Anredera cordifolia - Madeira Vine Invasive Alien Legislation Passifl ora suberosa - Devil’s Pumpkin 1/1b 1/1b CARA/ Nemba Category In recognising the threats posed by invasive , the government of 1/1b South has provided legislation that either prohibits certain listed Habit: Climber Family: Basellaceae Origin: Feb - May: White Habit: Climber Family: Passifl oraceae Origin: South America Nov - April: No Petals - Green - Yellow Sepals Aquatics, Climbers & Reeds weeds and alien invader plants, or controls their use through a permit system. This legislation is the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES Flower Colour & Flowering Times INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES (Act 43 of 1983). The Act lists about 200 plants, which are then grouped into three categories: Cissus rotundifolia Adenia gummifera Registered Herbicide Bushveld Grape Beautiful CATEGORY 1: Green Mamba Vine Herbicides may be used to control most plants, but this is only Invader plant species which may not be grown and must be controlled. Rhoicissus tomentosa but shown for those species for which chemicals have been registered Cissus fragilis Common Forest Grape CATEGORY 2: Forest Grape Biocontrol Invader plant species with commercial or utility value, which may only be Tinospora caffra Biocontrol options are shown only for species Jasminum angulare grown with a permit under controlled circumstances. Dangerous where biocontrol is effective Orange Grape Creeper Wild CATEGORY 3: Jasminum multipartitum Invasive Alien Plants of the eThekwini Municipal Area Invader plant species, which have amenity value and which may be Irritant grown, but not planted, propagated, imported or traded. You may not grow Starry Wild Jasmine Category 3 plants within 30 metres of watercourses and the Department may instruct you to control Category 3 plants in other areas. SANBI Poisonous Note: It is illegal to have category 1 plant species on your property and contravention Biodiversity for Life KWAZULU-NATAL of this Act can result in prosecution, as will the harbouring of category 2 plant species CONSERVANCIES ASSOCIATION without the required permit.

Invasive Alien Plant Impacts Prevention is better than the cure References Useful Contacts Acknowledgments 1/1b Araujia sericifera - Moth Catcher 1/1b Pereskia aculeata - Barbados Gooseberry Invasive Alien Plants (IAPs) are those plants that have been introduced into Prevention of alien plant invasions is far cheaper than control or eradication. This document was produced by the eThekwini 1. DOA. (1983). The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act • Environmental Planning and Climate Habit: Climber Family: Asclepiadaceae Origin: South America Nov - April: White, Cream, Pale Pink from other countries and have the ability to spread into local This poster mainly profi les plants which are grown and sold by nurseries and Municipality’s Environmental Planning and Habit: Climber Family: Cactaceae Origin: West Indies & South America (Brazil & Argentina) March - July: White, Cream, Yellow (CARA), Act 43 of 1983. Department of Agriculture, Pretoria. Protection Department, 166 KE Masinga habitats, without the direct assistance of people. These plants often spread used by landscapers and gardeners. Unlike most other exotic (introduced Climate Protection Department with input 2. Henderson, L. (2001). Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: Road, Durban. Tel: 031-311 7875. INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES profusely because they lack natural enemies (including diseases or animals from another country or region) species, these plants have escaped formally from the following organizations: INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES A Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South that might feed on them) and therefore easily outcompete and smother planted areas and are spreading in varying degrees into natural ecosystems. • The Botanical Society of South Africa: Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook no. 12. • SANBI EDRR natural vegetation and crops. This often results in signifi cant and negative Some of the plants on this poster have not been placed in a category by the www.botanicalsociety.org.za Mondia whitei (p. 300). Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria. Acacia kraussiana White’s Ginger changes to local environments. For this reason, IAPs are considered a major Department of Agriculture and are thus not covered by the new legislation. • BotSoc Coast Climbing Thorn threat to biodiversity, human livelihoods and economic development. The Currently they are considered regional problems and/or their weed potential 3. Bromilow, C. (2010). Problem Plants and Alien Weeds of South • The Wildlife and Environment Society • Conservancies Association Petopentia natalensis impacts caused by IAP’s include, but are not limited to: is yet to be established. Africa (p. 424). Briza Publications, Pretoria. of South Africa (WESSA) - KZN Region. Carissa macrocarpa Propeller Vine wessa.org.za/what-we-do/ Num-num 4. WESSA-KZN. (2008). Invasive Alien Plants in KwaZulu-Natal: • WESSA-KZN • increased fl ood damage, stop-the-spread.htm Tacazzea apiculata Control and Eradication Management and Control. A Wildlife Handbook. (p. 124). Thanks to Geoff Nichols, SANBI, Richard Boon, Podranea ricasoliana Crawcraw Vine • competition with agricultural crops, WESSA-KZN, Durban. Gareth Chittenden, Errol Douwes, Denise Port St John’s Creeper Control of alien plants in a garden situation is probably best achieved by • South African National Biodiversity Institute Gillespie and Sharon Louw for photos. mechanical means. Tackle light infestations fi rst and then denser infestations. 5. Walters, M., Figueiredo, E., Crouch, N. R., Winter, P. J. D., Smith, www.sanbi.org Scutia myrtina • displaced indigenous plants and animals and reducing biodiversity, Thanks also to Michael Cheek for assisting Small plants may be pulled out at the roots especially when the soil is moist. G. F., Zimmermann, H. G., & Mashope, B. K. (2011). Cat-thorn • Invasive Species South Africa with taxonomic queries and Hildegard Klein • increased loss of water from catchments, Larger plants may need to be dug out at the roots. The key to success is to Naturalized and Invasive Succulents of . www.invasives.org.za for biocontrol confi rmation. (Y. Samyn, D. VandenSpiegel, & J. Degreef, Eds.) (p. 259). • increased severity of fi res, and tackle the job in a planned way and to diligently follow up to remove seedlings and regrowth. For more serious problems herbicides may be used. ABC taxa. • expanded range of disease-causing organisms. It is recommended that professional advice is sought before using herbicides. 6. Invasive Species South Africa. Website: www.invasives.org.za

1b Aristolochia elegans - Dutchman’s Pipe 1/1b Cardiospermum grandifl orum - Balloon Vine Thorn 1/1b Ipomoea indica - Purple Morning Glory 1/1b Pistia stratiotes - Water Lettuce

Habit: Climber Family: Aristolochiaceae Origin: South America (Brazil) Feb - May: Maroon with White Marbling, Yellow Throat Habit: Climber Family: Sapindaceae Origin: South America (Brazil and Eastern Argentina) Oct - Jan: White, Yellow Habit: Climber Family: Convolvulaceae Origin: West Indies Nov - May: Purple - Blue, Red, Magenta, White Habit: Perennial Aquatic Family: Araceae Origin: South America (Brazil) Feb - May: Pale Green, White

INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES

Dioscorea cotinifolia Clematis brachiata Ipomoea albivenia Nymphaea nouchali Wild Yam Traveller’s Joy Climbing Kapok Blue Waterlily Dioscorea sylvatica Jasminum angulare Ipomoea fi cifolia Nymphoides Forest Elephant’s Foot Wild Jasmine Fig-leaved Ipomoea thunbergiana Vernonia angulifolia Rhoicissus rhomboidea Ipomoea mauritiana Small Yellow Waterlily Trailing Vernonia Glossy Forest Grape Large Forest Ipomoea Trapa natans Water Chestnut

1/1b Arundo donax - Spanish Reed 1/1b Dolichandra unguis-cati - Cat’s Claw Creeper 1/1b Myriophyllum aquaticum - Parrot’s Feather 3/1b Pontederia cordata - Pickerel Weed

Habit: Reed Family: Poaceae Origin: Mediterranean All Year: Cream, Brown Habit: Climber Family: Bignoniaceae Origin: Central and South America Sept - Feb: Bright Yellow Habit: Aquatic Family: Haloragaceae Origin: South America May - Sept: Cream Habit: Perennial Aquatic Family: Pontederiaceae Origin: North, Central, South America Sept - June: Blue

INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES

Miscanthus capensis Senecio tamoides Ludwigia stolonifera Cyperus textilis East-coast Broom Grass Canary Creeper Creeping Ludwigia Tall Star Sedge Phragmites australis Strophanthus spp. Sium repandum Zantedeschia aethiopica Common Reed Poison Ropes Water Parsnip White Arum Lily Typha capensis Trapa natans Zantedeschia Bulrush Water Chestnut albomaculata Spotted-leaved Arum

1/1b Azolla fi liculoides - Red Water Fern 1/1b Eichhornia crassipes - Water Hyacinth 1b Nephrolepis cordifolia - Erect Sword Fern 1/1b Salvinia molesta - Kariba Weed

Habit: Aquatic Fern Family: Azollaceae Origin: South America N/A Habit: Perennial Aquatic Family: Pontederiaceae Origin: South America Nov - April: Pale Violet, Blue Habit: Fern Family: Nephrolepidaceae Origin: North and Central America N/A Habit: Perennial Aquatic Family: Salviniaceae Origin: South America (Brazil) N/A

INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES

Ludwigia stolonifera Nymphaea lotus Microsorium Ludwigia stolonifera Creeping Ludwigia White Waterlily scolopendrium Creeping Ludwigia Trapa natans Nymphaea nouchali Creeping Dune Fern Ludwigia palustris Water Chestnut Blue Waterlily Nephrolepis biserrata Marsh Ludwigia Utricularia infl exa Nymphoides Giant Forest Fern Nymphoides Bladderwort thunbergiana Rumohra adiantiformis thunbergiana Small Yellow Waterlily Leather Fern Small Yellow Waterlily

1/1b Caesalpinia decapetala - Mauritius Thorn 1/1b Ipomoea alba - White Moonfl ower 1/1b Passifl ora caerulea - Blue Passion Flower 1/1b seaforthianum - Creeper

Habit: Climber Family: Fabaceae Origin: Asia May - Nov: Pale Yellow Habit: Climber Family: Convolvulaceae Origin: America Oct - June: White Habit: Climber Family: Passifl oraceae Origin: South America Aug - March: White - Pink Habit: Climber Family: Origin: America Dec - March: Blue, Purple

INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVES

Acacia kraussiana Ipomoea albivenia Plumbago auriculata Asparagus falcatus Coast Climbing Thorn Climbing Kapok Cape Plumbago Large Forest Asparagus Adenopodia spicata Ipomoea fi cifolia Solanum geniculatum Spiny Splinter Bean Fig-leaved Ipomoea Creeping Potato Caesalpinia bonduc Ipomoea mauritiana Tinospora caffra Grey Nickernut Creeper Large Forest Ipomoea Orange Grape Creeper