Palaeontological Impact Assessment

PALAEONTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Graymont Western Canada Inc. Parsons Creek Resources Project Township 90, Range 9, W4M

Permit Number Bohach-2007-05

FMA1646.PL07

Prepared For Graymont Western Canada Inc. #200, 10991 Shellbridge Way Richmond, British Columbia

On Behalf Of Millennium EMS Solutions Ltd. 208, 4207-98th Street Edmonton, Alberta

Prepared By FMA Heritage Resources Consultants Inc. 200, 1719-10th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta

July 2008

Executive Summary

The proposed Parsons Creek Resources Project (the Project) was assessed for potential impacts to palaeontological resources by field surveys on August 14 to 15, 2007 and examination of the drill cores on October 16, 2007. The Project is a limestone mine and processing facility located along the north boundary of the City of Fort McMurray, mainly within Township 90, Range 9, West of the Fourth Meridian.

The Project is situated on relatively flat ground within the Athabasca River valley. It will mine limestone of Devonian age from the Moberly Member of the Waterways Formation. The Moberly Member contains fossiliferous limestone layers and the fossils within these layers will be destroyed when the rock is crushed and processed. Most of the fossils are invertebrates, which are relatively common fossils and individual specimens are typically not unique. This is in contrast to vertebrate fossils, which are rare by comparison and each specimen can provide unique information about the species.

Baseline reconnaissance surveys found fossils of medium to high heritage value in exposures along the Athabasca River, including:

• previously unrecorded fish fossils from Unit M II

• exceptionally preserved brachiopods with intact spines and original colour patterns from Unit M IV

• exceptionally preserved brachiopod death horizons from Unit M V

Executive Summary i Executive Summary ii

Without mitigation, negative effects on palaeontological resources are expected. Although the Waterways Formation is a widespread geological unit, natural variations in preservation and species content of the fossil assemblages within the Project area will not necessarily be duplicated anywhere else. Some of the invertebrates (e.g., bivalves, gastropods and nautiloids) recovered to date have not previously been scientifically described.

Project effects on palaeontological resources can occur throughout the life of the mine (Application Case) and will be limited to the mine area (local extent). These effects are irreversible. Fossils will continuously be crushed, but most will be fossils of low heritage value resulting in effects of low to moderate magnitude. With mitigation, the Project will have positive effects on palaeontological resources as it is expected to recover fossils of high heritage value that are unlikely to otherwise be discovered. However, because all fossils of high heritage value cannot be identified and collected prior to crushing, some negative Project effects will occur.

Relative to the volume of fossiliferous limestone that will be lost to mining in the Fort McMurray area and the total volume of limestone that occurs in the Waterways Formation, only a small percentage of the overall volume will be lost. In terms of removal of a stratigraphic unit, there are no known cumulative effects. There is no palaeontological data available yet from other mining projects to determine if there will be a cumulative loss of palaeontological resources.

No traditional knowledge for palaeontological resources was collected for the Project. Climate change is not expected to affect palaeontological resources.

To address the adverse Project effects on palaeontological resources, the following mitigation measures are proposed. These recommendations will be reviewed by the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology who, in conjunction with Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture, will determine what palaeontological mitigation is required for the Project.

Executive Summary iii

Management Plan: The Project is a large-scale development where ground disturbance will occur over a large area for an extended period of time. Fossils of high heritage value, such as fish and exceptionally preserved invertebrates, are likely to be discovered. A Management Plan to address these finds is recommended, including:

• formulation of a Discovery Protocol to deal with finding fossils of high heritage value during mining, for example, collecting fish fossils so that they are not processed and crushed

• a sampling program to document the faunal content of new areas/horizons exposed as mining occurs

• occasional site visits by a professional palaeontologist are recommended to evaluate the potential of newly exposed horizons and areas, sample the fauna, and examine fossils set aside by workers

• development of an Education Program for mine workers (see next point)

Education Program: The Project provides the opportunity to recover fossils from horizons that are unlikely to ever be naturally exposed at the earth’s surface. The most effective way to recover the fossils of high heritage value is to teach the mine workers what to look for. An Education Program would establish the importance of saving these fossils and outline the procedures to follow.

Project Personnel

PERMIT HOLDER : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D.

FIELD PERSONNEL : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D. Tara Janes, B.Sc.

GIS ANALYST : Keith Wilford, B.A.

REPORT AUTHOR : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D.

FOSSIL IDENTIFICATION : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D. Emily Frampton, M.Sc.

Project Personnel iv

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... i Project Personnel ...... iv Table of Contents ...... v List of Figures ...... vii List of Plates ...... viii List of Tables ...... x

INTRODUCTION ...... 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 4 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY ...... 6 WATERWAYS FORMATION ...... 6 MOBERLY MEMBER...... 9 CHRISTINA MEMBER ...... 12 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY ...... 13 METHODS...... 14 SCREENING ...... 14 STUDY AREAS ...... 15 LOCAL STUDY AREA ...... 15 REGIONAL STUDY AREA ...... 15 FIELD STUDIES ...... 15 ANALYSIS ...... 18 RESULTS ...... 21 FIELD SURVEYS ...... 21 SOUTHERN PROJECT AREA ...... 21 NORTHERN PROJECT AREA ...... 23 DRILL CORE ANALYSIS ...... 24 UNIT M I ...... 24 UNIT M II ...... 24 UNIT M III ...... 24 UNIT M IV ...... 24 HERITAGE VALUE OF FOSSILIFEROUS HORIZONS ...... 25 PROJECT SPECIFIC EFFECTS ...... 26 EFFECTS SUMMARY ...... 26 NATURE OF EFFECTS ...... 26

Table of Contents v Table of Contents vi

DELINEATION OF PROJECT EFFECTS ...... 27 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS...... 28 MITIGATION ...... 28 TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENT KNOWLEDGE ...... 29 CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 31 References Cited ...... 33 Appendix A Site Photographs ...... A-1 Appendix B Faunal Lists ...... B-1 Appendix C Textural Classification of Carbonate Rocks ...... C-1

List of Figures

Figure 1 Project Location ...... 2 Figure 2 Project Area and Palaeontological Waypoints ...... 3 Figure 3 Mine Plan ...... 5 Figure 4 Surface Extent of Waterways Formation, Northeastern Alberta ...... 7 Figure 5 Geology Cross Section at Predisturbance (Year 0) ...... 11 Figure 6 Local Study Area for Palaeontology ...... 16 Figure 7 Regional Study Area for Palaeontology ...... 17

List of Figures vii

List of Plates

Plate 1 Project Area ...... A-2 Plate 2 Regional Bedrock Stratigraphy ...... A-2 Plate 3 Unit M II of the Waterways Formation ...... A-3 Plate 4 Shell Hash Containing Brachiopods (Waypoint 001) ...... A-3 Plate 5 Large Stromatoporoid (Waypoint 001) ...... A-4 Plate 6 Large Planispiral Snails (Waypoint 001) ...... A-4 Plate 7 Stromatoporoid-Brachiopod Layer of Unit M II (Waypoint 002) ...... A-5 Plate 8 Nautiloids (Waypoint 004 and 006b) ...... A-5 Plate 9 Fish Quadrate Bone and Articulated Bivalve (Waypoint 005) ...... A-6 Plate 10 Stromatoporoid-Brachiopod Layer of Unit M II (Waypoint 006) ...... A-6 Plate 11 Atrypa Dominated Brachiopod Layer ...... A-7 Plate 12 Northern Study Area, East Bank of Athabasca River ...... A-7 Plate 13 Waterways Formation Units M IV and M V (Waypoint 011) ...... A-8 Plate 14 The Brachiopod Eostrophalosia pedderi (Waypoint 012) .. A-8 Plate 15 The Brachiopod Maclarenella maculosa (Waypoint 010) .. A-9 Plate 16 Packstone Stringer (Waypoint 011) ...... A-9 Plate 17 Ladogioides Death Layer ...... A-10 Plate 18 Platyterorhynchus Death Layer ...... A-10 Plate 19 Snail Horizon near the M I – M II Contact ...... A-11 Plate 20 Stromatoporoid Zone in Unit M II ...... A-11 Plate 21 Lone Brachiopod in Shale Unit M III ...... A-12 Plate 22 Articulated Brachiopod Layer in Unit M IV ...... A-12

List of Plates viii List of Plates ix

Plate 23 Fish Fossil Fragment from Unit M IV ...... A-13 Plate 24 Nautiloid from Unit M IV ...... A-13 Plate 25 Preserved Colour Patters ...... A-14 Plate 26 Fish Fossils ...... A-14

List of Tables

Table 1 Waterways Formation Members ...... 8 Table 2 Invertebrates from the Waterways Formation ...... 10 Table 3 Stratigraphy of the Moberly Member ...... 12 Table 4 Heritage Value of Moberly Member Stratigraphic Units ...... 25 Table B-1 Faunal Lists ...... B-2 Table C-1 Classification of Carbonate Rocks on the Basis of Depositional Texture ...... C-2

List of Tables x

INTRODUCTION

Graymont Western Canada Inc. (Graymont) and Inland Aggregates Limited propose development of the Parsons Creek Resources Project (the Project), a limestone quarry and processing facility. The Project borders the northern boundary of Fort McMurray Urban Service Area and encompasses approximately 820 ha along the west bank of the Athabasca River in Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 30, and 31 of 90-9 W4M, and a small portion of NE 36 of 90-10 W4M (Figure 1). The site is located on relatively flat ground within the Athabasca River valley. Figure 2 illustrates the Project area.

The Project will mine limestone of Devonian age from the Moberly Member of the Waterways Formation. Total limestone reserves are estimated to be 100 million tonnes. Construction is scheduled to begin the third quarter of 2009 and continue for 40 years. Final depth of quarry will be approximately 24 m below grade. For every tonne of product there is estimated to be two tonnes of overburden soil or waste rock (Graymont and Inland 2006).

Field surveys were conducted August 14 to 15, 2007, under permit number Bohach-2007-05. As part of the permit application process, a Palaeontological Overview was submitted on July 13, 2007.

Introduction 1 Introduction 2

Figure 1 Project Location

Introduction 3

Figure 2 Project Area and Palaeontological Waypoints

Introduction 4

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The major component of this Project is a limestone quarry. Figure 3 shows the mine plan. Quarrying will proceed in phases from south to north. Limestone will be extracted by drilling and controlled blasting operations to a depth of approximately 24 m below grade. Wheel loaders and haul trucks will transport the limestone to the process and stockpile areas on site. Reclamation will be done progressively, with completed areas being reclaimed while the next area is quarried. Overburden will be re-placed and contoured using earth moving equipment to create appropriate landscapes.

An approved Parsons Creek North Sand and Gravel Operation will remove sand and gravel from the north part of the Project area, exposing the upper seam of limestone.

Additional infrastructure will be required to support the Project and includes:

• Roads - limestone will be loaded into trucks and transported on public roads. However, additional haulroads roads will need to be constructed within the site.

• Power Source - power supply may come from existing adjacent power lines, or be generated on site.

• Water Supply - water needed for the operations will be developed from onsite sources and potable water will be obtained from alternate sources.

Introduction 5

Figure 3 Mine Plan

REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY

WATERWAYS FORMATION

The Upper Devonian (Givetian to Frasnian) Waterways Formation is part of a sequence of Middle to Upper Devonian limestone deposits that occur throughout Western Canada (Braun et al. 1988). Strata of the Waterways Formation occur at the surface mainly in northeastern Alberta (Figure 4) with some exposures in northwest Saskatchewan. Exposures of the Waterways Formation occur along the Athabasca and Clearwater rivers and their tributaries near Fort McMurray, along the Peace River at Gypsum Cliffs, northwest of Fort Chipewyan and along the Birch River. South of these areas, the Waterways Formation is known only from subsurface data, with its southernmost extent in the Judy Creek area (Murray 1965; Norris 1963; Norris and Uyeno 1981; Uyeno 1974).

The type locality of the Waterways Formation is at the confluence of the Athabasca and Clearwater rivers near Fort McMurray. As the entire formation is not exposed in outcrop (the lower contact and part of the Firebag Member are not exposed), a subsurface type section that has the complete sequence has been designated. This subsurface section is from the Bear Biltmore #1 Well, which is approximately 50 km east of Fort McMurray (Uyeno 1974). At this well, the Waterways Formation unconformably overlies the Middle Devonian Livock River Formation (Slave Point Equivalent) and is conformably overlain by the Upper Devonian Cooking Lake Formation of the Woodbend Group.

Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 6 Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 7

Figure 4 Surface Extent of Waterways Formation, Northeastern Alberta

Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 8

At Fort McMurray, the Waterways Formation unconformably underlies the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation. The Waterways Formation is approximately 230 m thick in this area based on subsurface data (Norris 1963).

The Waterways Formation at its type section consists of a sequence of nine alternating layers of greenish grey to brownish grey calcareous shale, argillaceous limestone and fine-grained limestone layers that are packaged into five members: the Firebag, Calumet, Christina, Moberly and Mildred members (Glass 1997). The thickness and lithology of each unit are indicated in Table 1.

Table 1 Waterways Formation Members

Member Approximate Lithology Palaeontology Thickness (m)

Mildred 50 Argillaceous limestone, shale, and hard, Brachiopods. fragmental limestone.

Moberly 60 Thin-bedded soft grey argillaceous Highly fossiliferous member with limestone that weathers light brown- stromatoporoids, corals, bivalves, orange, resistant fine-grained limestone gastropods, cephalopods, a and an alternating sequence of olive-green, tubeworm, a large brachiopod fauna rubbley argillaceous limestone and shale and crinoids. and fine-grained limestone.

Christina 30 Mainly argillaceous limestone, shale and Brachiopod fauna dominated by calcareous shale. Spinatrypa sp., Hypothyridina sp., Allanella sp. and Eleutherokomma jasperensis. Also the earliest appearance of Allanella sp. in the Waterways Formation.

Calumet 30 Resistant light grey-brown thin-bedded Brachiopods from limestone beds argillaceous limestone towards the base only. and light-grey to brown, irregularly thin- bedded argillaceous limestone, light greenish grey argillaceous limestone with thin interbeds of nodular calcareous shale and olive-green, rubbley bedded argillaceous limestone towards the top of the member.

Firebag 60 Mainly olive-green calcareous shale with Brachiopods from both limestone and thin resistant interbedded olive-green shale beds. limestone, argillaceous limestone and minor shale.

Sources: Compiled from Glass (1997), McLean and Sorauf (1988); Norris (1963, 1983); Stearn (1962); Uyeno (1967, 1974).

Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 9

At the time of deposition of the Waterways Formation, marine conditions prevailed throughout Alberta. The only emergent areas included the Peace River Arch in west-central Alberta, and the Western Alberta Ridge in southwestern to northwestern Alberta. A marine transgression (Beaverhill Lake transgression) inundated the Western Alberta Ridge, and encroached on the Peace River Arch. The shallow seas surrounding the Peace River Arch led to the development of a broad carbonate platform and the reef complex of the Swan Hills Formation (Sheasby 1971). Northeast of the Swan Hills reef, deeper-water conditions prevailed and it was in this environment that the calcareous shale and other off-reef facies of the Waterways Formation were deposited (Glass 1997; Sheasby 1971).

The Waterways Formation has yielded an extensive invertebrate fauna that is mainly made up of stromatoporoids and brachiopods (McLean and Sorauf 1988; McLaren 1962; McLaren et al. 1962; Norris 1963, 1983; Norris and Uyeno 1983; Stearn 1962; Stehli 1955; Uyeno 1967, 1974). Table 1 lists the major fossils found in each member and Table 2 provides the detailed faunal list. Of all the fossils recorded, only the brachiopods have received any modern taxonomic treatment, and it has not been comprehensive. The nautiloids, gastropods, corals and bivalves have not been studied in detail.

The Moberly Member is the most fossiliferous unit of the Waterways Formation.

MOBERLY MEMBER

Regionally, the Moberly Member is up to 60 m thick. In the Project area, the upper half of this member has been removed by erosion leaving only the lower half. The unit dips gently to the southwest with progressively younger units at the surface as one proceeds westward. The general lithology of the Moberly Member is interbedded lime mudstone, fossiliferous lime wackestone to packstone and variously calcareous shale (Knox 2005). Outcrop is rare except in occasional road cuts and the active Athabasca River valley.

Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 10

Table 2 Invertebrates from the Waterways Formation

Stromatoporoids Conodonts Trupetostroma papulosum Ancyrodella gigas Trupetostroma pycnostylotum Ancyrodella rotundiloba alata Idiostroma mclearni Ancyrodella rotundiloba bindosa Stachyodes crebrum Ancyrodella routndiloba subsp. A Taleastroma ? confertum Enantiignathus lipperti Syringostroma bifurcum Enantiignathus cf. E. lipperti Syringostroma fenestratum Hibbardella sp. A Clathrocoilona inconstans Hibbardella sp. B Pseudoactinodictyon norrisi Icriodus brevis brevis Pseudoactinodictyon athabascense Icriodus expansus Brachiopods Icriodus nodosus s.I. Schizophoria allani Icriodus cf. I. cymbiformis Schizophoria athabaskensis Nothognathella klapperi Schizophoria lata Nothognathella bicristata Schizophoria warreni Nothognathella brevidonta Strophodonta albertensis Nothognathella sp. A Strophodonta calumetensis Spathognathodus insitus Strophodonta clearwaterensis Spathognathodus cf. S. brevis Strophodonta dorsata Spathognathodus gradatus Strophodonta engstromi Spathognathodus ? sp. Strophodonta inflexa Palmatodella ? paridens Strophodonta dorsata Playfordia primitiva Strophodonta moberliensis Diplodedella aurita Nervostrophia sp. Falcodus ? cf. F.? tortus Eostrophalosia pedderi Polygnathus asymmetricus asymmetricus Devonoproductus catamorphus Polygnathus brevilaminus Devonoproductus reticulocosta Polygnathus cf. P. decorosus Devonoproductus tertius Polygnathus incompletus Stropheodonta costata Polygnathus norrisi Lingula spatulata Polygnathus webbi Atrypa cf. independensis Polygnathus xylus Atrypa snyderensis Polygnathus sp. Atrypa clarkei Other Fossils Atrypa devoniana cf. Gomphoceras sp. (cephalopod) Ladogia kakwaensis undet. bivalve Eleutherokomma impennis undet. gastropod Cyrtina billingsi Spirorbis sp. (Tubeworm) Pugnax sp. undet. sponge Allanella allani crinoid ossicles Corals Tabulophyllum athabascense ?Cladopora sp. Thamnopora sp. Aulopora sp. Sources: Compiled from McLean and Sorauf (1988); Norris (1963, 1983); Stearn (1962); Uyeno (1967, 1974).

Figure 5 illustrates the geology of the southern Project area in cross section. Table 3 provides the stratigraphy of the Moberly Member as determined by the drilling program (Knox 2005).

Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 11

Figure 5 Geology Cross Section at Predisturbance (Year 0)

Geology Cross Section at Predisturbance (Year 0) 5

Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 12

Table 3 Stratigraphy of the Moberly Member

Unit Subunit Thickness (m) Description

M V - 4.4 (partial) Nodular calcareous shale

M IV - 4.1 Massive to vaguely nodular lime packstone to lime mudstone

ii 1.7 to 2.4 Interbedded nodular lime mudstone-wackestone and calcareous shale M III i 5.3 to 5.7 Shale and calcareous shale

iii 0.6 to 1.1 Nodular lime wackestone with argillaceous matrix

ii 0.8 to 1.6 Nodular lime wackestone M II

3.3 to 4.2 Massive to vaguely nodular, fossiliferous lime wackestone to packstone i (stromatoporoids)

v 1.1 to 1.8 Nodular lime mudstone

iv 2.3 to 3.0 Nodular lime mudstone with argillaceous zones

M I iii 0.31 to 0.70 Interbedded lime mudstone and shale

ii 4.7 to 5.2 Nodular/bedded lime mudstone with argillaceous interbeds

i 1.1 to 1.7 Nodular lime mudstone

Source: Knox (2005) Note: Textural classification of carbonate rocks is provided in Appendix C.

The Project will mine ore grade limestone from two zones in the Moberly Member: Units M IV and M II. Unit M IIi is a major fossiliferous unit hosting a stromatoporoid patch reef. The shale Unit M III that separates the two ore zones will be discarded as waste rock. The basal Unit, M I, is a lime mudstone suitable for use as aggregate material.

CHRISTINA MEMBER

The Christina Member within the Project area comprises approximately 26 m of argillaceous limestone and calcareous shale (Knox 2005). The rock is not considered a suitable source for lime or aggregate materials and this unit will not be mined by the Project.

Regional Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 13

SURFICIAL GEOLOGY

The gravel deposits in this area are mapped as recent stream alluvium (Alberta Research Council 1974). These gravels were deposited within the last 10,000 years, after the last glaciation. Coarse fluvial clastics of this age can contain rare bones of terrestrial mammals and provide a record of animal life following the last retreat of the glaciers.

The 2004 drilling program in the Project area found 1.8 to 13.3 m of unconsolidated glacial and fluvial overburden (Knox 2005). In particular, there is a substantial pocket of sand and gravel in the northwest part of the lease, which will be mined for aggregate (i.e., the approved Parsons Creek North Sand and Gravel Operation).

METHODS

SCREENING

The Project was screened for palaeontological potential using the following resources:

• 1:500,000 bedrock geology map (Research Council of Alberta 1970)

• 1:250,00 surficial geology map (Alberta Research Council 1974)

• drilling program results (Knox 2005)

• published literature on the geology and palaeontology

• Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (RTMP 2007 database; Hysuick 2007, pers. comm.)

Field investigation targets were chosen in areas of topographic relief along the Athabasca River. The west bank of the Athabasca River, within the buffer zone for the Project, was the focus of the studies. However, where no exposures were available, laterally equivalent strata on the east bank of the Athabasca River were examined instead.

Methods 14 Methods 15

STUDY AREAS

LOCAL STUDY AREA

The local study area (LSA) is the Project area plus some of the surrounding area (Figure 6). The LSA includes all areas that will be mined by the Project and occupied by Project facilities. As it was not possible to evaluate all strata that will be disturbed by the Project within the confines of the Project area, laterally equivalent strata on the east bank of the Athabasca River are included in the LSA.

REGIONAL STUDY AREA

The regional study area (RSA) consists of the entire lateral extent of surface exposures of the Waterways Formation in the Fort McMurray area (Figure 7). Evaluation of the regional palaeontological potential must take into account all records of fossil occurrences within a stratigraphic unit. This also provides the interpretive context and aides in evaluating the heritage value1 of horizons in the LSA. Some information will also be drawn from the Birch River and Peace River area to the north where additional outcrops and fossils sites of the Waterways Formation occur.

FIELD STUDIES

The field assessment was conducted by powerboat and canoe as most areas of existing exposure are on the banks of the Athabasca River and there is limited road/trail access. Not every outcrop was examined due to time constraints, but as much of the Project area length was examined as possible.

Outcrops were examined for sedimentology and fossil content. Representative samples were collected where preservation was adequate. Marker beds were noted and traced as far as possible.

1 Heritage value is the measure of relative importance of a heritage resource. Criteria for the evaluation of heritage value are outlined at the end of this section.

Methods 16

Figure 6 Local Study Area for Palaeontology

Methods 17

Figure 7 Regional Study Area for Palaeontology

Methods 18

Survey waypoints are indicated on Figure 2. There are 15 main waypoints indicated by a three digit number. These labels are modified by a letter if an additional collection was made nearby or from a higher stratigraphic level than the main bed. Site photographs are provided in Appendix A and faunal lists in Appendix B. Terminology used to describe carbonate textures is explained in Appendix C.

ANALYSIS

Seven of the 14 drill cores collected for the Project were examined on October 16, 2007 with the assistance of Darren Anderson from Graymont. Many parts of the cores had been removed for chemical analysis, so the examination focused on cores that were still relatively complete. The fauna of each unit was identified and depositional texture and bioturbation noted.

In the lab, fossil collections from the field studies were divided into fossil type and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Faunal content lists of the various sites were compiled. Each horizon was then evaluated for heritage value (see next section).

The significance criteria for residual Project effects outlined in Volume 1, Part D, Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology, are followed.

Heritage Value

The following types of information were considered in determining the heritage value of the horizons:

1. abundance of material 2. quality of preservation 3. diversity 4. rarity of taxa 5. aesthetic value 6. taxonomic value 7. geographic or stratigraphic value

Methods 19

For each category, a value between 1 and 10 is assigned for each horizon. The values are then averaged to obtain an overall heritage value and rated as low, medium or high.

Abundance of Material – The abundance of the material is rated ranging from 1 – not abundant (e.g., single fossil) to 10 – abundant (e.g., material is common – more than 10 specimens). This value is a useful indicator of the likelihood of the Project affecting a resource in the region.

Quality of Preservation – The quality of preservation of the material is rated ranging from 1 – poor (e.g., can be recognized as a fossil but not identified to a lower taxonomic level) to 10 – excellent (e.g., quality of preservation allows for accurate identification of the fossil plus other scientific information). This value is a useful indicator of how much scientific information can be obtained from a site.

Diversity – The diversity of the material is rated ranging from 1 – monotypic (e.g., single species) to 10 – diverse (e.g., four or more species). Diversity of a site indicates how many taxa can be investigated at a site.

Rarity of Taxa – Rarity of taxa is rated ranging from 1 – common (e.g., species is found at 10 or more localities) to 10 – rare (e.g., species is found at one or few localities; includes all vertebrate taxa). Rarity of taxa indicates the scientific value attached to fossil types that are rarely found.

Aesthetic and Public Value – Aesthetic value of taxa is rated ranging from 1 – low (e.g., specimen cannot be recognized as a fossil by the layperson) to 10 – high (e.g., specimen is an object of intrigue to the layperson and can have a high educational and economic value). Aesthetic value rates the value of a find to the public.

Taxonomic Value – The taxonomic value is rated ranging from 1 – taxon is already well known (e.g., taxon has been thoroughly described in the scientific literature and the new specimen does not add to the knowledge base) to 10 – taxon is poorly known (e.g., taxon has not previously been described or described only based on poor material and specimen will add to

Methods 20

the scientific knowledge base). This category rates the contribution of the site to the scientific taxonomic knowledge base.

Geographic or Stratigraphic Value – The geographic or stratigraphic value is rated ranging from 1 – low (e.g., taxon has been previously found at that geographic location or stratigraphic horizon) to 10 – high (e.g., taxon has not been previously found at that geographic location or stratigraphic horizon). This category rates the contribution of the site to the scientific knowledge base on distribution of fossils.

Results 21

RESULTS

FIELD SURVEYS

The Project area (Plate 1) is heavily vegetated, with exposures of bedrock limited to the banks of the Athabasca River. Pale beds of weathered limestone make up the lowest beds, overlain in areas by dark, bitumen saturated sandstone of the McMurray Formation (Plate 2).

SOUTHERN PROJECT AREA

The southern Project area is bordered by discontinuous limestone exposures typically 2 to 3 m thick along the west bank of the Athabasca River (Waypoints 001 to 009). The beds are gently inclined in multiple anticlines and synclines throughout this area.

Exposures at waypoint 001 consist of thin-bedded, light weathering limestone full of brachiopods to massive grey limestone with interbeds of lighter coloured material (Plate 3). The grainstones and packstones generally have poorly preserved fossils that show predepositional erosion (Plate 4). The lime mudstones and wackestones have sparse fossils that are well preserved. There are abundant brachiopods, one pocket of nautiloids, occasional stromatoporoids (Plate 5), rare large snails (Plate 6) and occasional concentrations of crinoid ossicles.

Exposures at waypoints 002 to 004 are on the south limb of a syncline, and the exposure at 005 is on the north limb of the same syncline. The same beds appear to be exposed on both sides of the syncline. A laterally persistent stromatoporoid horizon is the prominent horizon in this area. The

Results 22

stromatoporoids are large, columnar and situated perpendicular to bedding in near life position. They are always in or closely associated with a brachiopod grainstone (Plate 7). This positioning suggests that the stromatoporoid reef grew after deposition of the brachiopod layer. The brachiopod layer is a death horizon as indicated by the articulated valves. Occasional nautiloids are found in the lime mudstones above this stromatoporoid-brachiopod layer (Plate 8). The mudstone also has large bivalves and yielded the only in situ piece of fish material (Plate 9). The thin-bedded limestone beds above the lime mudstone are more recessive units and contain a poorly preserved shell hash (wackestone to grainstone, mostly of disarticulated brachiopod shells).

Exposures at waypoints 006 to 009 have the same facies as those to the south. There is a laterally continuous stromatoporoid-brachiopod layer through this area, but the brachiopod layer sits near the top of the stromatoporoids, rather than at the base (Plate 10). This suggests drowning of the stromatoporoid reef in lime mud, which was colonized by brachiopods. This brachiopod layer is also a death horizon as the shells are articulated (Plate 11). There is a shell hash layer at the base (wackestone to grainstone) with broken, disarticulated shells and occasional burrow infills. A lime mudstone overlies the stromatoporoid-brachiopod layer and contains occasional large brachiopods, nautiloids, large gastropods and winged bivalves.

Geologic Interpretation

Geological cross sections developed by Knox (2005) suggest that exposures at waypoints 001 to 005 comprise Unit M II and exposures at waypoints 006 to 009 comprise Unit M IV. After viewing the geological cores and comparing lithology, the conclusion reached is that all exposures on the west side of the Athabasca River in the southern Project area comprise Unit M II. This is based on the occurrence of the stromatoporoid layer throughout these exposures. In the cores, stromatoporoids only occur in Unit M II.

Results 23

NORTHERN PROJECT AREA

The northern LSA has low lying banks along the west side of the Athabasca River, and steep banks with bedrock exposures along the east side (Plate 12). The traverse through this area covered waypoints 010 to 015 on the east side of the Athabasca River.

Waterways Formation bedrock through this area consists of two closely spaced resistant beds, capped in a thin-bedded, nodular, shaley limestone sequence (Plate 13). The resistant beds are made up of a pure limestone with very little clastic matter. They are a wackestone to packstone, with fossils consisting mainly of brachiopods and crinoid ossicles. Preservation is unusually good in these beds and the brachiopod Eostrophalosia pedderi is preserved with spines intact (Plate 14) and the brachiopod Maclarenella maculosa is preserved showing its original colour pattern (Plate 15).

The shaley limestone sequence has occasional stringers of pure limestone near waypoint 011 that are not observed to the south. These stringers are a packstone to grainstone made up mainly of brachiopods (Strophodonta) showing predepositional erosion in a high energy environment (Plate 16). Between waypoints 012 and 013, thin limestone stringers contain grainstones of brachiopod death layers that are well preserved. The layers are monotypic with rhynchonellid brachiopods of Ladogioides (Plate 17) in one layer and Platyterorhynchus (Plate 18) in another layer.

Geologic Interpretation

Based on examination of the cores and drill logs (Knox 2005), the resistant limestone bands are interpreted as Unit M IV. The overlying nodular shaley limestone sequence is interpreted as Unit M V, which has a limited areal extent in the Project area.

Results 24

DRILL CORE ANALYSIS

Units M I to M IV of the Moberly Member were examined in the drill cores from the winter 2006/2007 drilling program.

UNIT M I

Unit M I is a lime mudstone (marl) with shaley partings. There are occasional burrowed zones and some zones of interclast material. It is sparsely fossiliferous with rare brachiopods and crinoids. There is a persistent fossiliferous horizon near the M I – M II contact in most cores that contains abundant gastropods (Plate 19).

UNIT M II

Unit M II is the most fossiliferous horizon. It has a crystalline texture with occasional burrow-mottled intervals. There is a stromatoporoid zone developed in all cores, which is sometimes a boundstone (Plate 20). Brachiopod shells and crinoid ossicles are common.

UNIT M III

Unit M III is sparsely fossiliferous shale. A single articulated brachiopod was observed in one core (Plate 21), and a thin brachiopod/crinoid layer in another core that had less argillaceous content.

UNIT M IV

Unit M IV is a highly fossiliferous unit. It contains intervals of burrow mottled limestone, layers of peloids, layers of disarticulated brachiopods, occasional articulated segments of crinoid stems, and occasional layers of articulated brachiopods (Plate 22). A small fragment of vertebrate bone, likely fish, was also observed in one core (Plate 23) and a cross section through a nautiloid shell in another (Plate 24)

Results 25

HERITAGE VALUE OF FOSSILIFEROUS HORIZONS

There are three fossiliferous intervals of interest (Table 4):

• stromatoporoid-brachiopod layer plus overlying beds of Unit M II

• bioclastic wackestone to packstone beds of Unit M IV

• brachiopod death horizons in the nodular shaley limestone sequence of Unit M V

Table 4 Heritage Value of Moberly Member Stratigraphic Units

Unit Heritage Fossils Value

M V 6.3 – medium Occasional brachiopod death horizons

M IV 8.4 – high Well preserved brachiopods, including preserved spines and colour patterns, rare fish

M III low Very rare brachiopods, crinoid ossicles

M II 8.9 – high Fish, brachiopods, nautiloids, snails, and crinoid ossicles and short stem segments

M I 3.3 – low Rare brachiopods, crinoid ossicles; persistent gastropod layer at M I – M II interface

The stromatoporoid-brachiopod layer of Unit M II is a highly fossiliferous reef interval. Most of the species are common; however, the fish material is unique and these are the first recognized vertebrate specimens from the Waterways Formation (Plate 24). Three specimens were found at three different localities, indicating that the material is widespread in this unit. The fish fossils are Devonian in age, which was the time of diversification of fish and a key period in the evolution of these early vertebrates. The presence of these new fish specimens makes the heritage value of this interval high; however, most of the invertebrate fossils have a low heritage value.

The resistant limestone beds and shaley limestone unit of Unit M IV have overall better preservation of fossils than most of Unit M II. No new taxa were found at this location, other than the fragment of fish bone observed in one core sample. According to Stehli (1955), the waypoint 010 area is the type

Results 26

locality2 for Maclarenella maculosa, a brachiopod with preserved colour markings (Plate 25). There are two other localities recorded, so this is not a unique site but it is an unusual horizon. Colour patterns are rarely preserved in brachiopods, making this horizon special. The exceptional preservation combined with the rare fish material give this horizon a high heritage value. Overall, most of the taxa are common and individually have a low heritage value.

Brachiopod death layers of Unit M V are also unusual and can provide information on growth habit and distribution that is not typically recorded in the fossil record. The rhynchonellid brachiopods in these layers have been recorded in the Waterways Formation before, but not previously from the Fort McMurray area. The preservation in this horizon strongly influences the heritage value resulting in a value of medium.

PROJECT SPECIFIC EFFECTS

EFFECTS SUMMARY

NATURE OF EFFECTS

The Project will mine fossiliferous limestone layers within which fossils will be destroyed when the rock is crushed and processed. Most of the fossils are invertebrates, which are relatively common fossils and individual specimens are typically not unique. This is in contrast to vertebrate fossils, which are rare

2 This type locality is outside the Project area and will not be disturbed.

Results 27

by comparison and individual specimens can provide unique information about the species.

Fossils are not evenly distributed or consistently well preserved throughout a geological unit. As the particular depositional environment or facies changes laterally within a unit, the species content and preservation varies. The field surveys have shown that there are fossils of high heritage value within the Project area, but their distribution outside of this area is poorly known. Because of preservational differences and the lack of adequate regional data, it is assumed that the quality of preservation and species content of the fossil assemblages within the Project area will not be duplicated anywhere else.

Some of the invertebrate species from the lower Moberly Member have not previously been scientifically described, in particular, the bivalves, gastropods and nautiloids. Although brachiopods from the Waterways Formation have been described, a comprehensive study of the brachiopods from the lower Moberly Member has not been completed.

Without mitigation, negative effects on palaeontological resources are expected.

DELINEATION OF PROJECT EFFECTS

Only certain layers of the Moberly Member have any palaeontological concerns. The shale Units M I and M III are sparsely fossiliferous and no effects on palaeontological resources of high heritage value are expected by mining these intervals. The limestone layers are abundantly fossiliferous. The field surveys found fish material in Unit M II, exceptionally preserved brachiopods in Unit M IV, and unusual brachiopod death layers in Unit M V. The core analysis found a single fragment of fish bone in Unit M IV. Based on information available to date, it is likely that mining will encounter additional fish fossils and pockets of exceptionally preserved invertebrates. Without mitigation, it is expected that Project effects on palaeontological resources of high heritage value will occur.

Results 28

The results of the winter 2006/2007 drilling program indicate that:

• Unit M II extends across the entire Project area.

• Unit M IV has been partly removed by erosion. It was intersected in 10 of the 14 drill holes and forms the bedrock surface in most places. It has been removed by a narrow paleo-river channel that extends approximately lengthwise down the central portion of the Project area (Knox 2005). It is also absent near the edge of the Athabasca River in the south where the upper portion of the southwestward dipping beds has been removed.

• Unit M V was encountered in only one drill hole (FMM-04-09) in the central part of the Project area (SW-19-90-9 W4M).

Additional drilling programs may provide more coverage over the Project area and it may be possible to generate isopach maps of Units M II, M IV and M V to assist in management planning of effects.

CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

The Waterways Formation is an extensive unit with discontinuous surface exposures throughout the RSA and an area to the north around the Peace River. The Project, in combination with the current Muskeg Valley Quarry and the proposed Hammerstone project, will remove a small part of the overall volume of the Waterways Formation. In terms of removal of a stratigraphic unit, there will be no cumulative effects. No palaeontological information is yet available from the Muskeg Valley Quarry or Hammerstone project and the cumulative loss of palaeontological resources by mining in the Fort McMurray area cannot be evaluated.

MITIGATION

To address the negative Project effects on palaeontological resources, the following mitigation measures are proposed:

Results 29

• formulation of a Discovery Protocol to deal with finding fossils of high heritage value (e.g., fish) during mining, such as setting aside fish fossils before they are processed and crushed

• a sampling program to document the faunal content of new areas/horizons as mining occurs

• occasional site visits by a professional palaeontologist would be beneficial to evaluate the potential of new horizons and areas and to examine fossils set aside by workers

• development of an Education Program for mine workers (see next point)

TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENT KNOWLEDGE

No information on palaeontology was collected during the Traditional Environment Knowledge studies for the Project.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Palaeontology is a science that deals with the fossil record over the past two billion years. It tracks evolutionary changes, mass extinctions, faunal

Results 30

turnovers and speciation events, many of which can be directly linked to climate change. As such, palaeontology views climate change and its resulting effects as natural phenomena.

Minor climate change will not affect palaeontological resources in the LSA. Longer term changes to a hot, dry climate will increase the rate of erosion and could lead to badland development. If this happens, bedrock exposures will increase and more fossils could be exposed at the surface.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Baseline reconnaissance surveys found fossils of medium to high heritage value in Moberly Member exposures along the Athabasca River, including:

• previously unrecorded fish fossils from Unit M II

• exceptionally preserved brachiopods with intact spines and original colour patterns from Unit M IV

• exceptionally preserved brachiopod death horizons from Unit M V

Conclusion and Recommendations 31

Conclusion and Recommendations 32

fossils of high heritage value cannot be identified and collected prior to crushing, some negative Project effects will occur.

• formulation of a Discovery Protocol to deal with finding fossils of high heritage value during mining, for example, collecting fish fossils so that they are not processed and crushed

• a sampling program to document the faunal content of new areas/horizons exposed as mining occurs

• occasional site visits by a professional palaeontologist are recommended to evaluate the potential of newly exposed horizons and areas, sample the fauna, and examine fossils set aside by workers

• development of an Education Program for mine workers (see next point)

References Cited

Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture 2007 Listing of Significant Historical Sites and Areas. Seventh edition. Historic Sites and Cultural Facilities, Alberta Community Development. Edmonton, Alberta.

Alberta Research Council 1974 Surficial Geology, Waterways, NTS 74D. Alberta Research Council. 1:250 000 Map.

Boggs, S. Jr. 1987 Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Merrill Publishing Company: Toronto. Figure 8.11, page 232.

Braun, W.K., A.W. Norris, T.T. Uyeno 1988 Late Givetian to Early Frasnian Biostratigraphy of Western Canada: The Slave Point – Waterways Boundary and Related Events. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14.

Glass, D.J. 1997 Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy. Volume 4. Western Canada. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. Calgary, Alberta.

Graymont Western Canada Inc. and Inland Aggregates Limited 2006 Parsons Creek Resources Project. Public Disclosure Document.

Hysuick, J. 2007 Resource Management Program Assistant. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Email August 23, 2007.

Knox, A.W. 2005 Results of the 2004 Diamond Drill Program on the Mill Permit, Fort McMurray, Alberta. Prepared for Graymont Western Canada Inc. April 2005.

References Cited 33

References Cited 34

McLaren, D.J. 1962 Middle and Early Upper Devonian Rhynchonelloid Brachiopods from Western Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 86.

McLaren, D.J., A.W. Norris and D.C. McGregor 1962 Illustrations of Canadian Fossils Devonian of Western Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 62-4.

McLean, R.A. and J.E. Sorauf 1988 The Distribution of Rugose Corals in Frasnian Outcrop Sequences of North America. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14.

Murray, J.W. 1965 Stratigraphy and carbonate petrology of the Waterways Formation, Judy Creek, Alberta, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 13:303-326.

Norris, A.W. 1963 Devonian Stratigraphy of Northeastern Alberta and Northwestern Saskatchewan. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 313.

Norris, A.W 1983 Brachiopods [Schizophoria, Strophodonta (Strophodonta), Nervostrophia, Eostrophalosia and Devonoproductus] from the Lower Upper Devonian Waterways Formation of northeastern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 350.

Norris, A.W. and T.T. Uyeno 1981 Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Lowermost Upper Devonian Slave Point Formation on Lake Claire and the Lower Upper Devonian Waterways Formation on Birch River, Northeastern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 334.

Norris, A.W. and T.T. Uyeno 1983 Biostratigraphy and Paleontology of Middle-Upper Devonian Boundary Beds, Gypsum Cliffs Area, Northeastern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 313

References Cited 35

Research Council of Alberta 1970 Bedrock Geology of Northern Alberta. Geology by R. Green, G.B. Mellon and M.A. Carrigy. 1:500,000 map.

Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (RTMP) 2007 Heritage Resources Management Information System Internet Site. Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture and Government of Alberta. Available at: http://hermis.cd.gov.ab.ca/rtmp/Default.aspx. Accessed August 22, 2007.

Sheasby, N.M. 1971 Depositional patterns of the Upper Devonian Waterways Formation, Swan Hills area, Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 19:377-404.

Stearn, C.W. 1962 Stromatoporoid Fauna of the Waterways Formation (Devonian) of Northeastern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 92.

Stehli, F.G. 1955 A new Devonian terebratuloid brachiopod with preserved color pattern. Journal of Palaeontology 29(5):868-870.

Uyeno, T.T. 1967 Conodont Zonation, Waterways Formation (Upper Devonian), Northeastern and Central Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 67-30. Uyeno, T.T. 1974 Conodonts of the Waterways Formation (Upper Devonian) of Northeastern and Central Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 232.

APPENDIX A SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

Site Photographs A-1 Site Photographs A-2

Note: View south across the Project area between the Athabasca River and Highway 63.

Plate 1 Project Area

McMurray Formation

Waterways Formation

Note: View to the east of McMurray Formation sandstone overlying the Waterways Formation limestone, east side of the Athabasca River, south of the Project area.

Plate 2 Regional Bedrock Stratigraphy Site Photographs A-3

Note: View to the west at waypoint 001. Successive limestone beds containing abundant brachiopod shell hash are exposed on the west side of the Athabasca River.

Plate 3 Unit M II of the Waterways Formation

Note: Brachiopods are abundant in the limestone at waypoint 001. Predepositional erosion has led to poor preservation of the fossils.

Plate 4 Shell Hash Containing Brachiopods (Waypoint 001) Site Photographs A-4

Note: View to the west. Stromatoporoids occur occasionally in the mudstone and wackestone beds.

Plate 5 Large Stromatoporoid (Waypoint 001)

Note: Fossils of large snails occur in the mudstone and wackestone beds, but are rare.

Plate 6 Large Planispiral Snails (Waypoint 001) Site Photographs A-5

stromatoporoid

Note: View to the west. Stromatoporoid in a brachiopod death layer.

Plate 7 Stromatoporoid-Brachiopod Layer of Unit M II (Waypoint 002)

A B wpt 004 wpt 006b

Note: A Partly disarticulated nautiloid (variety 1). B Mostly complete nautiloid (variety 1).

Plate 8 Nautiloids (Waypoint 004 and 006b) Site Photographs A-6

Note: A) large bivalve cf. Megambonia sp. Norris (1963) B)dark phosphatic fish bone.

Plate 9 Fish Quadrate Bone and Articulated Bivalve (Waypoint 005)

stromatoporoid

brachiopods

Note: The stromatoporoid-brachiopod layer extends throughout the Project area. The brachiopods are situated near the top of the stromatoporoids in this location.

Plate 10 Stromatoporoid-Brachiopod Layer of Unit M II (Waypoint 006) Site Photographs A-7

1 cm

a b

Note: Articulated brachiopods from stromatoporoid-brachiopod layer of Unit M II. All specimens are Atrypa except (a) Athyris and (b) rynchonellid id. Preservation is poor to moderate.

Plate 11 Atrypa Dominated Brachiopod Layer

Note: View to the northeast between waypoints 012 and 013.

Plate 12 Northern Study Area, East Bank of Athabasca River Site Photographs A-8

M V

M IV

Note: View to the east showing shaley limestone overlying resistant beds.

Plate 13 Waterways Formation Units M IV and M V (Waypoint 011)

Note: Specimen preserved with its spines intact in the resistant limestone ledge (Unit M IV).

Plate 14 The Brachiopod Eostrophalosia pedderi (Waypoint 012) Site Photographs A-9

Note: Unusual preserved color pattern on brachiopod shell (Unit M IV).

Plate 15 The Brachiopod Maclarenella maculosa (Waypoint 010)

Note: Brachiopods preserved in limestone showing high predepositional erosion (Unit M IV).

Plate 16 Packstone Stringer (Waypoint 011) Site Photographs A-10

1 cm

Note: Brachiopods from waypoint 012 weathered out of nodular shaley limestone of Unit M V.

Plate 17 Ladogioides Death Layer

1 cm

Note: Brachiopods from waypoint 011 weathered out of nodular shaley limestone of Unit M V.

Plate 18 Platyterorhynchus Death Layer Site Photographs A-11

snail

brachiopods

Note: Cross sections of snails and brachiopods from core FMM-04-06 (southwestern part of Project area).

Plate 19 Snail Horizon near the M I – M II Contact

stromatoporoids

brachiopods crinoids

Note: Cross sections of stromatoporoids, brachiopods and crinoid ossicles from core FMM-04-10 (northern part of Project area).

Plate 20 Stromatoporoid Zone in Unit M II Site Photographs A-12

Note: Cross section of brachiopod Atrypa in core FMM-04-08 (central part of Project area).

Plate 21 Lone Brachiopod in Shale Unit M III

Note: Cross section of brachiopod grainstone to wackestone from core FMM-04-02 (south- central part of Project area).

Plate 22 Articulated Brachiopod Layer in Unit M IV Site Photographs A-13

Note: Cross section of dark phosphatic fish bone fragment (arrow) in crinoid and shell debris layer from core FMM-04-12 (northern part of Project area).

Plate 23 Fish Fossil Fragment from Unit M IV

Note: Cross section of a curved nautiloid (variety 2) from core FMM-04-05 (southeastern part of Project area).

Plate 24 Nautiloid from Unit M IV Site Photographs A-14

1 cm

Note: Maclarenella maculosa (waypoint 010) and a modern clam with colour markings for comparison.

Plate 25 Preserved Colour Patters

1 cm

B C

Note: A partial dentary? B Cleithrum (pectoral girdle) C Quadrate Bone .

Plate 26 Fish Fossils

APPENDIX B FAUNAL LISTS

Faunal Lists B-1 Faunal Lists B-2

Table B-1 Faunal Lists

Locality Phylum Class Order Family Genus /Species Common Name

001 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

Mollusca Bivalvia Praecardioida Praecardiidae ? Panenka sp. Clam

Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 1 (Nautiloidea) 1963)

Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 2 – curved shell (Nautiloidea) 1963)

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Large planispiral snail

Porifera Stromatoporoidea Stromatoporellida Stromatoporellidae Clathrocoilona inconstans Stromatoporoid (probably)

Porifera Stromatoporoidea - - - Stromatoporoid id.

002 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Adolfiidae Allanella allani (McLaren 1962) Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Mucrospiriferidae Eleutherokomma sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Brachiopoda Articulata Strophomenida Strophodontidae Strophodonta sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Strophomenida Strophodontidae ? Strophodonta sp. Brachiopod

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

Mollusca Gastropoda - - Variety 1 Large planispiral snail

Faunal Lists B-3

Table B-1 Faunal Lists

Locality Phylum Class Order Family Genus /Species Common Name

002 (cont’d) Porifera Stromatoporoidea Stromatoporellida Stromatoporellidae Clathrocoilona inconstans Stromatoporoid (probably)

Porifera Stromatoporoidea - - - Stromatoporoid

Vertebrata Osteichthyes - - - Fish

003 Coelenterata Anthozoa - - - Coral

Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Adolfiidae Allanella allani ( McLaren 1962) Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Athyridida Athyrididae Athyris sp. aff. A. vittata var. Brachiopod randalia (McLaren 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Mucrospiriferidae Eleutherokomma sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Brachiopoda Articulata Strophomenida Strophodontidae Strophodonta sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Rhynchonellida Cranaenidae ? Maclarenella maculosa (Stehli Brachiopod 1955)

Mollusca Bivalvia Praecardioida Praecardiidae ? Panenka sp. Clam

Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 1 (Nautiloidea) 1963)

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Large planispiral snail

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Unidentified snail variety 2

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Unidentified snail variety 3

Porifera Stromatoporoidea - - - Stromatoporoid

Faunal Lists B-4

Table B-1 Faunal Lists

Locality Phylum Class Order Family Genus /Species Common Name

004 Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 1 (Subclass : 1963) Nautiloidea)

Vertebrata Osteichthyes - - - Fish

005 Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Adolfiidae Allanella alleni (McLaren 1962) Brachiopod

Bryozoa - - - - Bryozoan

Mollusca Bivalvia Modiomorphoida - cf. Megambonia sp. (Norris 1963) Clam

Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 1 (Nautiloidea) 1963)

Vertebrata Osteichthyes - - - Fish

006 Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Porifera Stromatoporoidea - - - Stromatoporoid

006a Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Pseudoatrypa cf. P. gigantean Brachiopod (Norris and Uyeno 1981)

Brachiopoda Articulata Orthida Schizophoriidae ? Schizophoria sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Adolfiidae Allanella allani (McLaren et. Al. Brachiopod 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Athyridida Athyrididae Athyris sp. aff. A. vittata var. Brachiopod randalia (McLaren 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Mucrospiriferidae Eleutherokomma sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Faunal Lists B-5

Table B-1 Faunal Lists

Locality Phylum Class Order Family Genus /Species Common Name

006a Brachiopoda Articulata Strophomenida Strophodontidae Strophodonta sp. Brachiopod (cont’d) Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Large planispiral snail

Vertebrata Osteichthyes - - - Bony fish

006b Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 1 (Nautiloidea) 1963)

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Large planispiral snail

007 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Adolfiidae Allanella allani (McLaren et. Al. Brachiopod 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Rhynchonellida - - Rhynchonellid brachiopod

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Small snails

Porifera Stromatoporoidea - - - Stromatoporoid

Bryozoa Bryozoa field identification

007a Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety (Nautiloidea) 1963)

008 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Athyridida Athyrididae Athyris sp. aff. A. vittata var. Brachiopod randalia (McLaren 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Mucrospiriferidae Eleutherokomma sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

Faunal Lists B-6

Table B-1 Faunal Lists

Locality Phylum Class Order Family Genus /Species Common Name

008 (cont’d) Mollusca Bivalvia Praecardioida Praecardiidae ? Panenka sp. Clam

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Epibiont snail

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Small snails

Porifera Stromatoporoidea - - - Stromatoporoid

Vertebrata Osteichthyes - - - Bony fish

009 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Mollusca Bivalvia Modiomorphoida - cf. Megambonia sp. (Norris 1963) Clam

Mollusca Bivalvia Praecardioida Praecardiidae ? Panenka sp. Clam

Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 1 (Nautiloidea) 1963)

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Large planispiral snail

Porifera Stromatoporoidea - - - Stromatoporoid

010 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Pseudatrypa cf. P. gigatea Brachiopod (Norris and Uyaro 1991)

Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae ? Pseudatrypa sp. (young Brachiopod individual)

Brachiopoda Articulata Orthida Schizophoriidae ? Schizophoria sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Adolfiidae Allanella allani (McLaren et. Al. Brachiopod 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Athyridida Athyrididae Athyris sp. aff. A. vittata var. Brachiopod randalia (McLaren 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Mucrospiriferidae Eleutherokomma sp. Brachiopod

Faunal Lists B-7

Table B-1 Faunal Lists

Locality Phylum Class Order Family Genus /Species Common Name

010 (cont’d) Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Brachiopoda Articulata Terebratulida Cranaenidae Maclarenella macculosa (Stehli Brachiopod 1955)

Brachiopoda Articulata Terebratulida - - Brachiopod

Brachiopoda - - - - Brachiopod

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

Mollusca Bivalvia - - - Bivalve

Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 3 (Nautiloidea) 1963)

Mollusca Gastropoda - - - Snail

010a Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Pseudatrypa cf. P. gigatea Brachiopod (Norris and Uyaro 1991)

Brachiopoda Articulata Strophomenida Strophodontidae Strophodonta sp Brachiopod

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

010b Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Pseudatrypa cf. P. gigatea Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Adolfiidae Allanella allani (McLaren et. Al. Brachiopod 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Athyridida Athyrididae Athyris sp. aff. A. vittata var. Brachiopod randalia (McLaren 1962)

Brachiopoda Articulata Spiriferida Mucrospiriferidae Eleutherokomma sp. Brachiopod

Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

Faunal Lists B-8

Table B-1 Faunal Lists

Locality Phylum Class Order Family Genus /Species Common Name

010b Brachiopoda Articulata Terebratulida Cranaenidae Maclarenella macculosa (Stehli Brachiopod (cont’d) 1955)

Brachiopoda Articulata Rhynchonellida - - Brachiopod

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Se a lily

011 Brachiopoda Articulata Rhynchonellida Leiorhynchidae Platyterorhynchus cf. P. russelli Brachiopod (Norris and Uyeno 1983)

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

Brachiopoda Articulata Rhynchonellida Yunnanellidae Ladogioides cf L. pax (Norris and Brachiopod Uyeno 1983)

011a Brachiopoda Articulata Rhynchonellida Leiorhynchidae Platyterorhynchus cf. P. russelli Brachiopod (Norris and Uyeno 1983)

Echinodermata Crinoidea - - - Sea lily

Mollusca Unknown Tentaculitida - Tentaculites sp. Small shelly fossil

012 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Pseudatrypa cf. P. gigatea Brachiopod (Norris and Uyaro 1991)

Brachiopoda Articulata Rhynchonellida Yunnanellidae Ladogioides cf L. pax (Norris and Brachiopod Uyeno 1983)

Brachiopoda Articulata Productida Araksalosiidae Eostrophalosia cf. E. pedderi Brachiopod (Norris 1983)

013 Brachiopoda Articulata Atrypida Atrypidae Atrypa sp. Brachiopod

Mollusca Cephalopoda Oncocerida - cf. Gomphoceras sp. (after Norris Nautiloid variety 1 (Nautiloidea) 1963)

014 No fossils recorded.

015 No fossils recorded.

APPENDIX C TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF CARBONATE ROCKS

Textural Classification of Carbonate Rocks C-1 Textural Classification of Carbonate Rocks C-2

Table C-1 Classification of Carbonate Rocks on the Basis of Depositional Texture

DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE NOT DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE RECOGNIZABLE RECOGNIZABLE

Original components not bound together during deposition Original components were bound together CRYSTALLINE during deposition as CARBONATE Contains mud shown by intergrown (particles of clay and fine silt size) skeletal matter, lamination contrary to

Lacks mud and gravity, or sediment- Mud-supported is grain- floored cavities are Grain- supported roofed over by organic Less than More than 10% supported or questionably (Subdivide 10% grains grains organic matter and according to classifications are too large to be interstices. designed to bear on MUDSTONE WACKESTONE PACKSTONE GRAINSTONE physical texture or diagenesis.)

BOUNDSTONE

Source: From Boggs (1987)