page 38 PRO PHYLUM PROTOZOA CLASS SARCODINA
ORDER FORAMINIFERA “Fusulinid” type
ORDER FORAMINIFERA “Nummulites” type
ORDER RADIOLARIA magnification X150
Fig.4 page 45 POR
PHYLUM PORIFERA
Fig 6 page 52 CNI
PHYLUM CNIDERIA CLASS TABULATA
CLASS RUGOSA
Fig, 10 page 53 CNI
PHYLUM CNIDERIA CLASS RUGOSA cont.
Fig, 11 page 59 BRY PHYLUM BRYOZOA
Fig.14 page 65 BRA PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA CLASS INARTICULATA
CLASS ARTICULATA
Order Orthida: With wide hinge line or Order Pentamerida: Short hinge line, shaped biconvex shells. Most common during the large internal platform for muscles and other lower Paleozoic. structures. Important Silurian index fossils.
Order Rhynchonellida: Convex shells with sharp ribbing. The beaks may be large, hinge line is short. A relatively conservative group beginning in the Ordovician.
Fig. 17 page 66 BRA PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA CLASS ARTICULATA cont Order Strophomenida: One or the very common middle and lower Paleozoic groups. Has a pseudopunctate shell and a wide hinge line. One valve is plane or convex. Pedicle opening very small or absent. In existence since the Ordovician.
Order Productoidea: A large, varied, and sometimes bizarre group most common and important in the upper Paleozoic. Interarea (between valves) small or absent, hinge line is moderately long. The shell is pseudopunctate and generally covered by spines. Attachment to hard substrate with spines, or spines used as stilts to raise shell off muddy bottom. Range: Permian - Ordovician
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Order Terebratulida: Biconvex, punctate shells with a short hinge line and an interarea as in the spiriferids. Internally there is a "looped" gill support. In existence since the Silurian.
Fig.18 page 67 BRA PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA CLASS ARTICULATA cont .
Order Spiriferida:
Fig. 19 page 75 MOL PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS PELECYPODA
Fig. 24
Answer evaluation questions 3 through 6 page 79 MOL PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS GASTROPODA
Fig. 28 page 83 MOL PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS CEPHALOPODA
Fig. 32 page 91 ART PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS TRILOBITA
Fig. 35 page 92 ART
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS CHELICERATA
The chelicerates (scorpions, ticks, spiders, horseshoe "crabs") are diverse in form (Figure 36). They all, nevertheless, are characterized by a chelate (pincer-like) first pair of appendages and no antennae. Living forms, of which the spider is the most abundant, are mostly land dwellers, but in the early Paleozoic a primitive order of aqueous chelicerates called the eurypterids were important and perhaps the "rulers" of the fresh-water environment. Some eurypterids were large, up to three meters in length, and their hindmost pair of appendages were modified into broad swimming paddles. Eurypterids have been called "giant sea scorpions." Although this is a misnomer with regard to their habitat, it seems likely that the terrestrial scorpions evolved from them.
LIVING CHELICERATES
FOSSIL CHELICERATES
Fig.37 page 100 ECH PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
CLASS CRINOIDEA
Fig. 44 page 101 ECH PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Fig. 45 page 107 HEM
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA CLASS GRAPIOLITHINA
Fig. 48 page 117 CHO PHYLUM CHORDATA
EXERCISE 2 1. Identify at the side of the room:
Phylum Class Genus
#153 ______
#157 ______
#158 ______
#159 ______page 120 PLA KINGDOM PLANTAE PHYLUM THALLOPHYTA
Diatoms and Coccoliths are microscopic, single celled, plants. Myriads of them live in the surface waters of oceans and lakes, where they constitute the primary sources of food for animals. Diatoms (Figure 55A) have a siliceous covering made in two halves which fit together like the halves of a tiny pillbox. Coccoliths have a calcareous covering of plates (Figure 55B). The plates are not interlocking and fall apart when the plant decays. The delicate siliceous coverings of dead diatoms and calcareous coverings of dead coccoliths rain down continuously onto the floors of oceans and lakes. Diatoms are most abundant in cold waters and coccoliths are most abundant in warm waters. In the oceans, where locally undiluted by influxes of other sediments, nearly pure deposits of either siliceous diatom tests (diatomite) or calcareous coccolith tests (chalk) occur. Diatomite abundant though less familiar to most of us than chalk, has found use as an abrasive or as a chemical filter because of its texture, composition and porosity.
A) Highly magnified fossil DIATOMS B) Electron microscope of a modern COCCOLITH Figure 55
Calcareous algae have no hard parts, nevertheless some cause the precipitation of calcium carbonate by the removal of carbon dioxide from the waters about them for photosynthesis. The calcium carbonate thus precipitated is in turn trapped by the mucous covering of the calcareous algae. In this way they are the major contributors to the formation of limestones. Some marine calcareous algae are known to build rounded reefs with distinctive concentric laminated structures called stromatolites (Figure 56). Similar structures in ancient limestones are interpreted as fossils although the algae presumed responsible for the structures are not found fossilized. Some date as old as 2.1 billion years. Calcareous algal reefs are confined to water depths less than about 30 meters, because light intensity is insufficient for photosynthesis at greater depths.
SURFACE EXPOSURE OF A FOSSIL ALGAL REEF CROSS SECTION OF A FOSSIL ALGAL REEF Figure 56 page 121 PLA KINGDOM PLANTAE
Abundant in the coal swamp flora of the late Paleozoic are lycopsids, sphenopsids, true ferns, seed ferns, cordiates and cycads.
PHYLUM LYCOPSIDA (SCALE TREES) Unlike the living lycopsids, which are small inconspicuous plants called groundpines or club mosses, the fossil and extinct genera : Lepidodendron and Sigillaria (Figure 57), were large and important members of the Late Paleozoic forests reaching heights of 30 meters and diameters of 2 meters. Fossil bark from these trees shows distinct and striking patterns formed by the regular spacing of scars that mark the attachment positions of leaves that were shed as the tree grew upward. The pattern of these leaf scars bring to mind the scales of a reptile, whence the name of this phylum.
Figure 57
PHYLUM SPHENOPSIDA The sphenopsids are characterized by their jointed stems. Living representatives are the horsetail rushes (Figure 58) which in sandy places are locally abundant over most of the United States. Although modern horsetail rushes are small, the fossil and extinct genera: Calamites, of the Late Paleozoic, grew to tree-like heights and had sterns up to 30 centimeters in diameter.
Figure 58 page 122 PLA KINGDOM PLANTAE PHYLUM FILICINEAE True ferns (Figure 59a): Phylum Filicineae, of which 8000 species exist today, are spore shedding. Fossil ferns are very similar in appearance to modern ferns. They first appear in Devonian rocks, and they were particularly abundant in the Late Paleozoic.
PHYLUM GYMNOSPERME Seed ferns (Figure 59b), the first and now extinct members of the Phylum Gymnosperme were seed bearing. Because the leaves are abundantly fossilized but the reproductive structures are rarely, the seed ferns have been often confused with the true ferns in their classification.
Figure 59b LATE PALEOZOIC SEED FERNS