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Universite Du Benin UNIVERSITE DU BENIN FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUl\JIAINES DEPARTEME~T D'ANGLAIS Lomé-Togo LABORATOIRE DE RECHERCHES EN LITTERATURES DE L'AFRIQUE NOIRE ET DE LA DIASPORA (LABO-LAND) Thèse pour le Doctorat (NR) Option: Littérature Américaine Présentée et soutenue publiquement par: KodjoAFAGLA Sous la direction de : Monsieur le Professeur Komla Messan NUBUKPO Directeur Scientifique du LABO-LAi'l'D - 1999 - To THE MEMORY OF : ** MY SELOVED DAUGHTER DANIELLA-FLORA ; ** MY FATHER, DANIEL KOFFI AFAGLA, WHO SET ME ON THE RIGHT PATH SEFORE HIS PRECOCIOUS DEATH; ** MY GRANDMOTHERS : NORI ASLA ESOUNOUGNA DOTSE AND MAMAN DOVOUNO AFAYOME; ** MY COUSIN, DESIRE EYRAM YAOVI DOTSE, WHO COULD NOT SEE THE COMPLETION OF THIS WORK. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES HEART-FELT THANKS ................................................................... iv-v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VI-VIII REFERENCES ......... ......... ............ ................. .... ....... .......... ........... ... IX ABBREVIATIONS ....... ......... ............ ............ ... ....... ................. .......... X CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................... 1 CHAPTER TWO : THE COLONIAL QUESTION IN GEORGE LAMMING'S NATIVES OF MY PERSON AND IN THE CASTLE OF MY SKIN ................................................. 18 II. 1. LAMMING'S QUARREL WITH HISTORY : THE DRIVING FORCES OF COLONIALISM ................................................................... 23 II. 2. SOME MYTHS OF COLONIALISM ........................................................... 48 II. 3. THE COLONIAL SCHOOL AND CHURCH ............................................... 61 CHAPTER THREE: THE ISSUE OF EXILE IN GEORGE LAMMING'S THE EMIGRANTS AND WATER WITH BERRIES. ... ........... ................. ........ ............ .......... ..... 83 III. 1 THE THEME OF EXILE IN CARIBBEAN LlTERATURE ........................... 84 III. 2. REASONS/CAUSES FOR EXILE ........................................................... 95 III. 2. 1. FIRST LEVEL OF MOTIVES: MATERIAL, ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL REASONS ......................................... 100 III. 2. 2. SECOND lEVEl OF MOTIVES: POLlTICAl AND PERSONAl REASONS ............................................................ 103 III. 2. 3. THIRD lEVEl OF MOTIVES: HISTORICAl AND PSYCHOlOGICAl REASONS ................................................ 110 III. 3. THE EXILIC EXPERIENCE ................................................................ 120 III. 4. EXilE AS AN AWARENESS-RAISING PROCESS: SOME POSITIVE SIDES OF EXilE ................................................... 135 CHAPTER FOUR: THE RETURNEE EMIGRANTS AND THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION: OF AGE AND INNOCENCE AND SEASON OF ADVENTURE ........................... 147 IV. 1. THE SETIING OF BOTH NOVElS : SOME SPECULATIONS ON SAN CRISTOBAl .......................................................................... 151 IV. 2. OF AGE AND INNOCENCE AND POLlTICAl RECONSTRUCTION .... 164 IV. 3. CULTURAL PO LICY AND NATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION: LAMMING'S CULTURAL VISION IN SEASON OF ADVENTURE ...... 186 CHAPTER FIVE : REPOSSESSING THE PAST: THEAFROCENTRIC VISION IN PAULE MARSHALL ................. 213 V. 1. PAULE MARSHAll: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF HER CULTURAL BACKGROUND AND CONCERNS ..................................................... 214 V. 2. UNDERSTANDING THE PAST ......................................... ................... 218 V. 3. THE COlONIZEDI ENSLAVED AND THEIR HISTORY .......................... 232 V. 4. THE CHOSEN PLACE, THE TIMElESS PEOPLE AND AFRICAN CULTURAL MANIFESTATIONS: CARNIVAl AND ITS IMPORTANCE ....................................................................... 245 CHAPTER SIX: PAULE MARSHALL'S FICTION: A CALL FOR A NEW OROER .................................................. 261 VI. 1. INFLUENCES ON MARSHALL ..................................................... 262 VI. 2. PAULE MARSHALL'S CALL FOR POL/TICAL CHANGE: A CRITIQUE OF COLONIAL/SM AND IMPERIAL/SM .................. 266 V1.3. THE DENUNCIATION OF NEO-COLONIAL/SM IN PAULE MARSHALL ............... ................................................... 280 VI.4. CHALLENGING EXISTING SOCIAL NORMS: THE ROLE AND PLACE OF MODERN WOMEN IN MARSHALL'S FICTION.. 291 CHAPTER SEVEN: BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: COMPARATIVELY SPEAKING ................................................ 328 VII.1. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GEORGE LAMMING AND PAULE MARSHALL: AFRICA, HISTORY, AND POSTCOLONIAL/TY ........ 331 V11.2. DIFFERENCE: FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE AND STYLE ................. 374 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 384 A. PRIMARY SOURCES ........................................................................ 385 1. WORKS OF GEORGE LAMMING ............................................. 385 1. 1. FICTION ...................................................................... 385 1. 2. NON-FICTION ............. :............................................... 385 1. 3. INTERViEWS.............................................................. 386 Il. WORKS OF PAULE MARSHALL .............................................. 387 II. 1. FICTION ........ ........... ........... ........ ............. ................... 387 II. 2. NON-FICTION ............................................................ 388 Il. 3.INTERVIEWS .............................................................. 388 B. SECONDARY SOURCES ............................................................ 389-412 HEART-FELT THANKS TO TWO MASTERS AND FRIENDS Words cannot express the depth of my gratitude to Mr. Komla Messan Nubukpo, Ph. O., and Mrs. Elizabeth Shaw, Ph. O. without whose help this dissertation might never have been completed. 1would like to heartily thank both of you for your outstanding contribution to my education. This dissertation has grown out of my discussions with you, my supervisor, Komla Messan Nubukpo, Ph. O., Professor of African and American Literatures, English Oepartment, Université du Bénin in Lomé, Togo; and Mrs. Elizabeth Shaw, Ph. O., International Students Advisor, Service for International Students and Scholars, University of California, Davis, California, U. S. A. 1am particularly grateful to both of you for your patience and sincerity ail through my research work. You deserve my praise and acknowledgments for your reassuring and helpful comments at significant stages of my work. 1am indebted to you for your warm encouragements and especially for making available to me your vast knowledge of African, American and Caribbean studies. You deserve my frank and sincere gratitude for your kindness in reading the initial draft of this dissertation, and for your invaluable comments and queries. 1 am much beholden to both of you for making clear to me a number of issues related to literary theory. 1 cannot forget the practical help both of you gave me ail through my researches. Professor Nubukpo, you gave me financial and material assistance during the most difficult period of my Post-Master's Advanced Studies; and also during my part-time teaching assistant job at U. B. Have my sincere thanks for this. 1 am tempted to believe that this document is not only the con crete result of my researches, but also the materialization of your efforts and dream. 1 could not have made it without your good assistance and commitment. iv Dr. Beth Shaw, your material contribution to my progress in this study is invaluable. For financial reasons, 1 began writing this dissertation without having access to most of the primary materials and critical sources. Once you were informed, in collaboration with Tammy McNiff, you began sending me the necessary materials. As if this was not enough, you gave me a plane ticket for my move from the University of Delaware to the University of Davis, California. As a Visiting Research Scholar with the Department of English and African American Studies from March to July 1998, 1 largely benefited from library service that enabled me to have access to other critical studies and databases useful in the development of this study. Dr. Shaw, 1 still have a vivid memory of the four months 1 spent in your house. This dissertation is what 1 have done with your materials and ail the troubles you took in the course of my researches. Mr. Evans Shaw, have my sincere gratitude for housing me. Have my sincere thanks and gratitude for everything. May the favor of the Lord, our God, rest upon you and establish the work of your hands for you -- yes establish the work of your hands for you. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 would like to thank various persons and institutions without whose help this dissertation might never have been completed. 1 would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Theodore Boyd and Mr. George Paul Newman, both former Directors of American Cultural Center (U.S.I.S.), Lomé, and Mr. Jean K. Togbé, Cultural Affairs Specialist, American Cultural Center, Lomé. They have enabled me to participate in the 1998 Winter Institute for the Study of the United States focused on American Literature and Sponsored by the United States Information Agency. My thanks also go to Mrs. Clover Afokpa, Ph. D., Director of the English program, American Cultural Center, Lomé and Rassa Talboussouma, USIS librarian. My kind gratitude to Dr Lébéne Philippe Bolouvi, Professor of Linguistics and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Université du Bénin; Mr. Agbeko Komi Wampah, Lecturer, English Department, Université du Bénin and Mr. David Koffi Ananou, Ph. D., former chair of the English Department, Université du Bénin. 1 whole-heartedly
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