPD the Caribbean.” As a respiratory physician, the most common diseases that Professor Seemungal encounters are airways diseases. One of these, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is expected to be the third leading cause of death world-wide by 2020. Exacerbations of COPD are a major cause of frequent hospitalisation. In 1998 he succeeded in quantifying the frequency of COPD exacerbations when he showed that more than three exacerbations in one year predicted poor quality of life scores. He pursued the aetiology of this disease by using the polymerase chain reaction to detect respiratory viruses at COPD exacerbation and found 40 per cent of COPD exacerbations could be associated with respiratory viruses. In 2008 he succeeded in finding an intervention which decreased exacerbation frequency. This was the first double blind placebo-controlled randomised study to show that regular low dose erythromycin could de- crease exacerbation frequency. From 2005 through 2009 he participated in the multicentre international comparative study (The INSPIRE Study) of two commonly used drugs for COPD patients. The study design was based on his PhD research.

(98) Caribbean Work in Airways Disease Contributions in Other Areas While at an international level he could of Lung Disease study COPD exacerbations, in the He has recently found in a retrospective Caribbean the basic epidemiology had cohort study that the mortality rate for not yet been worked out. the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell Thus he commenced study of COPD disease is about three times higher than in the Caribbean in 2004 with the esti- recently published averages in the USA. TERENCE mation of COPD prevalence within hos- This has motivated research into why SEEMUNGAL pitalised patients because he thought this has happened. that a severe disease such as this might One finding was that deaths tended to Professor - Adult Medicine be more easily captured within hospital. occur only during our rainy season. Pro- Department of Clinical In 720 patients studied, he found 21 per fessor Seemungal has speculated that Medical Sciences cent with COPD but only three patients this may be related to the effects of res- Faculty of Medical Sciences actually had ever heard of the disease. piratory viruses, which are more common He then hypothesised that perhaps during our rainy season. He is now or- University of the West Indies COPD would also be frequently found ganising a study to observe this trend St. Augustine in the chronic disease clinics masquerading more closely over the next two years. If as asthma. it holds true, we may have to issue public 868 645 2640 ext. 2926 Together with his students he studied health warnings and vaccinate sickle cell [email protected] patients in the chronic disease clinics in patients at the start of the rainy season. the community where he found a similar He has also studied the effects of sickle 20 per cent of patients with COPD. In cell disease on respiratory physiology. PUBLICATIONS collaboration with Prof Pinto Pereira he He has found that sickle cell patients found that 32 per cent of chest clinic pa- tend to have reduced FEV1 and forced Seemungal T, Donaldson GC, tients diagnosed as asthma actually had vital capacity (FVC). EA Paul, Bestall JC, Jeffries DJ, COPD. Wedzicha JA. Effect of exacerba- Thus COPD is more prevalent in Contributions to the growth of teaching tion on quality of life in patients Trinidad and possibly in the Caribbean of Medicine in the Faculty with chronic obstructive pul- than previously thought. In response to the results of a study on monary disease. Am J Respir Crit the extent to which our graduates met Care Med 1998; 157: 1418-22 Airways Disease and the needs of senior stakeholders within Metabolic Syndrome the medical profession this study, Pro- Seemungal TAR, Harper- While studying the hospitalised patients fessor Seemungal modified the curriculum Owen R, Bhowmik A, Moric I, with COPD he had found a link with a to produce the desired quality of gradu- Sanderson G, Message S, marker of cardiovascular disease, homo- ates. MacCallum P, Meade TW, Jef- cysteine. This study raised several ques- fries DJ, Johnston SL, tions about the relationship between air- Contributions of the Practice of Clinical Wedzicha JA. Respiratory ways disease and metabolic diseases such Medicine Viruses and Symptoms, In- as diabetes. Professor Seemungal started a chest flammatory Markers in Acute Professor Seemungal is now part of a clinic at the General Hospital, which has Exacerbations of COPD. Am J study of airways diseases in diabetes contributed to diagnosis and management Respir Crit Care Med 2001; mellitus, which is looking at the effect of of severe lung diseases there. Together 1618-1623 lung function on systemic inflammation with Dr. Rios, he has developed a spirom- in diabetics. This study has involved ex- etry service at the Hospital that has been Seemungal T, Harrinarine R , tensive collaboration with Professor crucial in differentiating between the Rios M, Abiraj V, Ali A, Lacki Teelucksingh and Professor Pinto Per- various causes of respiratory diseases. N, Mahabir N, Ramoutar V, reira, both of whom are looking into sys- The results of this study have been sub- Poon King C. Obstructive temic inflammatory effects of the metabolic mitted to the quality assurance unit of Lung Disease in Acute Med- syndrome. the Ministry of Health with recommen- ical Patients. West Indian Med dations for improvement. J 2008; 57: 7-14 (99) Faculty of Medical Sciences Keith Stevenson Professor - Medical Education Centre for Medical Sciences Education

I graduated with a first degree in Psychology in 1972 in the UK and shortly thereafter became a lecturer in an Adult Education College to teach Psy- I feel that 25 years researching how uni- chology . In 1979/80 I pursued a taught Masters in the Psy- versity students like to learn have taught chology of Education at Leicester University, UK but was disappointed that most of the information was me that teachers need to be ever vigilant. linked to primary or secondary school instruction and not on effective ways of teaching adults. In 1986 as Good teachers always question whether they Lecturer in Social Psychology, Open University UK could teach better. Being an educational (Nottingham Region), I had an opportunity to teach adults. The curriculum was based around understanding researcher has allowed me to pose questions the self and how the self could be understood through behavioural sciences research. This required the about what makes an effective teacher. students to consider what could be reliably found out Keith Stevenson from research and specifically what types of research methods yielded what type of knowledge. My work with the Open University led me to ex- researched and looked for an opportunity to move periment with different forms of feedback including into that field. asking students before the tutorial how they would In 1996, I was accepted as a Senior Researcher in a like to be taught, and how they would not like to be health services research unit within Leicester Univer- taught. My findings were published (Stevenson et al sity’s faculty of medicine, which provided me with a 1996, 1997, 1998), fostering a future wonderful opportunity to sharpen my health services as an educational researcher. research skills in a public health and primary care Through teaching the Open arena. University Course, I also I soon realised that some aspects of health services became interested in research had striking similarities to educational research how health serv- in that both involved a service provider and explored ices were ways to use research to improve the service. Given my background in psychology and education, I understood the importance of both quantitative and qualitative research methods and became a member of a number of funded research projects. I spent six years (1996-2002) in the health services research unit at Leicester University under the watchful eye of Professor Richard Baker. With his en- couragement, I studied for my PhD on the acceptance of a new NHS health care system (Clinical Gov- ernance) that was eventually introduced in the UK in 1998. I closely monitored this new health care system and the (100) The St Augustine Campus uses a Problem Based Learning approach to supporting the medical curriculum and this provides opportunities for researching student and staff performance in this field.

KEITH STEVENSON Professor of Medical Education Centre for Medical Sciences attitudes of primary care staff to the faced in studying for a PhD in UK uni- Education new ways of working. As a result, the versities (2007-2009) Faculty of Medical Sciences Practice Culture Questionnaire (PCQ) After seven years at Nottingham Uni- was developed as a valid and reliable versity, I felt it was time to move again University of the West Indies measuring instrument of resistance to- and in August 2007, I applied for the St. Augustine wards quality improvement activities post of Professor of Medical Education that has been independently evaluated at UWI Trinidad Campus and was ac- and is now used as a research tool in cepted. On arrival I was asked to take Professor of Interprofessional Europe and the States and most recently, on the role of Associate Dean Medical Education, School of Health, in Canada. Sciences Curriculum. My portfolio in- Glasgow Caledonian University In 2002 I took up the role of Associate volved supporting faculty staff in their Glasgow, Scotland, UK Professor with responsibility for devel- understanding of teaching and assessment [email protected] oping Postgraduate Health Services Re- within their specialist areas and also search degrees with special responsibility leading medical education specialist staff for the School of Nursing, Faculty of in developing their medical research ca- Medical Sciences, Nottingham Univer- reers. PUBLICATIONS sity. I held a Research and Teaching The St Augustine Campus uses a contract and was nominated for a Lord Problem Based Learning approach to Stevenson K. Developing Dearing teaching award for excellence supporting the medical curriculum and Clinical Audit in Primary in teaching of research design and prac- this provides opportunities for research- Health Care. (1998) Leicester tice by international students on this ing student and staff performance in University Press. programme. this field. Currently, we have looked at Apart from contributing to both un- UWI medical students’ expectations of dergraduate and postgraduate teaching, teaching as well as launching a study Baker R, Stevenson K, Redsall I was an active publisher in a number tracking students’ levels of empathy S, Shaw E. (2002) Principles of health services journals. I was already across their five years of medical train- for Best Practice In Clinical Principal Investigator for a research ing. Audit Radcliffe Medical Press. project on a method for accessing patients In summary I feel that 25 years re- Abingdon Oxford. views on improving health services, im- searching how university students like plementing agreed views into providing to learn have taught me that teachers the service and developing further re- need to be ever vigilant. Good teachers Baker R, Stevenson K, Redsell search activity including looking at always question whether they could S, Shaw E. (2002) Clinical Au- telemedicine, developing a training course teach better. Being an educational re- dit : A Review of the Evidence for simulated patients, and investigating searcher has allowed me to pose questions Radcliffe medical Press Abing- bullying of nursing students in NHS about what makes an effective teacher. don Oxford. Hospital placements. I am moving from my post at UWI to I continued to published in the area take on the Foundation Chair of Inter- of University Student expectations of professional Education at Glasgow Cale- teaching (2002, 2004, 2006) and also donian University in Scotland UK. I co-led a national study investigating the will of course retain contact with the experience and expectations of interna- many excellent teachers I have met in tional students and the barriers they my time here. (101) Faculty of Medical Sciences Surujpal Teelucksingh Professor - Medicine Department of Clinical Medical Sciences

Professor Teelucksingh’s contributions to the field of examination formats in keeping with internationally medical science in the region includes research into accepted standards, and developed a curriculum for non-communicable disease (NCD) (like diabetes and Public Education in Diabetes. obesity) and the introduction of sociological, rather Prof Teelucksingh’s work has been widely recognised. than pedagogic or prescriptive methods to cause com- He has published in various medical journals including munities to adopt lifestyles that would make them the prestigious The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, healthier. Clinical Science, Caribbean Medical Journal, West Indian He specialises in internal medicine, diabetes and en- Medical Journal, and Caribbean Health among others. He docrinology and is exploring the connection between is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edin- diabetes and heart disease—an area that although well- burgh in the UK, and at present, serves on the Medical known remains poorly understood in medical science. Board of Trinidad & Tobago and is the University’s He chairs a Cabinet-appointed Technical Advisory Public Orator. Committee that reports to the Minister of Health of Trinidad and Tobago on strategies to combat chronic diseases. Research Summary In addition to his clinical and scientific work, he is Diabetes and coronary artery disease together account concerned with training better doctors, introducing for half of all deaths in Trinidad and Tobago. In OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) addition to the years of life lost, there is considerable as the concluding examination method at the UWI’s loss of earnings and productivity. Faculty of Medical Sciences. The OSCE tests clinical Our research team, recognising the need for and competence in skills such as communication, clinical value of preventative strategies, has developed a five- examination, medical procedures, prescriptions, and pronged approach to investigating, understanding and data interpretation. reducing the burden of heart disease, diabetes and He has also led the university in implementing medical their complications in our population.

(102) 1. Diabetes screening: gional Public Good Grant. Project Lead: (PhD Student, Yvonne Batson). Project S Teelucksingh. Lead: S Teelucksingh The Ministries of Health of six Caricom countries and CAREC/PAHO are col- We have developed a methodology for laborating with the University of the screening school children for diabetes West Indies to develop a data gathering established through private funding and collation mechanism that would SURUJPAL through The Helen Bhagwansingh’s Di- allow access to high quality data on TEELUCKSINGH abetes Education, Research and Preven- chronic non-communicable diseases. tion Institute—a non-profit organisation The participating countries are Belize, Professor of Medicine linking The University to the private Barbados, Bahamas, Jamaica, Guyana Department of Clinical sector. and Trinidad and Tobago. Expected Medical Sciences In a research and demonstration project, Project completion date is mid 2011. A Faculty of Medical Sciences screening of 70,000 students has unearthed website for this project is currently under two dozen children with diabetes who development. University of the West Indies could have gone unnoticed with the risk St. Augustine of complications ensuing had they not 4. Basic Science Research: Collaborators – Professor Terence been detected and treated. 868 645-2640 ext. 2926 We propose to share this data with a Seemungal and Professor Lexley Pinto- [email protected] wide cross section of stakeholders in- Pereira. cluding the Ministries of Health and Ed- We are currently conducting pioneering ucation to make this a national annual research aimed at understanding and effort. elucidating pathogenetic mechanisms and PUBLICATIONS therapeutic interventions for coronary Y. Batson, S. Teelucksingh, R. 2. Diabetic foot disease: artery disease, chronic lung disease and G. Maharaj, BN Cockburn- Collaborators-Professors Vijay diabetes. See Pinto Pereira LM, Seemu- Identification of Diabetes in Narayansingh, T Seemungal and S ngal T, Teelucksingh S, Nayak BS. children from a mass urine Teelucksingh Markers of lung function and inflammation in West Indian diabetics Accepted: screening- West Indian Med J2010; 59 (Suppl.) 2:54 We have elucidated and characterised European Respiratory Society, September a new clinical diagnostic test of high sen- 2010. Teelucksingh S, Ramdass M J, sitivity and specificity for diabetic feet Charran A, Mungalsingh C, that are at high risk of infection and am- 5. Disease management of Diabetes Seemungal T, Naraynsingh V. – putation. We are currently establishing Based on the CHRC guidelines we The slipping slipper sign: a multicentre cross sectional study to have explored diabetes management in marker of severe peripheral utilise this test for broad base community public sector facilities and viewed the diabetic neuropathy and foot and population screening. This project same vis-a-vis patient management in sepsis - Postgraduate Medical is in a developmental stage. the United Kingdom. This information will be made available to the Ministry of Journal 2009; 85: 288-291 3. Supra Regional Data Centre: Health to enable good disease manage- Teelucksingh S and Pinto InterAmerican Development Bank Re- ment. Pereira L. Metformin: an important tool for endocrinology in the West Indies. New tricks for an old drug. British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Dis- ease. 2009; 9:232-236.

(103) Faculty of Humanities and Education

The Faculty of Humanities & Education (FHE) Research areas in the school include Classroom Com- continues to maintain its commitment of relevance to munication, Science Education, Schooling and Citi- the wider society, through the strengthening of rela- zenship, Technology and Learning, School leadership, tionships with our main stakeholders and an emphasis Bibliographic Research, Childrearing beliefs and prac- on research. Over the last decade the various Depart- tices, Parental behaviours, and Gender Differentials in ments of the Faculty have expanded, adding new areas Educational Achievements and performance. Selected such as the Film Studies and engaging in quality Re- topics of research and researchers during this period search, which has garnered recognition not only in the are: region but internationally. • Joycelyn Rampersad - Inside a Health and Family The following represents selected areas of research Life Education (HFLE) Project: The challenges of that involve both staff and graduate students in the six developing a framework for adoption of HFLE in divisions of this faculty–Departments of History and the formal educational sector of Trinidad and Liberal Arts, the School of Education, the Department Tobago. of Creative and Festival Arts, the Centre for Language • June George and Susan Herbert - Correlates of Learning and the Film Programme–for the academic Learning Outcomes in Trinidad and Tobago, de- years 1999/2000 to 2009/2010. The topics and researchers signed to investigate the relationships between presented here are by no means exhaustive of the student achievement and the traits of schools, the wealth of ongoing research from these departments. classroom, the home, teachers and the student in collaboration with the University of Victoria, British Columbia. School of Education: • Susan Herbert and Marcia Rainford - Continuing This is the largest department in the faculty and its Professional Development of Secondary Science research has immediate and far reaching impacts on Teachers the understanding and delivery of education. Collabo- • Lynda Quamina-Aiyejina - Bibliographic Research rative research such as a Multi-Site Teacher Education on Education and Training preparatory to the com- Research Project (MUSTER) between UWI and the pilation of a bibliography for staff and students of University of Sussex also establishes the global reach the School of Education. of our research agenda. • Jeniffer Mohammed - Five-country (Malaysia,

(104) Dr. Elizabeth Walcott-Hackshaw Deputy Dean, Graduate Studies and Research

India, Seychelles, Mozambique and Trinidad • Rita Pemberton – A History of Forest Con- and Tobago) research study on gender inter- servation in the British Caribbean ventions under the aegis of the Commonwealth • Jerome Teelucksingh – Labour Relations and Secretariat. Trade Unions in Trinidad. • David Plummer - The Everyday Impact of • Basil Reid – Archaeology and Geo-informatics: HIV on Jamaican Schools Case Studies from the Caribbean. • Dorian Barrow and Samuel Lochan - The • Heather Cateau – Revisionism in Caribbean Extra-lessons phenomenon research extended Historiography to include Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent • Claudius Fergus – Anansi, an African Legacy: and Dominica Bridging Time, Spaces and Spirits • Carol Logie - Family Development and Chil- • Michael Toussaint – Women in the Politics of dren’s Research Centre (FDCRC) focusing Trinidad and Tobago in the 20th century on Child Development, Comparative studies • Sherry-Ann Singh – School Curriculum and in early childhood and Cost benefit analysis the Indian Diaspora: The Case of Trinidad. and its link to quality early childhood education Department of Liberal Arts The Department of Liberal Arts researches Department of History themes ranging from the endangered languages of A longstanding and prolific department in the the region (with a focus on their description and Faculty has a range of research themes including preservation), to the literatures and cultures of a history of decolonisation of the Caribbean, Rein- the region, and into applied discourse areas such terpreting the Slave Experience, Social Formation as the representation of violence and gender in lit- and Race Relations in the British West Indies and erature, media and the law. Some thematic areas a history of East Indians in the Caribbean and of research are Black American Literature, Contesting Past Narratives of Trinidad and Tobago’s Caribbean Linguistics, Communications including History. Some selected research by staff are: aspects of medical communication and Speech • Bridget Brereton - Gender and Caribbean in Language Pathology. Selected faculty research Historiography that exemplify some of these themes are:

(105) Faculty of Humanities & Education

• Barbara Lalla – Research on Post-colonial Caribbean and phonology of Caribbean English, French and and medieval discourse. Spanish to Caribbean students. • Nicole Roberts and Elizabeth Walcott-Hackshaw – Anthology of short stories by contemporary women writers from the Anglophone, Francophone Department of Creative and Festival Arts and Hispanophone regions Department of Creative and Festival Arts research • Jean Antoine-Dunne – The essays, poetry and areas of dynamic creativity in this society and in the re- plays of Walcott; and archival research on the in- gion, creating action research through its interface terface between film and poetry in his work. with the creative sectors and industries. • Benjamin Braithwaite and Kathy-Ann Drayton – Among the topics undertaken are Dynamic Drama Trinidadian Sign Language (TSL). for the Primary Schools and Preaching, Praying and • Christiana Abraham – Building Responsive Policy: Singing of the Shouters in the course of Ritual Per- Gender, Sexual Culture and HIV & AIDS in the formance. Selected staff research themes include: Caribbean: Baseline Assessment and Case Studies’, • Jo-Anne Tull and Tamara Da Breo – The challenges in collaboration with the Institute of Gender and and prospects of the comic industry in Trinidad as Development Studies (UWI) an emerging cultural industry. • Jo-Anne Ferreira – Research into teaching phonetics • Kenwyn Murray – Masquerade and Design

(106) • Jeannie Remy – The complete history of the Doctors in Trinidad Invaders Steel Orchestra • Maria Landa Buil, Neva, Amina Ibrahim-Ali • Satanand Sharma – The original compositions and Beverly-Anne Carter – Tandem learning of Jit Samaroo project between CLL Spanish students and EFL students at Universidad EAN, Colom- bia. Centre for Language Learning The Centre for Language Learning, fully occupied The recent addition of a Film Programme to with major language teaching programmes, also this Faculty in the last few years of the decade engages in serious research around the teaching taps into the expansion and importance of film in of Spanish at all Primary School level and the teaching, communication and entertainment industry teaching and learning of foreign languages in Sec- and in the definition of Caribbean identity through ondary School in Trinidad and Tobago. Among image making. Among the areas of focus for its research topics are: research are Caribbean film and filmmakers by • Beverly-Anne Carter and Amina Ibrahim-Ali Bruce Paddington and Jean Antoine-Dunne, and Dianne Williams (Faculty of Social Sci- Robert Ramesar, Christopher Meir—The envi- ences)– Medical Communications on Cuban ronment as a subject of film.

(107) Faculty of Humanities & Education Funso Aiyejina Professor - Literature in English, African and Asian Studies Dean, Faculty of Humanities & Education

Funso Aiyejina taught at Obafemi Awolowo Uni- Aiyejina has also presented 15 conference papers, versity, Ile-Ife, Nigeria before relocating to the Uni- produced two translations, and one documentary versity of the West Indies, St. Augustine, where he is video. With respect to his literary output and published currently Professor of Literatures in English and books, he has published individual short stories in 12 Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Education. major national and international anthologies and in- He is the author/editor of seven books, two monographs, dividual poems in 11 anthologies and 29 journal is- and two playscripts. He has published extensively in sues. refereed and non-refereed journals, submitted chapters Aiyejina is both a literary/culture critic and researcher for books, has interviewed other authors and has and an award-winning creative writer. His research himself been interviewed on his literary work. interests include African culture/literature, Caribbean literature and Afro-Caribbean culture, especially Orisa tradition. His short stories and poems have been published in local and international journals and in international anthologies such as The Anchor Book of African Stories, Literature Without Borders, Kiss and Quarrel: Yoruba/English – Strategies for Mediation, New Poetry from Africa, and The New African Poetry. He has been described by Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier, editors of The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry, as “one of Nigeria’s finest satirists. Some of his works have been translated into Russian, German, Urdu, Hindi, and Chinese. His first poetry book, A Letter to Lynda and Other Poems (1988 and 2006) won the Association of Nigerian Authors’ Poetry Prize in 1989. I, The Supreme and Other Poems (2004) was shortlisted for the same prize, and The Legend of the Rockhills and Other Stories (1999) (his first fiction) won Best First Book (Africa), Com- monwealth Writers Prize, 2000. The latter has been described as “a wonderful book of short stories” (Out- look India.com, April 2000) and is distinguished by its “biting satire and gentle humour, and an almost Orientalist karmic attitude towards life’s vicissitudes” (The Book Review, Vol. XXIV Number 4, April 2000:20). Aiyejina is also the author of The Character Who Walked Out On His Author, which has been staged in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Nigeria. Aiyejina is a graduate of the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University), Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada; and the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. At UWI, he pursued a PhD on “Africa in West Indian Literature: From Claude McKay to Ed- ward Kamau Brathwaite”. The subject of African cultural retention in, and influence on, the New World continues to be a central pre-occupation in his academic and literary production. Aiyejina deploys the personal ties he has developed in the Caribbean as metaphors for the relationship between the continent and the Caribbean archipelago and the role that awareness of the ancestral links has to play in the development of both regions. His work (108) He is a leading scholar of the works of Earl Lovelace and has advanced the central argument that Lovelace’s art can best be appreciated through the lenses of ‘bacchanal aesthetics’. demonstrates that it is not sufficient to Earl Lovelace’s Fiction” (2007), Aiyejina create an authentic narrative of Africa analyses and explores the various African- without referencing her Diaspora, just influenced traditions that have imbued as it is not possible to properly narrate Lovelace’s work and inspired its complex the Diaspora without a backward glance and multifaceted nature. It is virtually to ancestry. His creative works are ex- impossible to research Lovelace without tensions of his academic straddling of referencing Aiyejina. FUNSO AIYEJINA Africa and the Caribbean. Aiyejina’s recognition of tradition as Professor He has published widely on African the ultimate source of the inspiration Literatures in English; and West Indian literature and culture for African and African-Caribbean aes- African and Asian Studies including essays and reviews on Brath- thetic culminated in his 2007 Professorial Dean, waite, VS Reid, Dennis Williams, George Inaugural lecture, “Decolonising Myth: Lamming, Wole Soyinka, Christopher From Esu to Bacchanal Aesthetics”. Faculty of Humanities & Eductaion Okigbo, Mabel Segun, Odia Ofeimun He challenged the accepted and Niyi Osundare among others. He Western/Christian interpretation of the University of the West Indies has also theorised on Nigerian poetry Yoruba deity Esu, questioning the in- St. Augustine with his 1988 analysis “Recent Nigerian terpretation, deconstructing its meaning Poetry in English: An Alter/Native Tra- within the Yoruba, and by extension 868 662 2002 ext. 2029 dition,” a landmark essay in the discussion African worldview, then reconstructing [email protected] of Nigerian poetry in English. the notion of Esu into an aesthetic framework for discussing both African and Caribbean culture. In July 2009, he delivered a version PUBLICATIONS of the lecture before an African audience at National Theatre, Lagos, Nigeria and Editor of A Place in the World: at the Awolowo Obafemi University in Essays and Tributes in Honour Ife. of Earl Lovelace at 70 (2009), He has written about Orisa tradition co-editor of Caribbean Litera- in Trinidad and Tobago and has collab- ture in a Global Context orated with Maureen Warner-Lewis to (2006), and editor of Earl He is a leading scholar of the works transcribe and translate Yoruba songs Lovelace: Growing in the of Earl Lovelace and has advanced the from Grenada (Grenada: Creole and Yoruba Dark (Selected Essays) (2003), central argument that Lovelace’s art can Voices: the 1962 Field Recordings of Alan Lo- Self-Portrait: Interviews with best be appreciated through the lenses max. Rounder 11661-1728-2, 2001). Ten West Indian Writers and of “bacchanal aesthetics”—an aesthetic With Rawle Gibbons and Baba Sam Two Critics (2003). rooted in the indigenous tradition of the Phills, he has published on Orisa tradition New World African, which acknowl- in Trinidad and collected and published The Legend of the Rockhills edges the multiplicity of options that Orisa songs from Trinidad (Songs of the and Other Stories, Tsar Pro- define the essence of the Esu-Elegbara, Orisha Palais of Trinidad and Tobago, cd, ductions, 2000 the Yoruba deity of choice and personal 2005). will, as well as the multicultural imper- He is a co-facilitator of the Cropper Funso Aiyejina, I, The atives that underpin the evolution of Foundation/UWI Residential Writers Supreme and Other Poems. the New World. Workshop, an editorial board member Ibadan, Nigeria: Kraft Books, In theorising on Africa and Caribbean of several local and international journals, 2004. 73pp. literature, Aiyejina has priviledged the founding coordinator of UWI, St. Au- nexus between ritual and literary tropes. gustine’s Campus Literature Week, co- In essays such as “Narrating the Nar- ordinator of the MFA Fiction Pro- rator: An Occasion for Celebration” gramme in the Department of Liberal (2008), “Novelypso: Earl Lovelace and Arts, and an Honorary Fellow of the the Bacchanal Tradition” (2008), and International Writers Workshop, Hong “Unmasking the Chantwell Narrator in Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong. (109) Faculty of Humanities & Education Bridget Brereton Professor - History Professor Emerita

(110) I have continuously pursued my research interest in the social history of the nineteenth and twentieth century Caribbean. Bridget Brereton

BRIDGET BRERETON Professor Emerita Department of History I was promoted Professor of History in 1995/96 mainly on the Faculty of Humanities & Education basis of my books on the history of Trinidad, which even by that time had become classics: Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad (Cam- University of the West Indies bridge University Press, 1979) and A History of Modern Trinidad, St. Augustine 1783-1962 (Heinemann 1981). I had also published a short text on the history of Trinidad and Tobago for school children (An Introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago, Heinemann 1994) 868 662 2002 ext. 3049 and an earlier CXC text, Social Life in the Caribbean, 1838-1938 [email protected] (Heinemann 1985), both of which are still used in the national and regional schools. Since promotion I have continued to research and publish on the history of Trinidad and Tobago, publishing many essays, papers and book chapters on this subject. I have also served as co-editor of several important nineteenth PUBLICATIONS and twentieth century writings from Trinidad, including three early novels (a three-volume series, ‘Caribbean Heritage’, published Race Relations in Colonial by the UWI Press between 2001 and 2006), memoirs by Edric Trinidad, 1870-1900 (Cam- bridge University Press, 1979) Connor (2006) and Percy Fraser (2007), and a Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago Biography (1998). A History of Modern Trinidad, Most recently, I am the author of a history of the St Augustine 1783-1962 (Heinemann Campus, published in 2010 for the 50th Anniversary of that 1981, 1989) Campus entitled From Imperial College to University of the West Indies: A History of the St Augustine Campus, Trinidad & Tobago (Ian Randle Law, Justice and Empire: The 2010) Colonial Career of John Gor- I have continuously pursued my research interest in the social rie, 1829-1892 (UWI Press history of the nineteenth and twentieth century Caribbean. In 1997) addition to many essays, papers and book chapters, I am co-editor of The Colonial Caribbean in Transition: Essays on Post-Emancipation The Colonial Caribbean in Social and Cultural History (UWI Press and University Press of Transition (Co- Editor) (UWI Florida, 1999), and the editor of Volume V of the UNESCO Press 1999) General History of the Caribbean, The Caribbean in the Twentieth Century (2004). The Caribbean in the Twenti- eth Century (Editor) (Macmil- lan/UNESCO 2004)

(111) Faculty of Humanities & Education Barbara Lalla Professor - Language and Literature

Earlier Research nature of early Creole at lexical, phonological, morpho- Barbara Lalla has developed three main areas of logical and syntactic levels were outlined. original research: Subsequently, Barbara Lalla traced the discursive de- • historical reconstruction of Jamaican Creole through velopments in Jamaican literature, drawing again on textual analysis archival sources and tracing these to more current nar- • literary discourse analysis of Caribbean Literature rative. This led to the single-authored study Defining Ja- • Caribbean re-rereading of other canons. maican Fiction: Marronage and the Discourse of Survival (1996). Initially, she conducted original research on the de- Professional developments on this interest in Caribbean velopment of Jamaican language. In a collaborative language included the practical application of knowledge project with Jean D’Costa, data from untapped oral regarding the Creole/English interface to the needs of and archival sources, analysis of linguistic change and tertiary learners. reconstruction, led to the publication of Voices in Exile Leading UWI’s thrust in distance learning, Lalla con- (1989) and Language in Exile (1990). These publications tinued to publish articles and present papers on language traced the linguistic evolution of Creole, supported by history in the Anglophone Caribbean, scribal represen- maps, charts and tables. Hence, the provenance and tation of Caribbean Creole, and the development of

(112) Caribbean literary discourse. These re- some scholars and funded by the Gov- search interests attracted doctoral students ernment of Trinidad and Tobago. This (such as Rawwida Baksh-Soodeen and project has supported publications, teach- Jo-Anne Ferreira) who completed dis- ing material, the production of an online sertations in Caribbean language history. journal by Paula Morgan and others and Additionally, Barbara Lalla was engaged the submission of material by Basil Reid in substantial research to support her cre- for an exhibition in a Cultural Studies BARBARA ANN LALLA ative writing. Drawing on archival material Virtual Museum created by Patricia Mo- Professor, Language and Literature and oral interviews, she produced a his- hammed. Department of Liberal Arts torical novel, Arch of Fire (1998), which Lalla has also worked with Jennifer Faculty of Humantities & Education was subsequently translated into German. Rahim on the publication of Beyond Bound- This body of work won her the Vice aries: Papers on Caribbean Culture (2009) Chancellor’s Award for Excellence (1999) and Created in the West Indies. Caribbean University of the West Indies and her appointment as Professor of Lan- Perspectives on V. S. Naipaul, (forthcoming). St. Augustine guage and Literature that year. Simultaneously, an interest in graduate research within the region and to increasing 868 662 2002 ext. 3868/3868 Recent and Current Research access to Caribbean material for more [email protected] Subsequently, Lalla extended her re- advanced scholars has prompted a col- search in textual analysis to focus on the laborative project on research methodology representation of the Caribbean voice in itself. In a project on Research Methods literary discourse and to the language in Caribbean Literary and Discourse Cul- culture underpinning Caribbean literature. ture, Lalla is working with a UWI team She has pursued narrative and linguistic to produce a scholarly guide and self- PUBLICATIONS analysis of Caribbean literary works of access course for graduate researchers. Rhys, Lovelace, Senior, Goodison, Naipaul Lalla’s contribution to the cultural prod- 2008. Postcolonialisms: and Hopkinson; and other in a number ucts of the Caribbean continues through Caribbean Re-reading of Me- of articles; and in invited plenary addresses her creative writing. Another novel, Cascade, dieval English Discourse. such as the 2003 Conference of the Society has been selected by UWI Press as its Kingston: University of the of Pidgin and Creole Languages at the first fictional work for publication and is West Indies Press. University of Hawaii, the 2004 Cultural in press. Additionally, having proposed a 1998. Arch of Fire. (Historical Studies Conference, at UWI St. Augustine project on “Caribbean Postscripts: After- novel.) Kingston: Kingston and the 2010 Conference on West Indian words on the British Canon” (which at- Publishers. (520 pages.) Literature at UWI Mona. tracted a UWI Press award for Out- Translated into German 2000. She has continued in practical application standing Publishing Proposal, 2005), she Flammendes Land. Ver- of her understanding of literary discourse produced as the first volume in this series lagshaus. for the support of self access learning, a major original study, Postcolonialisms: while pursuing scholarly work on Caribbean Re-reading of Medieval English Dis- 1990. Language in Exile: Three Caribbean literary and language discourse course.(2008). This area of specifically Hundred Years of Jamaican collaboratively with Jean D’Costa and Caribbean perspectives on other canons Creole. Tuscaloosa and Velma Pollard. This area has attracted has also attracted graduate research with London: The University of Ala- several research students who have com- such diverse interests as Chaucer, Tolkien bama Press. (Co-authored, pleted or are pursuing theses and disser- and Hemmingway, as Romance and Sci- Barbara Lalla and Jean D'Cos- tations in literary linguistics and linguistic ence Fiction genres. Meanwhile, the con- ta). (253 pages.) Reprinted in criticism (among them doctoral disserta- cept of the Postscripts series has been re- paperback 2009. Electronic tions by Merle Hodge and Geraldine fined collaboratively by a group within forthcoming. Skeete). the department, and particularly by Dr The above interests were related to a Giselle Rampaul. A second volume is in large interdisciplinary project “An inves- the making. tigation of Caribbean Cultural Dynamics Barbara Lalla recently assisted her de- and the Globalization of Culture” designed partment in defining its research profile by Barbara Lalla in collaboration with and agenda. (113) Faculty of Humanities & Education Ian Robertson Professor - Linguistics Department of Liberal Arts

The students prepared a linguistic map of every home on every street in the village of Bartica.

Ian E. Robertson was awarded a B.A. in English Language Development and Maintenance, English (Special Hons.) from the University of the West Language Teaching in Creole Communities and Use Indies, Mona Campus in 1969 and his PhD.(Linguistics) of Indigenous Resources for Education. His contribution in 1980 from the University of the West Indies, St. to field of linguistics is expansive, substantive and in- Augustine Campus. He was the first student to be comparable. awarded this degree from the St Augustine Campus. Additionally, he is a member of the following pro- Promotion to the rank of Professor was sought on fessional associations: Society for Caribbean Linguistics, the range of criteria normally applied to such ap- Linguistic Society of America, Society for Pidgin and pointments. These included a teaching and adminis- Creole Linguistics and Association of Curriculum Su- trative profile and a wide-ranging set of research pervisors and Developers. outputs. His research covered three main areas, Creole The Creole studies were initiated by archival work Languages Studies, Endangered Languages and Di- in support of a thesis that the Dutch language must alects in the Caribbean and Language Education. have had a Creole counterpart similar to those of the Throughout his tenure at the St. Augustine Campus, French and the English. Once the historical existence he has served at senior academic and administrative was confirmed for Guyana, field research was under- levels. Up to his retirement in 2009, he served in the taken to determine the contemporary status of the capacity as Dean of the Faculty of Humanities & language(s). It turned out that there had been two Arts. such languages in Guyana, one already dead and the His research interests include: Language History, other almost so. The discovery allowed for audio and Language Maintenance and Language Death, Creole video recordings to be made of the last 30 or so (114) speakers. This language is now all but light on the sociohistorical patterns of dead since only one speaker is known interaction in that colony under the to be alive. Dutch. IAN ROBERTSON The study of the Dutch lexicon Cre- Over the years, his research has Professor - Linguistics oles has raised significant issues in made important contribution to the Department of Liberal Arts areas such as Creole Genesis and in field of linguistics. Some of the fol- Faculty of Humanities & Education the case of Berbice Dutch has supplied lowing projects illustrate his accom- considerable insight into the very early plishments in this field: University of the West Indies history of the Berbice colony for which • Research of historical documents no documents are known to exist. Re- to establish the previously unknown St. Augustine search on endangered languages in- phenomenon of the Creolisation volved the documentation of the so- of the Dutch language in a Dutch 868 662 2002 ext. 3983/3493 colinguistic status of Lokoo (Arawak) colony [email protected] Kalina (Carib) and Bhoj Puri in • Discovery of the last thirty speakers Guyana. The first two are indigenous of One Dutch-lexicon Creole lan- languages and the last one is a heritage guage in the former Dutch colony language that is quickly disappearing. of Berbice in Guyana Education research and publication • Discovery of a few people who has tended to focus mainly on the had minimal passive control of a PUBLICATIONS area of language education with specific second Dutch lexicon Creole lan- emphasis on the teaching and learning guage found in the former Dutch Simmons-Mc Donald. Hazel of the official language English in Cre- colony of Essequibo in Guyana and Ian Robertson (eds) Ex- ole sociolinguistic complexes in the • Documentation of French lexicon ploring the Boundaries of Caribbean. There were also some pre- Creole language spoken by a sig- Caribbean Creole Languages, sentations on the roles of indigenous nificant St Lucian migrant com- 2006 Jamaica, U. W. I Press resources for education in Caribbean munity in the interior of Guyana. states. In the last year, Robertson has • Documentation of linguistic her- Robertson, Ian E, “Guyana’s added to this discourse and a full- itage of specific locations in Dutch lexicon Creoles: the length documentary of the link between Guyana. Demerara (dis)connection”, the Eastern Ijo of the Niger Delta • Approaches to the Teaching of The Arts Journal , Vol 5 Num- area in Nigeria and the colony of the Official language in the officially berrs 1 &2 The Arts Forum Berbice, which sheds considerable English speaking Caribbean. Inc.2009

VIDEO DOCUMENTARIES. Caribbean Language Series I Language: Using the Caribbean Oral Traditions to explore the relationship between the Creole language and the Official language in the Caribbean

Three Guyanese languages: Going, Going, Gone! A documentation of the moribund status of three Guyanese lan- Having a working lunch at 3 p.m., 90 miles up the Canje Creek. guages (115) Faculty of Humanities & Education Valerie Youssef Professor - Linguistics Department of Liberal Arts

My research in linguistics has carried me through the American context, children waited until they were ado- sub-areas of language acquisition and learning, descriptive lescent before they developed stylistic awareness and linguistics and discourse analysis, amongst others. Each capacity. This culminated in further international publi- one has been both exciting and rewarding. cations, perhaps the most important being Variation in When I began my Ph. D, I believed that I might be the acquisition of language in the Trinidad context, which ap- able to contribute to the debate over what may be peared in Language Variation and Change(1991). These universal in the human language faculty. Language has discoveries led me firmly into sociolinguistics, coining been found to be peculiar to man and to have common the term varilingualism to describe the competence hat features wherever it occurs; on this basis Derek Bickerton local children display as they balance language varieties (1980) posited a “language bioprogram” hypothesis, in their language output from the earliest stage. This suggesting that specific semantic categories would emerge term has achieved some international recognition. It in all children and at early stage. I investigated the early was refined further to apply to adult language for a spontaneous speech of two-year- old Trinidadian children paper in the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages in exposed differentially to both Trinidad Creole and Stan- 1996. Recently, I was invited to explicate it again in a dard English and made some headway, which culminated paper entitled: Varilingualism: A Term for Twenty-First in my first substantial publication in the Journal of Child Century Language Acquisition Contexts for the French Language: The early development of perfect aspect (1990), fol- journal Education et Sociétés Plurilingues (2010). lowing two responsive critiques in the same Journal in One of the challenges in Caribbean linguistics is that 1989 and 1990. the discipline is relatively young—at least in reference I continued to expand my concerns in child language to Caribbean linguists looking at their own languages. acquisition. The study of small children, recorded fort- Many scholars have spent their working lives exactly as nightly between ages two and four showed that language they should, describing the Creoles and other indigenous acquisition could not be divorced from the stylistic or languages to the region. I have been able to contribute situational uses. My investigations found that in an to that work through The Languages of Tobago co- (116) published with Dr. Winford James in of questions that demand client response. 2002. based on data collected as part of For topics such as sexual practices and the Tobago Language Project throughout safer sex, counsellors often move rapidly the 1990s. This descriptive work has been into an Information-Delivery format per- augmented in the period since 2004 at haps because of the stress of discussing which time I began to work with Dr. sexually taboo topics but the reality is Dagmar Deuber, then of Freiburg Uni- that such information is not well retained. VALERIE YOUSSEF versity in the field of corpus linguistics, a In Trinidad it was noted that, as in the Professor, Linguistic computer-based approach to language UK, counsellors preferred IVFs and IDFs. Coordinator - Linguistics Graduate description. We are currently extending However, there were marked differences Programme the study to Tobago and have been able from the UK findings in that a number of Department of Liberal Arts to establish a Trinidad and Tobago arm patients resisted an IVF at the outset of of the International Corpus of English, counselling, forcing the counsellor back Faculty of Humanities & Education utilised by linguists world-wide. on information-giving on several occasions In the course of doing this work I was and sometimes provoking a challenge in University of the West Indies asked to contribute again with Dr. Winford the patient. This work: Normative Ex- St. Augustine James, to a four-volume work the Mouton pectations for Medical Talk was published Handbook of Varieties of English published in Language and Communication (1992). 868 662 2002 ext. 3763/2035 by Mouton de Gruyter (2004) in the spe- As my own work progressed, I found [email protected] cific volume The Americas and the that it was useful to examine a diversity Caribbean. of conversational elements if we were to Throughout the last 20 years I have creatively pursue what really worked in gradually extended my research in an en- diverse circumstances and with diverse PUBLICATIONS tirely different field, however, that of dis- clients. I worked not just with interviews course analysis (DA). In 1990, I encoun- but subsequently supported work being Valerie Youssef “Varilingualism: tered a Professor of Sociology from the done on the improvement of communica- the competence behind code- UK, David Silverman of Goldsmith’s Col- tion on the National AIDS Hotline service. mixing in Trinidad Tobago” lege, University of London, who needed This led to publications that included: Journal of Pidgin & Creole Lan- help to transcribe recordings of interviews “When ‘same sex’ talk works: Issues of guages, 1996, 11:1, 1-22. between Queen’s Park Counselling Centre communicative success on a telephone HIV/AIDS counsellors and their clients, response service” in Illness, Crisis and Winford James & Valerie Youssef, the taboos against HIV positive people Loss (2001). The Language of Tobago: Gene- seemed insurmountable. Silverman had Bridging the medical discourse, I have sis, Structure and Perspectives; been privileged to sit in on pre- and post- also worked in classroom discourse and School of Continuing Studies, test counselling sessions. The interviews both political and media discourse, and UWI, St. Augustine, 2002 provided raw material for workshops that more recently on the depiction of crimes Silverman would run for practitioners of violence in a range of discourse types Valerie Youssef & Paula Mor- and also integrate into his research pool in this society. This work is represented gan, Writing Rage: Unmasking of similar data collected in the UK, Aus- in Writing Rage: Unmasking Violence in Violence through Caribbean tralia and the USA. Caribbean Discourse (2006), a collaborative Discourse. UWI Press: Mona, My own immediate concern was to es- publication with Dr. Paula Morgan. Dr Jamaica, 2005. Most Outstand- tablish whether the same norms applied Morgan interrogated the depiction of vi- ing Interdisciplinary Book by in our own setting. Cultural norms for olence in literary texts whilst I examined the UWI Press on their 15th discussing delicate issues would be ex- newspaper depictions, personal narratives, Anniversary celebrations. pected to vary quite widely. Two com- and judicial statements. municative formats dominated counselling Other areas of my work have included Valerie Youssef “Sociolinguis- sessions in the UK. The first was an In- the field of language education in the tics of the Caribbean” in Mar- formation-delivery format (IDF) and the Caribbean region as well as classroom tin Ball ed. Sociolinguistics second an Interview-type format (IVF). discourse. I do hope that this brief overview Around the World: A Hand- Generally, it was felt that maximal com- may serve to introduce effectively my re- book, USA: Routledge, 2010. munication was achieved through a series search range. (117) Faculty of Social Sciences

Dr. Linda Hadeed Deputy Dean, Graduate Studies and Research

During the past ten years, the Faculty of Social Sci- Sir Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic ences, UWI St. Augustine Campus has continuously Studies and The Institute for Gender and Development demonstrated its commitment to the pursuit of schol- Studies (IGDS). Each of the Institutes and Centres arship through the research and publications carried have concentrated areas of research that fall under out by its academic staff members and graduate the disciplinary areas contained or associated with students. The Faculty comprises three main departments the Faculty of Social Sciences, at present the largest and several associated institutes, centres and units. faculty on the UWI St. Augustine Campus. The Departments are Behavioural Sciences, Economics The IIR faculty and students are engaged in cutting and Management Studies. The affiliated Centres and edge, inter-disciplinary research projects that reflect Institutes are the Caribbean Centre for Money and the evolving nature of the global political economy Finance (CCMF); Centre for Health Economics and cover such areas as globalisation, multilateral (HEU), which falls under the Department of Eco- diplomacy, regionalism, environmental issues and nomics; Institute of International Relations (IIR); and global governance.

(118) The SALISES research agenda as part of an In- (LMPSU) stitute that has a presence on the three UWI cam- • The Economic Measurement Unit (EMU) puses, focuses on themes of poverty, money, finance • The Centre for Health Economics (HEU) and risk, governance and public sector reform and development theory and policy. The IGDS is an in- SEDU concentrates on research in the areas of terdisciplinary Institute that has partnered with the economic valuation, vulnerability indices, social faculty while maintaining relative autonomy. ecology, transportation, natural resources management, natural disasters and climate change, trade The Department of Economics has a number of and the environment, poverty and sustainability research clusters: livelihoods and sustainable tourism. Some of the • The Sustainable Economic Development Unit main areas of concern for the LMPSU are the (SEDU) structure and earnings of informal labour and the • The Labour Market and Poverty Studies Unit working poor, youth, training and labour supply,

(119) Faculty of Social Sciences

the measurement and tracking of poverty levels and education; finance and auditing management issues the efficacy of poverty alleviation policies and pro- in performance measurement and information needs; grammes. small business electronic commerce and its impact on The Health Economics Unit was established in Caribbean business, corporate social responsibility 1995 as one of the research clusters in the Department and socio-ethical economy, professional and applied of Economics and is responsible for research, training ethics. and project-related activities in health economics areas including social insurance, poverty, health and sus- Research in the Department of Behavioural Sciences tainable development, equity, health policy and man- seeks to acquire deeper insight into the basic processes agement. that motivate human behaviour through the disciplines of Psychology, Sociology, Government and Social The Department of Management Studies was work. Two specialised areas of research also fall under fully launched in 1967. Selected research interests of the umbrella of this department, that of Mediation staff and students include: Tourism development in Studies and Criminology and Criminal Justice. small island states and more specifically, human The following are selected themes of research covered resource development in the tourism industry in the under each of the disciplines or related area studies. region, the impact of tourism development on small Psychology: Body image perception and its rela- island states, strategic brand management, information tionship to self-esteem and eating disorders using systems in business and society, the impact of infor- age, gender and ethnicity; psychology of media per- mation and communications technology on higher ception; social psychology of fear of crime, social psychology of fear of gangs; nationwide study on reform in the Caribbean and a draft constitution for the degree of conformity of social norms and values Trinidad and Tobago. in Trinidad and Tobago and street children in the Sociology: Disability in Trinidad and Tobago; Caribbean. youth HIV/AIDS: crisis and opportunity in the Criminology: Crime statistics, analysis and policy Caribbean; ecumenical discourses in multi-religious action in Trinidad and Tobago; youth crime; prison societies; the involvement and characteristics of recidivism in Trinidad and Tobago; reduction, re- fathers on male adolescents’ self-esteem in Port-of- habilitation and reform; reducing youth deviance in Spain, Trinidad and Tobago; stratification in early schools: building civil society and a healthy school childhood education in Trinidad and Tobago; drug model; baseline study of civic attitudes, psychological abuse amongst adolescents in Trinidad and Tobago capital and school deviance. and alcohol studies related to the family in Trinidad Government: Caribbean local government in a and Tobago. context of good governance; Islamic discourse: the Mediation Studies/Social Work: Domestic Vio- Jamaat-al-Muslimeen and the Jihad of July 27,1990; lence in Trinidad and Tobago: why women stay in Impact of the illicit drug trade on the political life of abusive relationships; social services in Trinidad Trinidad and Tobago; institutional adaptation for and Tobago; psychosocial Effects of HIV/AIDS on democratic governance in multi-ethnic states public mothers and infants; cultural practices in mediation perceptions of parliament in Trinidad and Tobago, in the Caribbean; and the SONDAI Project: assessing Dominica, Antigua & Barbuda and Western Cape psychosocial implications of HIV/AIDS in the - South Africa; game theory and public sector Caribbean.

(121) Faculty of Social Sciences Onwubiko Agozino Professor of Sociology

In 2006, Dr. Onwubiko Agozino was appointed a appointment as professor by the UWI, he was acting as Professor in Sociology, already a leading scholar in the one of the International Council Members of the Centre fields of sociology and criminology. His 2003 publication, for Democracy and Development (1997-2006). At UWI, Counter-Colonial Criminology: A Critique of Imperialist Reason he was appointed as Acting Head of Department of Be- (London, Pluto Press) was hailed internationally as havioural Sciences (2006-2008), Coordinator of the charting a new direction in criminology. Some reviewers Criminology Unit and Deputy Dean for Graduate identified it as a major contribution to post-colonial Studies and Research (2008-2009). criminology, to left-wing criminology, to the decolonisation An excerpt from Professor Agozino’s doctoral disser- perspective, as a contribution to black studies, or simply tation at Edinburgh University (1995) was awarded the as a breath of fresh air. Other influential publications Mike Brake Memorial Prize in Radical Social Policy by Professor Agozino include the African Journal of Crim- and Social Work in 1995. That dissertation made three inology and Justice Studies, which he founded as Editor- original contributions to knowledge: In-Chief for the African Criminology and Justice Asso- 1) Agozino reconceptualised the data process as a ciation in 2005 and which he continues to edit for the process of data-reception rather than that of data- association. His article in Sage Publishers’ journal, Crim- collection and urged researchers to acknowledge that inological Theory, in 2000, is listed by the publishers as they receive data as gifts from the people. one of the top 50 most cited articles in the journal. His 2) He clarified that victimisation is not punishment co-authored publication, Nigeria: Democratising a Militarised and that whereas criminologists tended to focus on the Civil Society (2001, Centre for Democracy and Develop- punishment of offenders almost exclusively, there was ment, London and Lagos) was a finalist in the Global need to theorise the punishment of the innocent. This Development Network’s contest on development research was based on his finding that black women were policed for which Professor Agozino was given all-expenses repressively during slavery, colonialism, apartheid and paid invitation to present a related paper at the GDN under the internal colonialism of inner-city London, not conference in New Delhi, India, 2004. At the time of his because they were offenders or suspects but because (122) ONWUBIKO AGOZINO Professor of Sociology they were proximate to suspected black and Tobago, and was broadcast on Gayelle Faculty of Social Sciences men as their mothers, sisters, lovers or Television as part of the Shouter Liberation daughters and Day, March 30, 2010. from 2011 3) Agozino advocated that policy should A Government of Trinidad and Tobago Department of Sociology be defined more broadly to include areas researcher-initiated grant through UWI, Virginia Tech, USA where people themselves could take action St. Augustine, resulted in the Caribbean to make the world a better place rather Criminology Network that involved col- 540 231 7699 than follow the dominant orientation in laboration with more than a dozen re- the social sciences to make all policy rec- searchers on the campus and from the [email protected] ommendations to the state. sister campuses under the direction of A perceptive commissioning editor at Professor Agozino. The activities of the Ashgate Publishers decided to publish network culminated in A Caribbean Crim- the thesis as a book offering him the inology Conference that attracted partic- PUBLICATIONS bonus of being named as the Series Editor ipants from Europe, Asia, Canada, South for the new series to be launched with his America, US, and the Caribbean. Selected 2003 Counter Colonial Crimi- book. Professor Agozino continues to act papers presented at the conference will nology: A Critique of Imperial- as the Series Editor in The Ashgate Publishers be published in the Caribbean Journal of ist Reason, London, Pluto. Interdisciplinary Research Series in Ethnic, Criminology and Social Psychology. Professor Gender and Class Relations. Agozino was also invited to an all expenses 1997 Black Women and the As Professor of Sociology at UWI, paid workshop on gun violence at York Criminal Justice System: To- Agozino continued his scholarly produc- University, Canada and the result was a wards the Decolonisation of tivity and activism. He was awarded a major publication on gun violence in the Victimisation, Aldershot, Ash- Campus Research and Publications Fund Caribbean in the official journal of the gate, reprinted in 1998. grant for a documentary project on CLR British Society of Criminology in 2009 James: The Black Jacobin Sociology Series, with a colleague from UWI St. Augustine, 2009 Agozino, B. with Stela which was launched at the Cipriani College another from UWI Mona and another Lucia Volpe, ‘Health Dispari- of Labour as part of the OWTU Annual from Kings College London as co-authors. ties in Correctional Institu- CLR James Lecture Series, 2008 and Another international collaboration of his tions: Implications for Dispari- was subsequently broadcast by NCC with a colleague at the University of ties in the Community’ in Jour- Channels 4 and 16, Trinidad and Tobago. Pennsylvania resulted in a publication in nal of Correctional Health- One of the series of interviews (with Pro- the Journal of Correctional Healthcare care, July 25. fessor Gordon Rohlehr) was transcribed also in 2009. and published by The Black Scholar journal, Professor Agozino occupies a Visiting 2009 Agozino, B. with Ben co-author with the graduate research as- Professorship in Applied Criminology at Bowling, Elizabeth Ward and sistant and it was excerpted by Encyclopedia the University of Huddersfield, UK (2009- Godfrey St Bernard ‘Guns, Britannica online. A second larger grant 2014) and is now tenured as Professor of crime and social order in the from the same Campus Research and Sociology and Director of Africana Studies West Indies’ in Criminology & Publications Fund resulted in Shouters Program, at the Department of Sociology, Criminal Justice, Vol: 9(3): and the Control-Freak Empire, a documentary Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 287–305 on the outlawing and eventual liberation University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, of the Shouter Baptist faith in Trinidad Virginia, USA. (123) Faculty of Social Sciences Ann Marie Bissessar Professor - Public Management Department of Behavioural Sciences

From 1998 to 2010 the focus of my research has issue. To arrive at appropriate mechanisms, I have been on public sector reform and its impact on effective suggested in one of my articles, that these islands are, governance within the Caribbean region. as termed by Fred Riggs (1966),—“transitional societies”. My present research adds to my doctoral research, Many third world countries, are often caught in what completed in 1998. My doctoral research examined re- Riggs termed as a prism. They cannot be referred to as form in four countries—Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, ‘modern’, in keeping with the standards of countries Jamaica and Barbados and argued that reform tools such as the United Kingdom or the United States, but and mechanisms and indeed many of the policies intro- neither can they be referred to as traditional societies. duced by developing countries involve no more than Thus, one can expect to see systems and practices that large-scale policy transfer from the developed countries. are taken from abroad implemented in societies in While this allowed for reduced costs to many govern- which inherited kinship and family ties persist, leading ments, the greatest challenge in adopting such policies to a certain degree of dissonance. and programmes is that they often do not take into I explored the theme of dissonance in books published consideration the unique environment or culture of the in 2007 and 2008. In an edited volume published by country into which they were being introduced. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, I looked at reform The second major argument in my doctoral thesis— efforts throughout the world and demonstrated that the first debate of its kind in the Caribbean, was that while many developed and developing countries had many of the countries under review still continue to introduced similar policies and mechanisms to reform adhere to the policies and programmes introduced by their public sectors, the Commonwealth Caribbean the departing colonial administrators. Similar to the countries were largely driven by external agencies arguments by scholars such as Lloyd Best, Girvan, such as the International Monetary Fund and the Jones, La Guerre and Ryan, the contention was that World Bank. This superimposition of policies often re- the Caribbean was still under-developed since they did sulted in unsuccessful reform. not or have not introduced policies or programmes In my ten years at the University of the West Indies, that are suitable to plural or multicultural societies I continue research in the area of macro as well as the such as ours. micro perspectives of reform and governance. A number Most of my current research focuses around this of my articles that have been published in major peer- (124) reviewed journals such as Public Personnel had to be adapted to the environment Management, International Review of Public and socio-economic structure of each Administration, International Journal of Public country to be truly effective. Sector Management among others, have My on-going research continues to link examined the challenges of reforming reform and governance. Two edited books Human Resources within the Public are currently in preparation. One is en- Sector in Caribbean countries, at the titled Governance is it for Everyone? while ANN MARIE issue of discrimination, race and ethnicity the other is entitled Implementation Chal- and governance and the civil society. lenges around the Globe. In addition, with BISSESSAR Apart from my first book Colonial Ad- author John La Guerre, we are re-pub- Professor - Public Management ministration, Structural Adjustment and New lishing a classic The Politics of Communalism Head, Department of Public Management (School of Continuing with further research on Guyana and Behaviourial Sciences Studies, 2001), a landmark publication Trinidad and Tobago to look at the impact Faculty of Social Sciences that focused on the legacy of colonial ad- of communal and ethnic ties within these ministration, a second valuable contribu- communities. University of the West Indies tion to this area of research was The Crisis I am also returning to research on St. Augustine of Public Sector Reform in the Caribbean: An health care administration in the Analysis through the use of Game Theory Caribbean. In 1999, in the department of (2008). This book has broken major Primary Health Care, my major research 868 662 2002 ext. 2019/2023 grounds on two dimensions. First, it com- was on health care throughout the [email protected] prehensively documents research efforts Caribbean. from 1935 to present in five countries— The significant research that preoccupies Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, St. Vincent me, however, is the area of regulatory re- PUBLICATIONS and the Grenadines, Barbados and form in the Caribbean. I am currently Guyana. Second, it attempted to answer engaged in a long-term research project Rethinking the Reform Ques- the question that formed the basis of my scheduled for three to four years, at the tion. Newcastle, UK: Cam- discussion in my 1998 doctoral thesis. end of which I expect to arrive at more bridge Scholars Publishing. Why did reform attempts attain such dismal appropriate regulatory policy prescriptions December 2007, pp 268 success in many of these islands? The book for third world countries such as the concluded that mechanisms and policies Caribbean. Governance and Institutional Reengineering. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Pub- lishing, 2008, pp 275

Globalization and Gover- nance: Essays on the Chal- lenges for Small States (ed). McFarland and Company Ltd. 2004, pp 224

The Crisis of Public Sector Re- form in the Caribbean: An Analysis through the use of Game Theory. Edwin Mellen Press 2008, pp 267

(125) Faculty of Social Sciences Norman Girvan Professorial Research Fellow Institute of International Relations

My research has covered many issues in the field of the People’s Plan (1977), The Emergency Production the political economy of development. My doctoral Plan (1977-8) and the Five-Year Development Plan thesis (the subject of a first book) concluded that Ja- (1978-1982); as well as a number of studies of Jamaica’s maica’s rapid economic growth of the 1950s-1960s relationship with the International Monetary Fund. was not self-sustaining; partly because of the effects of Subsequently, as the Director of the Consortium multinational corporations in the natural resource Graduate School of Social Sciences in UWI Mona, the (bauxite) sector and other sectors such as finance. postgraduate multidisciplinary training programme in Subsequent work showed that corporate vertical in- the applied social sciences, took me into several related tegration of the multinational corporations inhibited subject areas. This included conceptual research in the the kind of integration of natural resource industries meaning and application of multidisciplinary in the that the host economies needed for them to contribute social sciences, the environment and sustainable devel- meaningfully to economic development. opment and social and community development. Comparative research on foreign-owned mining in- My edited collection of the papers documented the dustries in Latin America led to a monograph on the extent to which innovative techniques of community copper industry in Chile, and a paper in which I development had been devised in Jamaica in the 1930s showed the relationship between the structure and and 1940s and applied in several Latin American coun- practices of multinational corporations and the persistence tries in the 1950s and 1960s. of dependent underdevelopment in mineral-export Bottom-up development, which empowers local com- economies. This was also the subject of a second book munities as the subjects of their own improvement, is that compared Caribbean dependency thought in the the critical success factor in poverty elimination and Caribbean, Latin America and Africa and resulted in a social development, the subject of another edited book. special issue of the Journal Social and Economic Studies. A related piece of work was the thesis that Caribbean countries could be characterised as “societies at risk” At the United Nations Centre and the need for a multi-dimensional, pan-Caribbean As a research fellow at the United Nations Centre approach to regional development. I was appointed on Transnational Corporations, I continued the above Professor of Development Studies in 1997. research and was contributing author to the Third In the 1960s, I did research on regional collaboration Survey on Transnational Corporations and World Development in the Caribbean Bauxite Industry. I continued research (1983); and author of a report on Transnational Corpo- on Caribbean integration during my tenure as President rations and Non-Fuel Mineral Commodities. and Executive committee member of the Association Another line of related research was on technology of Caribbean Economists (1987-1997) and as Secretary transfer and issues in technology policy. As coordinator General of the Association of Caribbean States (2000- of a multidisciplinary Caribbean Technology Policy 2004). Several Publications resulted including my most Studies Project in the mid-1970s, I developed a recent book Cooperation in the Greater Caribbean. conceptual framework of technological dependence, technological underdevelopment and technological dys- Caribbean focus functionality for interpreting the Caribbean situation, From 2004 onwards, my research focussed mainly proposing policies to break the vicious cycle in a third on Caribbean economic integration and external trade publication that retains its relevance today. In addition, relations, tracking developments in the CARICOM I directed a series of month-long training workshops Single Market and Economy and the challenges of its on technology transfer and development in Africa and completion; including the “Implementation deficit”, the the Caribbean. My book with Kurt Hoffman distils sovereignty/supernationality dilemma, the impact of the substance of what was learnt in this project, partic- economic differentiation on CARICOM decision- ularly the methods of capturing the attention of gov- making, the reform of community governance; and the ernment decision makers for active technology policies appropriateness of the chosen model of integration. by identifying measures where early pay offs could be I was selected to be the coordinating author of the generated. Technology issues formed the basis of guest document Towards the Single Development Vision and the lectures—The Arthur Lewis Memorial Lectures (2001) Role of the Single Economy, approved by CARICOM and the Surendra Patel Memorial Lecture (2005) Heads of Government at their conference in July 2007 During the 1970s, I headed the Government of Ja- as the framework for the development for the Caribbean maica’s National Planning Agency, and co-authored Community. (126) I continue to examine the Economic Nations Reach Institute for Social De- Partnership Agreement concluded be- velopment UNRISD, I located the tween the CARIFORUM group of coun- Caribbean search for policy autonomy tries and the European Union: its devel- in the Global South and the case for opment implications, its likely impact on context-specific theories of development. Caribbean Integration and the lessons These ideas were developed further in a to be learnt from the EPA negotiations. paper on Power Imbalances and Devel- NORMAN GIRVAN I have argued that some lessons to be opment Knowledge prepared for the Professorial Research Fellow, learnt from the negotiation are: the im- North/ South Institute in Ottawa. I argue Institute of International Relations portance of ‘critical decision points’ in that the production and dissemination Faculty of Social Sciences the course of negotiations; the role of of international development knowledge ideology and of power in framing the can be conceptualised as a hierarchical parameters of negotiations; and the use system conditioned by North/South power University of the West Indies of ‘divide and conquer’ strategies and imbalances in the military, economic and St. Augustine ‘carrot and stick’ tactics by the dominant ideological spheres. party in a relationship of asymmetrical In 2005, I was elected Vice Chairman 868 628 9429 power. This has resulted in several pub- of the South Centre, an intergovernmental [email protected] lications and research notes. think tank of the South. I am also a recipient of an Honorary Recent research Doctorate from the University of Havana My recent research on power and (2008); was appointed to the United Na- knowledge takes up some strands of my tions Committee for Development Plan- earlier work. I am revisiting Caribbean ning (2009); and appointed as the United PUBLICATIONS Dependency Thought and reviewing the Nations Secretary General’s Personal work of the New World Group. representative in the Guyana-Venezuela Power Imbalances and Devel- In a paper prepared for the United Border Controversy (2010). opment Knowledge. Paper prepared for North-South In- stitute Project in Reform of the International Development Ar- chitecture, September, 2007. Available at http://www.nsi- ins.ca/english/pdf/Power_Im- balances.pdf

Towards a Single Develop- ment Vision and the Role of the Single Economy (in collaboration with the CARICOM Secretariat and the Task Force on the CSME). Approved by the 28th CARICOM Heads of Government Conference, July 2007. Available at http://www.caricom.org/jsp/si ngle_market/single_econo- my_girvan.pdf

Cooperation in the Greater Caribbean: The Role of the As- sociation of Caribbean States.. Kingston: Ian Randle Publica- tions, 2006; pp. 214.

(127) Faculty of Social Sciences Dennis Pantin (Deceased 2010) Professor - Department of Economics

Dennis Pantin founded and was Coordinator of the Sustainable Economic Development Unit (SEDU) based within this Department and he served twice as the Head of the Department of Economics. He received a BSc. Economics degree from UWI, St. Augustine and a M. Phil (Development Services) from the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. He spent a year of scholarly leave at the Institute for Eco- logical Economics (USA) and the Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, University College, London (UK), respectively, and an earlier period of study leave at the Institute for En- vironmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. He conducted policy-oriented research on sustainable development related issues on several Caribbean countries including Belize, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Grenada, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. He published in regional and international journals and authored Economics of Sustainable Development in Caribbean SIDS. He was also the editor of the recently published Reader and was a founding member of the T&T Economics in Caribbean Economy (Ian Randle Publishers, Kingston, Association (TTEA); the Association of Caribbean Jamaica, 2005). He was one of the co-authors of The Economists (ACE) and the Constitution Reform Forum Economics of an Integrated (Watershed) Approach to Envi- (CRF) of Trinidad and Tobago. ronmental Management in Small Island Developing States 2009 Copyright - The University of the West Indies (SIDS): From Ridge to Reef (UWI-SEDU/SIDS, 2008). He served as the Chairman of the Regulated Industries In memory of Professor Dennis Pantin (1948–2010) Commission (RIC) of Trinidad and Tobago, the Or- we publish two tributes from students who worked closely ganisation of Caribbean Utility Regulators (OCCUR) with him in the Sustainable Economic Development Unit The Prof we knew

By Malini Maharaj realities that many are faced with, practised the teachings and phi- even if these circumstances changed losophy of sustainable develop- Sir Arthur Lewis, a Nobel Lau- only for one person at a time. ment, whether it was through re- reate of Caribbean heritage is well In Prof Pantin I found an open fusing to buy bottled water because known for saying that economics mind, a kind heart and a sometimes it contributed to waste and pollu- was “based on an understanding strange but brilliant perspective tion, or printing on both sides of of the conditions under which peo- on life that opened for me a whole paper to save trees, and even sac- ple live.” It was not until I met new meaning of the word “success.” rificing his Republic Day holiday Prof Dennis Pantin in 2003 that I Prof Pantin taught me that success to walk for Constitutional Reform! saw this philosophy embodied in was not selfish; it was not about Prof’s mind was as complicated the passion and spirit of one person. recognition or fame but rather as his handwriting, yet there was I understood only then through about affecting and improving peo- a simplicity that belied this aca- his work, that money, fame and ple’s lives. demic genius that appealed to success meant very little if one His involvement in environmen- everyone, from the vendors around was not concerned with what was tal economics, in work on poverty the Savannah, to the person sitting happening around us—to our peo- and sustainable livelihoods, gov- next to him in a bar, to the execu- ple, to our country and to our ernance and constitutional reform, tive in fine couture, very unlike world. For Dennis Pantin, success was not restricted to office hours how Prof would invariably be was being able to change the harsh at the University. He lived and dressed.

(128) By Donna Ramjattan something that required deliberate effort as Prof would always remind us of a bigger purpose that involved I can’t help but smile every time I reminisce on the what he and the SEDU stood for. He created something huge piles of books and papers on his desk. Prof was positive out of challenging circumstances—be it personal quick to reassure me, “Don’t worry, I know where trials or even national economic crises. He had faith in everything is.” He cleverly dismissed any notion that his us and in society—even when we lost faith in ourselves. office was disorganised by referring you to a poster Everyone has a story; a life and a world uniquely stuck on his notice board with these words attributed to crafted based on one’s experiences. For many of us, Albert Einstein: “If a cluttered desk signs a cluttered Prof Pantin represents the defining chapter that lays the mind, of what, then, is an empty desk a sign?” foundation for the rest of our stories. Through this ex- As a member of the Sustainable Economic Development perience we can only promise him that the legacy he has Unit (SEDU), I recall whenever the team travelled to left with and in us does not end, but remains as undying various Caribbean destinations for conferences and as that undeniable spirit, that passion for life and that workshops, Prof would always make sure to enjoy the love for who we are and what we do. He will remain pleasures of the Caribbean. He would say “we can’t be etched in our hearts and our histories. all work and no play!” His standard requirement of Prof was an inspiration, a mentor, a best friend and, Caribbean hotels was that the beach must be within as all who ever met him would attest, a true, true walking distance so that he could take a dip after the Caribbean man. He instilled in us the values to work long meetings—he loved the beach. He enjoyed these hard and play even harder, to treasure friends and simple pleasures and made you, as a Caribbean citizen, family and to love life. There is no denying his love of proud of the region’s natural beauty. culture. He knew how to make the word “lime” come to Prof was notorious for his little black diary, his palm life. There was no job left undone without a good lime to pilot in which he stored everything. His handwriting top it off. looked like hieroglyphics, yet even with his haphazard Prof, thanks for the memories. Your legacy will live method of record-keeping, he always knew everything on through the work of the SEDU and through your that was happening around him, everything! students. Prof had a strong work ethic. Work hardly seemed Copyright and with the kind permission of UWI Today, August 2010.

(123)(129) Faculty of Social Sciences Ramesh Ramsaran Professor - International Economic Relations

Professor Ramsaran’s early work centred on the mon- Study of the Monetary and Financial System of the Bahamas etary and financial systems in the Caribbean in the im- (Mona: I.S.E.R., UWI, 1983). The study provided mediate post-independence years and on subsequent insights into the workings of a major offshore financial efforts to modernise the financial infrastructure. The centre cum tax haven, and discussed the costs and existence of underdeveloped money and capital markets benefits associated with such activities. The recent in small open economies posed a particular kind of stances taken by the developed countries with respect problematique for policy makers concerned with not to tax havens and offshore banking centres have greatly only the construction of a regulatory framework, but dampened the prospects for such activities as a viable also with having the financial sector play a supporting development path, thus vindicating his earlier position role to growth in the real sector. that offshore banking and tax haven centres not only Professor Ramsaran pioneered studies in offshore fi- offered limited benefits, but rested on a very tenuous nancial centres and his first major publication was A base.

(130) Subsequently, he co-authored Money given their inability to generate enough and Finance in Trinidad and Tobago (Mona: savings to finance the desired level of in- I.S.E.R., UWI, 1988), which explored vestment monetary, financial and fiscal issues in a Despite moderate growth rates and in- developing oil economy. The debt problem creases in per capita incomes over the of the 1980s and the introduction of struc- last five decades, Caribbean economies tural adjustment programmes to deal with remain vulnerable and highly open. The RAMESH RAMSARAN the problem of stagnation and growth liberalisation of trade and investment, fre- Professor Emeritus raised fundamental theoretical and policy quent crises in the global financial system, Institute of International Relations issues, which he addressed in The Challenge the failure of large financial institutions Faculty of Social Sciences of Structural Adjustment in the Commonwealth and the policy stance taken by the devel- Caribbean (New York: Praeger, 1992). oped countries on governance issues have The introduction of SAPs in the 1980s created a dynamic international environ- University of the West Indies by the World Bank and the IMF de-em- ment that is particularly challenging to St. Augustine phasized the role of state-led models of small countries. Professor Ramsaran’s development and placed greater emphasis current research is focused on capital 868 662 2002 ext. 3241/3235 on markets to bring about economic trans- movements as they relate to foreign in- [email protected] formation. Many observers felt, however, vestment (short- and long-term), debt that SAPs were more intended to deal and aid. High levels of debt divert revenue with issues of macro-economic stabilisation and foreign exchange away from social than with growth or the reduction of programmes, and can therefore become poverty. very destabilising. Interestingly, the middle With increasing innovations taking place income status of Caribbean states debars PUBLICATIONS in the global financial system and with them from accessing soft loans from certain the international monetary system be- sources. Despite more open policies to- Caribbean Survival and the coming increasingly complex, there was wards foreign investment, this activity is Global Challenge (Kingston: a missing perspective in the literature for still surrounded by a great deal of con- Ian Randle Publishers, 2002). students from developing countries and troversy with respect to benefits, impact Caribbean in the International Professor Ramsaran offered An Introduction on the exchange rate, effect on domestic Arena: The Implications of to International Money and Finance (London: savings and net foreign exchange flows. Global Instability and Conflict Macmillan Press Ltd. and New York: St. Yet in the neo-liberal paradigm foreign (San Juan: Lexicon Trinidad Martin’s Press, 1999). Given the inter- investment is seen as an important stimulus Ltd, 2003) disciplinary nature of international relations to growth and development. and the special problems being faced by The recent international financial crises The Fiscal Experience in the small states in a globalising world economy, in various parts of the world have revolved Caribbean (St. Augustine: Professor Ramsaran collaborated with a around financial institutions, debt and Caribbean Centre for Money number of colleagues to produce several currency. Both developed and developing and Finance, UWI, 2004) edited volumes in recent years. countries have been affected in one way Professor Ramsaran has had a great or another. The contagion effect reflects Size, Power and Development interest in the role of government in eco- the greater inter-connectedness of nations in the Emerging World Order nomic development, and has published and the need for continuous monitoring (San Juan: Lexicon Trinidad widely on fiscal policy and the relevance of national and international developments. Ltd., 2006) of the fiscal infrastructure to development The easy movement of funds across na- objectives. His work has covered areas tional borders can wreak havoc with ex- relating to the responsiveness of fiscal change rates and financial systems. Recent systems, the efficiency of public spending, experience has shown that innovations in savings and investment policies, public the global financial sector do not wait on borrowing issues, international capital official policy or legislation and offer a markets and the operation of international constant challenge to watchful and per- financial institutions. Public debt remains ceptive researchers such as Professor a troubling issue for Caribbean states Ramsaran. (131) Faculty of Social Sciences Timothy Shaw Professor and Director Institute of International Relations

(132) As a first-generation Canadian, I was excited by the challenge of being associated with a new institution, university, country and region. I welcomed the opportunity of working in a 'democratic developmental island state’ Timothy Shaw

TIMOTHY SHAW Professor Emeritus, University of London Director, Visiting Professor, Mbarara University of Science & Technology & Makerere University Institute of International Relations Business School Uganda & Stellenbosch University, South Africa Faculty of Social Sciences Senior Fellow, Centre for International Governance Innovation, Waterloo, Canada University of the West Indies St. Augustine I delightedly accepted the demands don. I continue to be a visiting professor of animating IIR in its fifth decade as in Uganda as well as in South Africa. its 13th Director; very aware of the big I’m now also a Senior Fellow at The 868 662-2002 ext. 2010/2011 shoes I had to fill. As a first-generation Center for International Governance [email protected] Canadian, I was excited by the challenge Innovation (CIGI) in Ontario, where I of being associated with a new institution, research issues like BRICSAM. I also university, country and region. I wel- continue to serve as a member of the comed the opportunity of working in a Civil Society Advisory Committee to “democratic developmental island state”, the Commonwealth Foundation, which having analysed development from the organises the People’s Forum in parallel PUBLICATIONS perspective of Africa/Canada/EU— to the Commonwealth Heads of Gov- from fragile to developmental states and ernment Meeting (CHOGM) just held Commonwealth: inter- and non-state contributions to now onto Small Island Developing in Uganda and scheduled for Trinidad global governance (Routledge, States (SIDS). in 2009. Having recently completed a 2008) I am privileged to possess degrees publication for Routledge on the Com- from a trio of continents: an opportunity monwealth, recently launched in Kam- Inter-American Cooperation at that should now be open to all in the pala around CHOGM and CPF, I’m a Crossroads (Co-editor) (Pal- new millennium. Following working pleased to continue to edit two-book grave Macmillan, 2010) with Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) series -on International Political Econ- in Thailand, I was President of the Stu- omy (IPE) from Palgrave Macmillan African & International Rela- dent Union when the Institute of De- (over a quarter century) and the IPE tions in the 21st Century: still velopment Studies (IDS) was established of new regionalism from Ashgate. In challenging theory? (Co-edi- at the University of Sussex. My three addition to being a professor at Dalhousie tor) (Palgrave Macmillan, decades at Dalhousie University in University, at the University of London 2010) Nova Scotia included years teaching in & at UWI, I have been visiting Prof in universities in Zambia (UNZA), Nigeria Denmark, Japan, Nigeria, Uganda, The Ashgate Research Com- (Ife, now OAU) and Zimbabwe (UZ). Zambia & Zimbabwe. panion to Regionalisms (Co- editor) (Ashgate, 2010) Most recently, I was a faculty member I continue to serve as Editor, Inter- in human security at Royal Roads Uni- national Political Economy (IPE) Series New Approaches to the Gov- versity in British Columbia and was (www.palgrave.com/politics/ipe.asp) and ernance of National Re- Director of the Institute of Common- IPE of New Regionalisms Series sources: insights from/for wealth Studies at the University of Lon- (www.ashgate.com/ipenr) Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)

(133) Faculty of Social Sciences Karl Theodore Professor - Economics Director, HEU, Centre for Health Economics, Department of Economics

2. Public Sector Economics Research, which included work on Poverty and on Structural Adjustment The Health Economics issues stimulated two major publications entitled, “Improving Health Status: Role of an Essential Health Service Package” and “HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean: Economic Issues-Impact and Invest- ment Response”. The former paper highlighted the need to reorient health sector reform in the direction of improving the lot of the disadvantaged in our societies. In the sequencing of their health sector reforms it makes sense to give primacy to the financing elements if quality-of-life and equity of access are key objectives. The paper argued that in countries where poverty and inequity are major problems, it was necessary to phase out reliance on out-of-pocket payments and private health insurance, leaning more on a social insurance system supported by government revenues. The second paper became the basis of work by Prof. Theodore for the 2001 WHO Commission on Macro- economics and Health. The paper presented updated information on the estimated impact of HIV/AIDS on the economies of the Caribbean. He used the output of a 1997 joint UWI/CAREC study on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago as the starting point and updated the projections for these two countries based on some of the underlying assumptions in respect of the epidemiology of the disease and the cost of treating infected people. Estimates were also derived for St. Lucia. The estimated economic losses associated with the incidence of the disease were matched with the outlays Karl Theodore is the Director of the HEU, Centre on health and the stated development objectives of for Health Economics at the University of the West these island states. The study identified four channels Indies. He was awarded a B.A. and M.Sc. (Economics) through which the HIV/AIDS epidemic can have an from the London School of Economics in 1969 and impact on the development process and made the case 1971 respectively, and in 1984 was awarded his PhD. that the epidemic had the potential to distort development. from the University of Boston. In 2001, he was appointed It quantified the level of resources that would be Professor of Economics, Department of Economics on needed if the region is to adequately respond to the the St. Augustine Campus, University of the West threat of this modern day plague. Indies, where he has taught Health Economics and The following projects illustrate Professor Theodore’s supervised research in this area for many years. ongoing research in the field of Health: His research interests include: Public Sector Economic 1. An “HIV/AIDS Tourism in the Caribbean Study” Performance, Health Policy Economics, Social Security – a study undertaken for the United Nations De- and Applied Economics. His contribution to field of velopment Programme (UNDP). research in the following two areas on which Profes- sorship was granted. These are: 2. “Comparative Analysis of The Impact of Chronic 1. Health Economics research which included work Disease Prescription Drug Programs in Jamaica on the Essential Health Service Package and on and Trinidad and Tobago, 2003-2009” – Commis- The Impact of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean. sioned by the Inter-American Development Bank.

(134) 3. “Cost Efficiency at the Port of Spain These include membership with: UN- General Hospital.” ESCO (Project Assistant), Trinidad &To- bago’s (T&T) Cabinet-appointed Fiscal 4. “On the Feasibility of Private Fi- Review Committee, Public Utilities Com- nancing of Health in the Caribbean.” mission of T&T (Chairman), Caribbean Part of an Ongoing Study of Health Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Pan Sector Financing. Caribbean Partnership Against KARL THEODORE HIV/AIDS (Partner/working member), Professor of Economics 5. “Health Expenditure and Economic PANCAP/CARICOM team for the for- Director – HEU, Development in the Caribbean.” A mulation of a Regional proposal to the Centre for Health Economics Health Economics Unit (HEU) Global Fund for AIDS/TB and Malaria Department of Economics Study of the Role of Health Policy (GFATM) and NACC. in Development. Additionally, he is a member of the Faculty of Social Sciences following professional associations: In- 6. “The Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS ternational Society for Equity in Health University of the West Indies on Households”. (ISEqH), Council on Health Research St. Augustine for Development (COHRED), Trinidad Among the papers that he has published and Tobago Economics Association 868 645 7351 on these subjects is “Estimating the Cost (TTEA) and the International Health [email protected] of Hospital Services in a Small Island Economics Association (IHEA). State: A Case Study of the Milton Cato Professor Theodore has successfully Memorial Hospital in St. Vincent and supervised and continues to supervise the Grenadines”, West Indian Medical Jour- several M.Phil. and Ph.D. students in PUBLICATIONS nal vol.54, no.2, p.116-122, March. 2005, the related areas of health economics and with Althea La Foucade. the impact of HIV/AIDS. Of significance, “Income Deficiency, Transfers To date, Professor Theodore has un- the first Ph.D thesis from the Department and Development: A Micro- dertaken a wide range of public service of Economics at St. Augustine was pro- economic Perspective, Cur- rent Research Journal of Eco- activities throughout the Caribbean. duced under his supervision. nomic Theory 2(2): 87-101, March 2010.

“Employment, growth and social stability in a developing country”, Social and Econom- ic Studies, Vol. 58: 3 & 4 Sep- tember/December 2009

“Informality in the Labor Mar- ket and Social Security”, Chapter in The Americas So- cial Security Report 2005: La- bor Markets and the Fragmen- tation of Social insurance; Fi- nancing for HIV/AIDS by So- cial Security. Mexico: Inter- American Centre on Social Security. 2004 p.153-174.

Poverty Reduction Strategies: The Role of Health and Edu- cation. Washington D.C.: Pan American Health Organisa- tion (PAHO), 1994. (135) Faculty of Social Sciences Patrick Watson Professor - Applied Economics Director, Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social & Economic Studies

Patrick Kent Watson is Professor of Applied Economics forecasting Caribbean Economies. Caribbean Centre and Director at the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social for Monetary Studies, With S. Nicholls and H. Leon. and Economic Studies. He attributes his professorship to 3. 2000. Introductory Statistics. (3 volumes). Univer- research done in applied economics, with reference to sity of the West Indies Distance Education Centre. the Caribbean. 4. 2001. Empirical studies in Caribbean Economy. Using mainly econometric techniques, he has worked Caribbean Centre for Monetary Studies, With Alain in areas such as the balance of payments, monetary and Maurin. fiscal policy, savings, the measurement of capital stock, 5. 2002. A practical introduction to econometric meth- stock market efficiency and the informal sector. ods: classical and modern. University of the West Indies His work has been published in journals including Press,. With Sonja Sabita Teelucksingh. Applied Economics, the International Economic Journal, the Journal of Development Studies, the Journal of Economic Studies, Peer reviewed Articles Published in journals Journal of Applied Financial Economics and Social and Economic or as book chapters Studies. He has also published chapters in edited books. 1984. Income Inequality Comparisons in Trinidad and Tobago: Some Methodological Issues. C.S.O. Re- Publications search Papers. 12: 81-92. Books/Manuscripts Published/Edited 1987. On the Abuse of Statistical Criteria in the Evalua- 1. 1991. Économie Politique Caribéenne. ECONOM- tion of Econometric Models (with special reference to the ICA Publishing House, Paris, France, With F. Caribbean). Social and Economic Studies. 36: 119-148. Célimène. 2. 1996. Problems and challenges in modelling and 1987. A Model of the Financial Sector of Trinidad

(136) and Tobago. In Dynamic Modeling policy making perspective. In Empiri- and Control of National Economies cal studies in Caribbean Economy ed- edited by B.Martos, L.F. Pau and ited by A. Maurin and P. Watson. M.Zierman. Pergamon Press. 321-327. Caribbean Centre for Monetary Studies. With Ronald Ramkissoon. Caribbean Centre for Monetary Studies. 267-324. 1989. The Von Neuman Ratio Test PATRICK WATSON for Serial Correlation in the General 2003. Evaluating monetary policy Linear Regression Model. Caribbean measures in a small primary-exporting Professor of Applied Economics Journal of Mathematics. 8, 9-15 country: the case of Trinidad & Tobago. Director, Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies. 52(3): 143- Social and Economic Studies 1990. Modelling the Balance of Pay- 166. ments of Trinidad and Tobago 1965- Faculty of Social Sciences 1985: a Policy Making Perspective. So- 2004. (with S. Sookram and S.S. cial and Economic Studies. 39, 51-70 Teelucksingh). Trading relationships University of the West Indies in the Caribbean. In Accords commer- St. Augustine 1991. (with C. Ramlogan) Savings ciaux dans la Caraïbe et échanges en- and the Rate of Interest in Trinidad tre CTFA et pays ACP de la Caraïbe and Tobago: an Empirical Analysis. 868 662 2002 ext. 2037/5391 edited by DEVOUE, E. and E. JOS. Savings and Development. 15, 349- [email protected] Editions Publibook, Paris. 2004. 360 2005. (With C. Pemberton and A. 1992. Savings, the Rate of Interest Stewart) Improving the effectiveness and Growth in Trinidad and Tobago. of the market for bonds in the CARI- Social and Economic Studies. 41:4, 1-23 PUBLICATIONS COM sub-region. Social and Econom- 1995. CARICOM Face à la Région- ic Studies. 54(4): 166-201. alisation Mondiale: Analyse Rétro- 1983. Kalman Filtering as an 2007. (With K. Roopnarine and S. spective et Prospective. Revue d’E- Alternative to Ordinary Least Seuraj) Toward the enhancement of conomie Régionale et Urbaine (RERU). Squares: Some Theoretical derivatives trading in the CARICOM 2/95, 249-267 Considerations and Empirical sub region. Social and Economic Studies. Results. Empirical Economics. 1996. (with R.C. Craigwell, H. 56(3): 1-31. 8: 71-85. Leon, J. Christopher-Nicholls, S. 2008. (with S. Sookram) The Infor- Nicholls, A. Walker). Reflections on mal Sector, Poverty, and Gender in 1988. The Balance of Pay- Macroeconometric Forecasting in the Eng- ments of Trinidad and Tobago- lish Speaking Caribbean. In Problems and the Caribbean: the case of Trinidad & Journal of Eastern Caribbean A Monetary Phenomenon? Challenges in Modelling and Forecasting Tobago. Studies. 33(4): 43-68. Journal of Economic Studies. Caribbean Economies edited by S.M.A. 15: 19-31 Nicholls, H. Leon and P.K. Watson. 2009. (with Daniel Artana, Se- Caribbean Centre for Monetary Stud- bastián Auguste, Ramiro Moya and 2006. (With A. Maurin and S. ies. 21-98. Sandra Sookram) Trinidad and Toba- Sookram) Measuring the size go: Economic Growth in a Dual Econ- 1997. (with Roland Clarke). A Poli- of the hidden economy in omy. Chapter 8 in Growing pains: cy Oriented Macroeconometric Model Trinidad & Tobago, 1973- binding constraints to productive in- of Trinidad & Tobago. In Stratégies de 1999. International Economic vestments in Latin America edited by développement comparées dans la Journal. 20(3): 321-341. Manuel Agosin, Eduardo Fernandez- Caraïbe edited by E. Edinval, A. Mau- Arias, and Fidel Jaramillo. Inter Ameri- rin and J.G. Montauban. L’Hermès. 2008. (With S. Sookram) can Development Bank. 365-415. 265-337. Small Business Participation in 2010. (with Aldrie Henry-Lee, the Informal Sector of an 2001. (with Sonja Sabita Teelucks- Philip Osei, Sharon Trezelle) Social Emerging Economy. Journal of ingh). Forecasting the Trinidad & To- Risk Management in a Small Island: Development Studies. 44(10): bago macroeconomy using a medium- The case of St. Lucia. Social and Eco- 1554-1576. size structural econometric model: a nomic Studies. 59(1&2). (137) Institute for Gender and Development Studies

Dr. Piyasuda Pangsapa, Head, IGDS 2011 marks the 18th anniversary of the Institute for wetland in Trinidad and Tobago (the Nariva Swamp) Gender and Development Studies, formally, the Centre that sought to examine the dynamics of male and for Gender and Development Studies which obtained female interaction with their bio-physical environment Institute status in 2008. and natural resource use. The Institute for Gender and Development Studies Other research projects include: the development of has a long history of involvement in regional, community a gender, science and technology database; the launch and faculty research. The Institute’s work is very much of the women, gender and water project that looked at grounded in the realities and challenges that face access to clean water as a major social and environmental women and men and, as a multi-disciplinary and inter- issue; a study on male ‘underachievement’ and gender disciplinary research unit, the IGDS has worked in differentials in secondary and tertiary education systems collaboration with colleagues in other disciplinary lo- in Trinidad and Tobago; and a research initiative that cations. Generally speaking, the Institute’s research examines the influence of gender norms, expectations, profile reflects a concern with gendered issues that behaviors and the associated power relations on sexuality affect all areas of society and an aim to build gender and the implications for HIV/AIDS risk and prevention consciousness and gender analysis skills in both research in Trinidad and Tobago. and policy in the Caribbean region. In the last five years, the IGDS STA Unit has seen The Institute’s main research areas, spanning nearly the expansion of research across the humanities and two decades, reflect the Unit’s interdisciplinarity and social sciences as part of an integrated regional research the diversity of expertise of its faculty. In the years fol- programme, Gender in Caribbean Thought: Breaching lowing the establishment of the Centre in 1993, research Frontiers and Understanding Difference, of the three campuses. was initially focused on: the constructions of Caribbean Some of the groundbreaking research work under this masculinities; areas studies on the diaspora; intersections broad theme range from cultural studies to gender, of ethnicity, class and gender; and a project on island health and public policy making, all involving active sustainability, livelihood and equity. engagement in community outreach. These projects By 2000, these research areas were further extended include: The Making of Feminisms in the Caribbean, which into projects ranging from violence, manhood and mas- aims to present a concrete response to the lacunae in culinity in Caribbean history and literature; masculinity the literature and history of Women’s Activism and and crime to a gendered case study of an endangered Politics; Film, Image and Iconography of the Caribbean, (138) which attempts to provide curricula material for in Caribbean development. Other research work in- courses in gender studies, creative arts, cultural clude studies on: gender and popular culture; rethinking studies and other Caribbean content courses; A the Caribbean economy; transnationality and gender; Different Imagination - Documentary Series, which employs gender and democracy; the autobiographies of women image to interrogate knowledge and ideas that have in science; gender, labour, migration and environmental shaped the Caribbean; Gender and Ethnomusicology - issues in the Caribbean; and continuing work on: Reading Three Canal through Ethnomusicology and Visuality, feminist theory and epistemology; gender politics which engages in a reading of the music and videos and activism; gender mainstreaming in integrated produced by this talented Trinidadian group of mu- water management in the Caribbean; gender and sicians; Breaking the Silence: A Multi-Sectoral Approach recreational water use; women and small and micro- to Preventing and Addressing Child Sexual Abuse in Trinidad enterprises in the Caribbean; women, politics and & Tobago, which deals with the taboo subject of child governance; gender-based differentials in Caribbean sexual abuse /incest and its implications for HIV education systems; and gender, development and throughout Trinidad & Tobago by empowering chil- empowerment, which explores the possibility of new dren, parents, communities, policy makers, and service ways of thinking about, discussing and defining providers with the aim of reducing the prevalence of gender and empowerment and the limitations of em- child sexual abuse/incest; Building Responsive Policy: powerment in dangerous circumstances. Gender, Sexual Culture and HIV & AIDS in the Caribbean, As a research unit founded on the understanding which aims to produce knowledge of the sexual that social, cultural and historical processes have cultures of the Caribbean region and the implications constructed and reproduced unequal gender relations for HIV/AIDS risk; and Conceptualising Global Democracy, within society, the Institute for Gender and Devel- which aims to explore how democracy can be under- opment Studies continues its mission of contributing stood and practised in relation to global issues; inter- to knowledge on gender-related issues in the Caribbean rogation into the collaboration of nature and culture in the quest towards a more just and equitable world.

(139) Institute for Gender and Development Studies Patricia Mohammed Professor - Gender and Cultural Studies Chair, Graduate Studies & Research

I was born into a society and region just emerging from colonial rule, grappling with the reclamation of sovereignty and identity. I grew tired of the old narratives of conquest, exploitation and victimhood. I came of age as a scholar when the new lens of gender added depth and complexity to considerations of ethnic, race and class biases in society. My first major body of work thus concentrated on the intersections of gender and ethnic identity. Gender Negotiations among Indians in Trinidad 1917 to 1947 (Pal- grave, UK, 2002) recasts the gendered script that had been defined for Indian women and men in Trinidad, although the theoretical underpinnings of the work has wider relevance to understanding how gender relations are affected under conditions of migration or other societal disruptions. It argues that gender roles, and masculinity and femininity themselves are continuously negotiated under different social, economic and political circumstances and that patriarchy is itself is not an immutable concept or practice. Embracing history as the primary discipline though straddling sociology and anthropology, and in dialogue with feminist theory, the work contributes to the empirical knowledge of the post-migrant conditions of settlement of Indians into Trinidad. The legacy of an imbalance of male to female migrants had allowed women greater freedoms to challenge restrictive gender roles observed in India. Drawing on oral and conventional historical and sociological sources, the study dispelled the commonly held notion that Indian women were naturally passive and submissive to the will of parents and chosen spouse. It demonstrated that even within restrictive conditions where women themselves are collusive of cultural preservation, they negotiate changes for themselves and their children. It also examines the limits as well as challenges faced by masculinity to preserve tradition and privilege. As a pioneering scholar in gender studies in the Caribbean, I recognised the need to publish material that would establish the epistemic code required for this interdisciplinary area of work in the region. Gender in Caribbean Development (1988) was the first reader in gender studies produced for the Anglophone Caribbean. of indicators of gender inequality for the Caribbean. A second publication was the guest edited special issue Currently I am a gender specialist researcher in a of the Routledge Journal Feminist Review: Rethinking major international action-oriented research initiative Caribbean Difference (1998) and a third edited publication organised from the Centre for the Study of Globalisation entitled Gendered Realities was published in 2001 by and Regionalisation, University of Warwick, England UWI Press, Kingston. entitled the Building Global Democracy programme A consistent interface between activism and scholarly (BGD). research and writing has also generated a body of Gender studies constantly forces a disciplinary promis- work on national gender policies and the construction cuity. Over the years I have attached a visual lens onto (140) I recognised the need to publish material that would establish the epistemic code required for this interdisciplinary area of work in the region. Gender in Caribbean Development (1988) was the first reader in gender studies produced for the Anglophone Caribbean. Patricia Mohammed the gendered textual one. Imaging the To date I have directed or produced Caribbean: Culture and Visual Translation twelve documentary films and one short (Macmillan, UK, 2009) constitutes a sec- narrative film, some of which are related ond major area of research, writing, and to gender, others to the field of art and increasingly filmmaking. This body of culture. A documentary and experimental work on image and iconography invents series of six short films A Different Imagi- another lens and grammar to view and nation accompanies Imaging the Caribbean: PATRICIA interpret the Caribbean. It examines five Culture and Visual Translation. The fourth hundred years of Caribbean history The Sign of the Loa views vodun as the MOHAMMED through the images produced for and source of Haitian creativity, the fifth, Professor - Gender and about the region, re-casting the grand Coolie Pink and Green embraces the aesthetic Cultural Studies narratives of Enlightenment, conquest brought by Asian populations in to the Chair - Graduate Studies and colonialism from an insider perspec- Caribbean. & Research tive. In taking the visual as the primary To engage in filmmaking is to enter a medium for reading Caribbean culture, collaborative field requiring knowledge University of the West Indies Imaging the Caribbean and other studies of research, script writing, cinematogra- St. Augustine that are related to visuality I contest the phy, editing, sound engineering, produc- primacy of writing as a way of organising tion management, marketing and distri- and communicating knowledge. bution. The making of any film, as the 868 662-2002 ext. 2003 As an educator, my interest is in pack- making of any art form, as with the [email protected] aging inherently complex ideas or long process of research itself, allows for a wave data into accessible formats that continuous sharpening of experience, reach out to popular audiences and at skills and intellect that redound to the the same time allow for in depth analysis. benefit of the institution. PUBLICATIONS

Imaging the Caribbean: Culture and Visual Translation, Macmillan, Oxford, 2009, 387 pp. 407 full colour image illustrations.

Gender Negotiations Among Indi- ans in Trinidad: 1917-1947, Pal- grave/Institute of Social Studies, London and The Hague, 2001, 319 pp. 2002

FILM Seventeen Colours and a Sitar - Directed by Patricia Mohammed and Michael Mooleedhar, Experi- mental art documentary 35 mins 2010

Coolie Pink and Green, Director, Patricia Mohammed, Cinematog- rapher Franklyn St. Juste, Editor, Michael Mooleedhar, Soundtrack, Sharda Patasar. Winner of the Most Popular Local short film, Trinidad and Tobago Film Festival, 2009. Screened at Opening cere- mony of the First Pravasi Film fes- Professor Mohammed creates an image tival in New Delhi, India for publication Imagining the Caribbean. (141) Institute for Gender and Development Studies Rhoda Reddock Professor - Gender and Development Studies Deputy Principal, Office of the Deputy Principal

My research interests have been inter-disciplinary while still a graduate student at the Institute of Social and multidisciplinary, concentrated in the broad areas Studies, The Hague, on the History of Women’s Move- of socio-economic development, women, masculinities ments and Organisations in the Caribbean. and gender. An emerging field where there was space That work created for the first time in the region an to explore new scholarly directions, my work has understanding that a women’s movement existed in related to the examination of women’s labour and the Anglophone Caribbean since the late 19th Century social movement history; the gendered implications of and that Caribbean woman had been active in the global economic development; gender, race/ethnicity labour movement since the post-emancipation period. and citizenship; feminist theory; environmental studies; This work, which involved collaboration with scholars gender and sexualities and Caribbean masculinities. in Jamaica and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, resulted In the area of women’s labour and social movement in my doctoral dissertation and my first two self- history my work was supported by involvement in co- authored publications and is a persistent theme in my ordinating a regional research project in the 1980s ongoing publishing.

(142) I feel there is much more to be done ... I am moved by the continuous quest to learn and understand more about the complexities of our society and its people and indeed about the region and the world. Rhoda Reddock

In the early 1990s while still a research This experience greatly facilitated their fellow at the Institute of Social and Eco- later careers as university academics, en- nomic Research (ISER) on the St. Au- vironmental experts, senior agricultural gustine campus, I began work on the re- advisers, etc. Five research reports; two search theme – Race, Class and Gender in videos and two articles were produced. the Caribbean then part of a larger project A direct outgrowth of this project has on The Future of the Caribbean led by been the Women, Gender and Water RHODA REDDOCK Prof. J. Edward Greene. This became Programme still on stream at the Institute and continues to be one of my major re- of Gender and Development Studies. Professor - Gender and search interests. In addition to academic publications, an Development Studies I explore the specific ways in which important component has been work in Deputy Principal inter-ethnic relations were constructed communities, influencing public policy, in multi-ethnic, post-colonial societies social activism and the creation of public Office of the Deputy Principal like Trinidad and Tobago. 11 research education materials including audio-vi- papers in this theme have been presented suals. University of the West Indies publicly or published as book chapters The second research area, Gender, St. Augustine or journal articles. Sexualities and the Implications for HIV The Theorizing of Masculinity and Manhood began in 2004 with the involvement of 868 662 2002 ext. 2184 and its relationship to femininity and several scholars drawn from law and [email protected] womanhood has become an important medicine. Among other publications from component in Caribbean feminist theo- this project is a preliminary qualitative rising. In 1996 I organized the first re- study on Attitudes, Taboos and Behav- gional conference on Caribbean mas- iours related to Sexuality among Students culinities, which resulted in the edited at the UWI St. Augustine Campus. book, Interrogating Caribbean Masculin- Phase II of this project has focused on PUBLICATIONS ities that brings together a multi-disci- two tangents. One is the action-research plinary range of essays from male and project—Breaking the Silence: Child Sexual Elma François, The NWCSA female scholars. One result of this con- Abuse, a Multi-Sectoral Approach —is cur- and the Workers Struggle for ference was the formation of the rently ongoing. The second project in- Change in the Caribbean in Caribbean Network for Studies of Mas- vestigates sexual cultures in Trinidad the 1930s, New Beacon culinities located in the University of and Tobago through an ethnographic Books, London 1988; Puerto Rico of which Patricia Mohammed study of Ariapita Avenue in Port-of- and I were both founding members. As Spain and a qualitative study of sexual Women, Labour and Politics in a result of the work in masculinities in cultures among UWI students 18-30. Trinidad and Tobago: A Histo- ry, Zed Books, London, 1994 the region, the UWI has become a Centre These data are being analysed for future (CHOICE Outstanding Aca- of Excellence in Masculinity Studies publication. demic Book, 1996). worldwide. I feel there is much more to be done. Multi-Disciplinary Collaborative research My career is littered with unfinished Rhoda Reddock, Interrogating also forms a large part of my research projects that I hope to get back to but Caribbean Masculinities: The- profile. Gender, Environment and Natural which I may need to convince graduate oretical and Empirical Analy- Resource Use, which included the action– students to complete. I am moved by the ses, The UWI Press, Kingston, research project, The Nariva Swamp: A continuous quest to learn and understand 2004 (UWI Press, Bestselling Gendered Case Study, funded by CIDA more about the complexities of our society Textbook, 2007) and CARICOM, was carried out in col- and its people and indeed about the laboration with Dr. Grace Sirju-Charran, region and the world. Dorothy Roberts, Rhoda Red- plant biochemist of the Department of I would like to infuse this excitement dock, Dianne Douglas and Life Sciences, UWI. A multi-disciplinary about creating new knowledge and the Sandra Reid (eds.) Sex, Power research team including five junior re- joy of discovery in students and hope and Taboo: Gender, Sexuality searchers drawn from agriculture, eco- that I still have a few more exciting years and HIV: The Caribbean and Beyond, Ian Randle Publish- nomics, political sciences/gender studies of research, analysis and writing ahead ers, Kingston 2009. and ecology worked on this project. of me. (143)