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C.001 C., JE “Dr. Duncan and the Book of Mormon.”
C. C.001 C., J. E. “Dr. Duncan and the Book of Mormon.” MS 52 (1 September 1890): 552-56. A defense of the Book of Mormon against the criticism of Dr. Duncan in the Islington Gazette of August 18th. Dr. Duncan, evidently a literary critic, concluded that the Book of Mormon was either a clumsy or barefaced forgery or a pious fraud. The author writes that the Book of Mormon makes clear many doctrines that are difcult to understand in the Bible. Also, the history and gospel taught by the Bible and the Book of Mormon are similar because both were inspired of God. [B. D.] C.002 C., M. J. “Mormonism.” Plainsville Telegraph (March 3, 1831): 4. Tells of the conversion of Sidney Rigdon who read the Book of Mormon and “partly condemned it” but after two days accepted it as truthful. He asked for a sign though he knew it was wrong and saw the devil appearing as an angel of light. The author of this article warns against the Book of Mormon and against the deception of the Mormons. [J.W.M.] C.003 Cadman, Sadie B., and Sara Cadman Vancik. A Concordance of the Book of Mormon. Monongahela, PA: Church of Jesus Christ, 1986. A complete but not exhaustive concordance, listing words alphabetically. Contains also a historical chronology of the events in the Book of Mormon. [D.W.P.] C.004 Caine, Frederick Augustus. Morumon Kei To Wa Nanzo Ya? Tokyo: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1909. A two-page tract. English title is “What is the Book of Mormon?” [D.W.P.] C.005 Cake, Lu B. -
Writing As Language Technology
HG2052 Language, Technology and the Internet Writing as Language Technology Francis Bond Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/fcbond/ [email protected] Lecture 2 HG2052 (2021); CC BY 4.0 Overview ã The origins of writing ã Different writing systems ã Representing writing on computers ã Writing versus talking Writing as Language Technology 1 The Origins of Writing ã Writing was invented independently in at least three places: Mesopotamia China Mesoamerica Possibly also Egypt (Earliest Egyptian Glyphs) and the Indus valley. ã The written records are incomplete ã Gradual development from pictures/tallies Writing as Language Technology 2 Follow the money ã Before 2700, writing is only accounting. Temple and palace accounts Gold, Wheat, Sheep ã How it developed One token per thing (in a clay envelope) One token per thing in the envelope and marked on the outside One mark per thing One mark and a symbol for the number Finally symbols for names Denise Schmandt-Besserat (1997) How writing came about. University of Texas Press Writing as Language Technology 3 Clay Tokens and Envelope Clay Tablet Writing as Language Technology 4 Writing systems used for human languages ã What is writing? A system of more or less permanent marks used to represent an utterance in such a way that it can be recovered more or less exactly without the intervention of the utterer. Peter T. Daniels, The World’s Writing Systems ã Different types of writing systems are used: Alphabetic Syllabic Logographic Writing -
World Braille Usage, Third Edition
World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress UNESCO Washington, D.C. 2013 Published by Perkins 175 North Beacon Street Watertown, MA, 02472, USA International Council on English Braille c/o CNIB 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario Canada M4G 3E8 and National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013. Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World braille usage. — Third edition. page cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. HV1669.W67 2013 411--dc23 2013013833 Contents Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... xi References ............................................................................................................................ -
The Writing Revolution
9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iii The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Amalia E. Gnanadesikan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iv This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Amalia E. Gnanadesikan Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Amalia E. Gnanadesikan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. -
The Development of Writing and Preliterate Societies
The development of writing and preliterate societies Author: Cynthia Tung Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107209 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2015 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. The development of writing and preliterate societies Cynthia Tung Advisor: MJ Connolly Program in Linguistics Slavic and Eastern Languages Department Boston College April 2015 Abstract This paper explores the question of script choice for a preliterate society deciding to write their language down for the first time through an exposition on types of writing systems and a brief history of a few writing systems throughout the world. Societies sometimes invented new scripts, sometimes adapted existing ones, and other times used a combination of both these techniques. Based on the covered scripts ranging from Mesopotamia to Asia to Europe to the Americas, I identify factors that influence the script decision including neighboring scripts, access to technology, and the circumstances of their introduction to writing. Much of the world uses the Roman alphabet and I present the argument that almost all preliterate societies beginning to write will choose to use a version of the Roman alphabet. However, the alphabet does not fit all languages equally well, and the paper closes out withan investigation into some of these inadequacies and how languages might resolve these issues. Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 What is writing? 6 2.1 Definition . 6 2.2 Types of writing . 6 2.2.1 Pictograms, logograms, and ideograms . -
Foundation Stones “Foundation Stones” of the Library
Thompson Library Floor Inlays & Elevator Etchings Foundation Stones “Foundation Stones” of the Library Set in the terrazzo of the William • Abugidas have unit letters Guides to the Floor Inlays Oxley Thompson Memorial Library’s for simple syllables and diacritic ground and first floors are 49 metal marks to indicate different vowels or Ground Floor tablets documenting forms of writ- the absence of a vowel. Devanagari 1 Avestan - language of the Zoroastrian ten communication from around the (3), Tibetan (31), Thai (16), and Bur- holy books, NE Iran, ca. 7th c. BCE world. Forty-five additional etchings mese (#3, First floor elevator door) 2 Glagolitic - the oldest Slavic alphabet, are featured in the decorative framing ca. 9th c. CE show how these systems ramified as of the Stack Tower elevators. These they spread from India. 3 Letters of Devanagari - used for Sanskrit, examples include full writing systems Hindi and other Indic languages that have evolved over the past 4,000 4 Braille - devised in 1821 by Louis Braille to 5,000 years, some of their precur- • Syllabaries can be large, sors, and a few other graphic forms like Chinese (8), or small, like Japa- 5 Letters of the precursor of Ethiopic that collectively give a sense of the nese hiragana (9). The Linear B (32) syllabary (southern Arabia, early 1st millennium CE). immense visual range of inscriptive of pre-Homeric Greek was a sylla- techniques. Writing systems estab- bary. Mayan (44), the best-known of 6 Cherokee - the syllabary devised and publicly demonstrated by Sequuoyah lish the foundation upon which all the Meso-Americans scripts, was a in 1821 library collections are built, and it is syllabary, as are recently invented fitting that these “foundation stones” scripts for indigenous North American 7 Modern Korean - a headline font decorate this building. -
Braille Literacy
TThhee EEdduuccaattoorr VOLUME XXII, ISSUE 1 July 2009 BRAILLE LITERACY y k c u t S n e K : y s e t r u o C o t o h P A Publication of The International Council for Education of ICEVI People with Visual Impairment PRINCIPAL OFFICERS FOUNDING NON-GOVERNMENTAL PRINCIPAL OFFICERS ORGANISATIONS DEVELOPMENT PRESIDENT SECOND VICE PRESIDENT ORGANISATIONS Lawrence F. Campbell American Foundation Harry Svensson for the Blind 1, Center Street, Rockland National Agency for Special Asian Foundation for the Maine 04841 Needs Education and Carl R. Augusto Prevention of Blindness 11 Penn Plaza, Suite 300 USA Schools Grace Chan, JP New York, NY 10001 [email protected] Box 12161, SE- 102 26 c/o The Hong Kong Society USA Stockholm, SWEDEN [email protected] for the Blind [email protected] FIRST VICE PRESIDENT 248 Nam Cheong Street Shamshuipo, Kowloon Jill Keeffe Perkins School for the Blind TREASURER HONG KONG Centre for Eye Research Australia Steven M. Rothstein Nandini Rawal [email protected] University of Melbourne 175 North Beacon Street Blind People’s Association Department of Ophthalmology Watertown, MA 02472 Jagdish Patel Chowk CBM Locked Bag 8 USA Surdas Marg, Vastrapur [email protected] Allen Foster East Melbourne 8002 Ahmedabad 380 015 Nibelungenstrasse 124 AUSTRALIA INDIA Royal National Institute 64625 Bensheim [email protected] [email protected] of the Blind GERMANY [email protected] SECRETARY GENERAL Colin Low 105 Judd Street Mani, M.N.G. London WC1H 9NE Norwegian Association of the No.3, Professors’ Colony, S R K Vidyalaya Post UNITED KINGDOM Blind and Partially Sighted Coimbatore 641 020, Tamil Nadu, INDIA [email protected] (NABPS) [email protected] Arnt Holte INTERNATIONAL P.O. -
Infrastructures of Language and Chinese Scripts in an Age of Global Information Revolution Ulug Kuzuoglu
Codes of Modernity: Infrastructures of Language and Chinese Scripts In an Age of Global Information Revolution Ulug Kuzuoglu Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 ©2018 Ulug Kuzuoglu All rights reserved ABSTRACT Codes of Modernity: Infrastructures of Language and Chinese Scripts in an Age of Global Information Revolution Ulug Kuzuoglu This dissertation explores the global history of Chinese script reforms—the effort to phoneticize Chinese language and/or simplify the writing system—from its inception in the 1890s to its demise in the 1980s. These reforms took place at the intersection of industrialization, colonialism, and new information technologies, such as alphabet-based telegraphy and breakthroughs in printing technologies. As these social and technological transformations put unprecedented pressure on knowledge management and the use of mental and clerical labor, many Chinese intellectuals claimed that learning Chinese characters consumed too much time and mental energy. Chinese script reforms, this dissertation argues, were an effort to increase speed in producing, transmitting, and accessing information, and thus meet the demands of the industrializing knowledge economy. The industrializing knowledge economy that this dissertation explores was built on and sustained by a psychological understanding of the human subject as a knowledge machine, and it was part of a global moment in which the optimization of labor in knowledge production was a key concern for all modernizing economies. While Chinese intellectuals were inventing new signs of inscription, American behavioral psychologists, Soviet psycho-economists, and Central Asian and Ottoman technicians were all experimenting with new scripts in order to increase mental efficiency and productivity. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, Provided for Online Access, Content Searching, and Accessibility
Electronic Edition This file is part of the electronic edition of The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, provided for online access, content searching, and accessibility. It may not be printed. Bookmarks linking to specific chapters or sections of the whole Unicode Standard are available at http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/bookmarks.html Purchasing the Book For convenient access to the full text of the standard as a useful reference book, we recommend pur- chasing the printed version. The book is available from the Unicode Consortium, the publisher, and booksellers. Purchase of the standard in book format contributes to the ongoing work of the Uni- code Consortium. Details about the book publication and ordering information may be found at http://www.unicode.org/book/aboutbook.html Joining Unicode You or your organization may benefit by joining the Unicode Consortium: for more information, see Joining the Unicode Consortium at http://www.unicode.org/consortium/join.html This PDF file is an excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, issued by the Unicode Consortiu- mand published by Addison-Wesley. The material has been modified slightly for this electronic edi- ton, however, the PDF files have not been modified to reflect the corrections found on the Updates and Errata page (http://www.unicode.org/errata/). For information on more recent versions of the standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. -
Chapter 8: Writing
Chapter 8: Writing Chapter 8 Writing 8.1 Introduction All writing systems in current use have, directly or indirectly, their roots in Asia or North Africa. These continents have played an exceptionally important role in the development of writing. The connection between the use of writing and the development of a higher civilization is controversial. Some scholars see such development as a consequence of writing, while others see writing as a consequence (or an integral part) of such development. Like writing, all world civilizations have, directly or indirectly, their roots in Asia and North Africa. However, Asia and Africa also have an immense number of languages without a writing system, of cultures based on orality rather than literacy. These continents therefore provide fertile ground for the study of the contrast between oral and literary cultures. 8.2 What is writing? Writing includes, at least in its typical form, visual marks on a surface. There is, of course, also the Braille alphabet and other writing systems for the visually impaired that are based on tactile rather than visual marks, but these will not be discussed in the present chapter. Even inscriptions and carvings may have both visual and tactile elements, but they are usually read with the eye rather than with the sense of touch. Visual marks, however, do not always constitute writing. A little child who has got hold of some crayons and a sheet of paper and covers part of the paper with colour is not producing writing. The visual marks have to be representational. In order to constitute writing, they must stand for something else. -
Language and Computers (Ling 384) Language and Computers – Where
Language and Language and Language and Computers Language and Computers – where to start? Computers Outline Computers Topic 1: Text and Topic 1: Text and Topic 1: Text and Speech Encoding Speech Encoding Speech Encoding Writing systems Writing systems Writing systems Alphabetic Alphabetic Alphabetic Syllabic Syllabic Syllabic Logographic I Logographic Logographic Systems with unusual If we want to do anything with language, we need a way Systems with unusual Writing systems Systems with unusual realization to represent language. realization realization Language and Computers (Ling 384) Relation to language Relation to language Relation to language Comparison of systems Comparison of systems Encoding written language Comparison of systems Topic 1: Text and Speech Encoding Encoding written I We can interact with the computer in several ways: Encoding written Encoding written language language language ASCII I write or read text ASCII ASCII Unicode Unicode Spoken language Unicode Typing it in I speak or listen to speech Typing it in Typing it in Detmar Meurers∗ Spoken language Spoken language Spoken language Dept. of Linguistics, OSU Transcription I Computer has to have some way to represent Transcription Transcription Why speech is hard to Why speech is hard to Relating written and spoken language Why speech is hard to represent represent represent Winter 2005 I Articulation text Articulation Articulation Acoustics I speech Acoustics Acoustics Relating written and Relating written and Relating written and spoken language spoken language spoken language From Speech to Text From Speech to Text From Speech to Text From Text to Speech From Text to Speech From Text to Speech ∗ The course was created together with Markus Dickinson and Chris Brew. -
Tracklang: Tracking Language Options
tracklang v1.5: tracking language options Nicola L. C. Talbot http://www.dickimaw-books.com/ 2020-06-30 Abstract The tracklang package is provided for package developers who want a simple inter- face to find out which languages the user has requested through packages such as ba- bel and polyglossia. This package doesn’t provide any translations. Its purpose is sim- ply to track which languages have been requested by the user. Generic TEX code is in tracklang.tex for non-LATEX users. If the shell escape is enabled or \directlua is available, this package may also be used to query the LC_ALL or LANG environment variable (see Section5). Windows users, who don’t have the locale stored in environment variables, can use texosquery in combina- tion with tracklang. (Similarly if LC_ALL or LANG don’t contain sufficient information.) In order to use texosquery through the restricted shell escape, you must have at least Java 8 and set up texosquery.cfg appropriately. (See the texosquery manual for fur- ther details.) The fundamental aim of this generic package is to be able to effectively say: The user (that is, the document author) wants to use dialects xx-XX, yy-YY-Scrp, etc in their document. Any packages used by their document that provide multi- lingual or region-dependent support should do whatever is required to activate the settings for those languages and regions (or warn the user that there’s no sup- port). Naturally, this is only of use if the locale-sensitive packages use tracklang to pick up this infor- mation, which is entirely up to the package authors, but at the moment there’s no standard method for packages to detect the required language and region.