DOCSLIB.ORG

CR #15 Palaeontological Impact Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CR #15 Palaeontological Impact Assessment PALAEONTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Graymont Western Canada Inc. Parsons Creek Resources Project Township 90, Range 9, W4M Permit Number Bohach-2007-05 FMA1646.PL07 Prepared For Graymont Western Canada Inc. #200, 10991 Shellbridge Way Richmond, British Columbia On Behalf Of Millennium EMS Solutions Ltd. 208, 4207-98th Street Edmonton, Alberta Prepared By FMA Heritage Resources Consultants Inc. 200, 1719-10th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta July 2008 Executive Summary The proposed Parsons Creek Resources Project (the Project) was assessed for potential impacts to palaeontological resources by field surveys on August 14 to 15, 2007 and examination of the drill cores on October 16, 2007. The Project is a limestone mine and processing facility located along the north boundary of the City of Fort McMurray, mainly within Township 90, Range 9, West of the Fourth Meridian. The Project is situated on relatively flat ground within the Athabasca River valley. It will mine limestone of Devonian age from the Moberly Member of the Waterways Formation. The Moberly Member contains fossiliferous limestone layers and the fossils within these layers will be destroyed when the rock is crushed and processed. Most of the fossils are invertebrates, which are relatively common fossils and individual specimens are typically not unique. This is in contrast to vertebrate fossils, which are rare by comparison and each specimen can provide unique information about the species. Baseline reconnaissance surveys found fossils of medium to high heritage value in exposures along the Athabasca River, including: • previously unrecorded fish fossils from Unit M II • exceptionally preserved brachiopods with intact spines and original colour patterns from Unit M IV • exceptionally preserved brachiopod death horizons from Unit M V Executive Summary i Executive Summary ii Without mitigation, negative effects on palaeontological resources are expected. Although the Waterways Formation is a widespread geological unit, natural variations in preservation and species content of the fossil assemblages within the Project area will not necessarily be duplicated anywhere else. Some of the invertebrates (e.g., bivalves, gastropods and nautiloids) recovered to date have not previously been scientifically described. Project effects on palaeontological resources can occur throughout the life of the mine (Application Case) and will be limited to the mine area (local extent). These effects are irreversible. Fossils will continuously be crushed, but most will be fossils of low heritage value resulting in effects of low to moderate magnitude. With mitigation, the Project will have positive effects on palaeontological resources as it is expected to recover fossils of high heritage value that are unlikely to otherwise be discovered. However, because all fossils of high heritage value cannot be identified and collected prior to crushing, some negative Project effects will occur. Relative to the volume of fossiliferous limestone that will be lost to mining in the Fort McMurray area and the total volume of limestone that occurs in the Waterways Formation, only a small percentage of the overall volume will be lost. In terms of removal of a stratigraphic unit, there are no known cumulative effects. There is no palaeontological data available yet from other mining projects to determine if there will be a cumulative loss of palaeontological resources. No traditional knowledge for palaeontological resources was collected for the Project. Climate change is not expected to affect palaeontological resources. To address the adverse Project effects on palaeontological resources, the following mitigation measures are proposed. These recommendations will be reviewed by the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology who, in conjunction with Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture, will determine what palaeontological mitigation is required for the Project. Executive Summary iii Management Plan: The Project is a large-scale development where ground disturbance will occur over a large area for an extended period of time. Fossils of high heritage value, such as fish and exceptionally preserved invertebrates, are likely to be discovered. A Management Plan to address these finds is recommended, including: • formulation of a Discovery Protocol to deal with finding fossils of high heritage value during mining, for example, collecting fish fossils so that they are not processed and crushed • a sampling program to document the faunal content of new areas/horizons exposed as mining occurs • occasional site visits by a professional palaeontologist are recommended to evaluate the potential of newly exposed horizons and areas, sample the fauna, and examine fossils set aside by workers • development of an Education Program for mine workers (see next point) Education Program: The Project provides the opportunity to recover fossils from horizons that are unlikely to ever be naturally exposed at the earth’s surface. The most effective way to recover the fossils of high heritage value is to teach the mine workers what to look for. An Education Program would establish the importance of saving these fossils and outline the procedures to follow. Project Personnel PERMIT HOLDER : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D. FIELD PERSONNEL : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D. Tara Janes, B.Sc. GIS ANALYST : Keith Wilford, B.A. REPORT AUTHOR : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D. FOSSIL IDENTIFICATION : Lisa Bohach, Ph.D. Emily Frampton, M.Sc. Project Personnel iv Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................. i Project Personnel ................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................... v List of Figures ....................................................................................... vii List of Plates ......................................................................................... viii List of Tables ........................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................... 4 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY ............................... 6 WATERWAYS FORMATION .................................................................. 6 MOBERLY MEMBER........................................................................ 9 CHRISTINA MEMBER .................................................................... 12 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY ........................................................................ 13 METHODS..................................................................................................... 14 SCREENING ......................................................................................... 14 STUDY AREAS ..................................................................................... 15 LOCAL STUDY AREA .................................................................... 15 REGIONAL STUDY AREA ............................................................. 15 FIELD STUDIES ................................................................................... 15 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 18 RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 21 FIELD SURVEYS .................................................................................. 21 SOUTHERN PROJECT AREA ....................................................... 21 NORTHERN PROJECT AREA ....................................................... 23 DRILL CORE ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 24 UNIT M I ......................................................................................... 24 UNIT M II ........................................................................................ 24 UNIT M III ....................................................................................... 24 UNIT M IV ....................................................................................... 24 HERITAGE VALUE OF FOSSILIFEROUS HORIZONS ....................... 25 PROJECT SPECIFIC EFFECTS .......................................................... 26 EFFECTS SUMMARY .................................................................... 26 NATURE OF EFFECTS .................................................................. 26 Table of Contents v Table of Contents vi DELINEATION OF PROJECT EFFECTS ....................................... 27 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS...................................................................... 28 MITIGATION ......................................................................................... 28 TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENT KNOWLEDGE ................................... 29 CLIMATE CHANGE .............................................................................. 29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 31 References Cited ................................................................................. 33 Appendix A Site Photographs ............................................................ A-1 Appendix B Faunal Lists .................................................................... B-1 Appendix C Textural Classification of Carbonate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Early Paleozoic Life & Extinctions (Part 1)
    NJU Course Extinctions: Past, Present & Future Prof. Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University Extinctions: Past, Present & Future Extinctions: Past, Present & Future Course Syllabus (Revised) Section Week Title Introduction 1 Course Introduction, Intro. To Extinction Introduction 2 History of Extinction Studies Introduction 3 Evolution, Fossils, Time & Extinction Precambrian Extinctions 4 Origin of Life & Precambrian Extionctions Paleozoic Extinctions 5 Early Paleozoic World & Extinctions Paleozoic Extinctions 6 Middle Paleozoic World & Extinctions Paleozoic Extinctions 7 Late Paleozoic World & Extinctions Assessment 8 Mid-Term Examination Mesozoic Extinctions 9 Triassic-Jurassic World & Extinctions Mesozoic Extinctions 10 Labor Day Holiday Cenozoic Extinctions 11 Cretaceous World & Extinctions Cenozoic Extinctions 12 Paleogene World & Extinctions Cenozoic Extinctions 13 Neogene World & Extinctions Modern Extinctions 14 Quaternary World & Extinctions Modern Extinctions 15 Modern World: Floras, Faunas & Environment Modern Extinctions 16 Modern World: Habitats & Organisms Assessment 17 Final Examination Early Paleozoic World, Life & Extinctions Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University Early Paleozoic World, Life & Extinctions Objectives Understand the structure of the early Paleozoic world in terms of timescales, geography, environ- ments, and organisms. Understand the structure of early Paleozoic extinction events. Understand the major Paleozoic extinction drivers. Understand
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Tiaracrinus from the Latest Emsian of Morocco and Its Phylogeny
    A new species of Tiaracrinus from the latest Emsian of Morocco and its phylogeny CHRISTIAN KLUG, KENNETH DE BAETS, CAROLE JUNE NAGLIK, and JOHNNY WATERS Klug, C., De Baets, K., Naglik, C.J., and Waters, J. 2014. A new species of Tiaracrinus from the latest Emsian of Morocco and its phylogeny. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (1): 135–145. We describe a new species of the unusual crinoid Tiaracrinus, T. jeanlemenni sp. nov. from the latest Emsian of the fa- mous mudmound locality Hamar Laghdad, Morocco. It differs from the previously known species in the higher number of ribs and the vaulted rib-fields, which is corroborated by the comparison of simple quantitative characters and ratios as well as by the results of a cluster analysis and a Principal Component Analysis. Based on the new material and the published specimens, we discuss the phylogeny of the genus and suggest that T. oehlerti and T. moravicus represent the ancestral forms of this small clade. Key words: Crinoidea, mudmounds, phylogeny, morphometry, symmetry, Devonian, Morocco. Christian Klug [[email protected]] and Carole J. Naglik [[email protected]], Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Kenneth De Baets [[email protected]], GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Fachgruppe PaläoUmwelt, Universität Erlan- gen, Loewenichstr. 28, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; Johnny Waters [[email protected]], Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32067, Boone, NC 28608-2067, USA. Received 30 November 2011, accepted 4 June 2012, available online 6 June 2012. Copyright © 2014 C. Klug et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Nautiloid Shell Morphology
    MEMOIR 13 Nautiloid Shell Morphology By ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER STATEBUREAUOFMINESANDMINERALRESOURCES NEWMEXICOINSTITUTEOFMININGANDTECHNOLOGY CAMPUSSTATION SOCORRO, NEWMEXICO MEMOIR 13 Nautiloid Shell Morphology By ROUSSEAU H. FLOIVER 1964 STATEBUREAUOFMINESANDMINERALRESOURCES NEWMEXICOINSTITUTEOFMININGANDTECHNOLOGY CAMPUSSTATION SOCORRO, NEWMEXICO NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Alvin J. Thompson, Director THE REGENTS MEMBERS EXOFFICIO THEHONORABLEJACKM.CAMPBELL ................................ Governor of New Mexico LEONARDDELAY() ................................................... Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTEDMEMBERS WILLIAM G. ABBOTT ................................ ................................ ............................... Hobbs EUGENE L. COULSON, M.D ................................................................. Socorro THOMASM.CRAMER ................................ ................................ ................... Carlsbad EVA M. LARRAZOLO (Mrs. Paul F.) ................................................. Albuquerque RICHARDM.ZIMMERLY ................................ ................................ ....... Socorro Published February 1 o, 1964 For Sale by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Campus Station, Socorro, N. Mex.—Price $2.50 Contents Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • Page -  Paleo Lab 06 - the Cambrian Explosion of Life
    page - Paleo Lab 06 - The Cambrian Explosion of Life An Introduction to Index Fossils CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY Geologists follow the lead of biologists in the classification and naming of organisms (taxonomy after taxon = name). Since its introduction early in the 18th century, the system devised by Linnaeus has been used to categorize organisms and to affix a formal name to each species. Major classification categories or groupings are listed below on the left with an example using the species of the common house cat to show how the system may be used: KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Felidae GENUS Felis SPECIES domestica The basic unit of the system is the species, and each category above it includes the divisions below. A two part (binomial) formal designation for each species, following the scheme of Linnaeus, is composed of the capitalized name of the genus (plural = genera) followed by the uncapitalized name of the species (plural = species). Note that the binomial is printed in a special way (italics) to distinguish it. After at least 5000 years of domestication, man has drawn out of that species such a variety of traits through selection and cross-breeding that it may be more difficult to realize that all such cats belong to the same species than it is to recognize that they share the same genus with the lion (Felis leo), leopard (Felis pardus), jaguar (Felis onca), tiger (Felis tigris), and the cougar or puma (Felis concolor). All wildcats belong to the same genus but are classified in three separate species found in Europe, Africa, and the Americas (the ocelot), Felis sylvestris, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography and Index
    Bulletin No. 203. Series G, Miscellaneous, 23 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES .1). YVALCOTT, DIRECTOR BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX FOR T I-I E Y E A. R 1 9 O 1 BY FRED BOUGHTON "WEEKS WASHINGTON - GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1902 CONTENTS, Page. Letter of transmittal....................................................... 5 Introduction ......... 4 ................................................... 7 List of publications examined ............................................. 9 Bibliography ............................................................ 13 Addenda to bibliographies for previous years............................... 95 Classified key to the index ...........'.......... ............................ 97 Index ..................................................................... 103 LETTER OF TRANSM1TTAL. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Washington, D. 0., July % SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1901, and to request that it be published as a Bulletin of the Survey. Yours respectfully, F. B. WEEKS. Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, director United State* Geological Survey. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, PALEONTOLOGY, PETROLOGY, AND MINERALOGY FOR THE YEAR 1901. By FRED BOUGHTON WEEKS. INTRODUCTION. The preparation and arrangement of the material of the Bibliog­ raphy and Index for 1901 is similar to that adopted for the previous publications.(Bulletins Nos. 130, 135, 146, 149, 156, 162, 172, 188, and 189). Several papers that should have been entered in the pre­ vious bulletins are here recorded, and the date of publication is given with each entry. Bibliography. The bibliography consists of full titles of separate papers, arranged alphabetically by authors' names, an abbreviated reference to the publication in which the paper is printed, and a brief description of the contents, each paper being numbered for index reference.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lochkovian-Pragian Boundary in the Lower Devo~Ian of the Barrandian Area (Czechoslovakia)
    ©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at Jb. Geol. B.-A. ISSN 0016-7800 Band 128 Heft 1 S.9-41 Wien, Mai 1985 The Lochkovian-Pragian Boundary in the Lower Devo~ian of the Barrandian Area (Czechoslovakia) By Ivo CHLUpAC, PAVEL LUKES, FLORENTIN PARIS & HANS PETER SCHÖNLAUB*) With 17 figures, 1 table and 4 plates Tschechoslowakei Barrandium Karnische Alpen Devon Stratigraphische Korrelation Lochkov-Prag-Grenze Tentaculiten Conodonten Graptolithen Chitinozoa Trilobita Brachiopoda Contents Summary, Zusammenfassung . .. 9 1. Introduction..... .. 9 2. Description of sections 10 2.1. Cerna rokle near Kosoi' 10 2.2. Trebotov - Solopysky 13 2.3. Praha - Velka Chuchle (Pi'fdol f) 14 2.4. Cikanka quarry near Praha-Slivenec 17 2.5. Radolfn Valley - Hvizaalka quarry 19 2.6. Oujezdce quarry near Suchomasty 22 3. Stratigraphic significance of some fossil groups in the Lochkovian-Pragian boundary beds of the Barrandian 22 3.1. Dacryoconarid tentaculites (P. LUKES) 22 3.2. Conodonts (H. P. SCHÖNLAUB) 24 3.3. Chitinozoans (F. PARIS) 27 3.4. Graptolites 28 3.5. Trilobites 28 3.6. Brachiopods 29 3.6. Some other groups 29 4. Proposal for a conodont based Lochkovian-Pragian boundary 30 5. Conclusion 30 References 32 Zusammenfassung Summary Im Barrandium Böhmens wurde die Lochkov/Prag-Grenze Six selected sections of the Lochkovian-Pragian boundary des Unterdevons an 6 ausgewählten Profilen in Hinblick auf ih- beds in the Barrandian area of central Bohemia were subject- ren Makro- und Mikrofossilinhalt biostratigraphisch untersucht. ed to investigations of mega- and microfossils. Joint occur- Für Korrelationszwecke sind in erster Linie Dacryoconariden, rence of different stratigraphically important fossil groups, par- Conodonten, Chitinozoen, Trilobiten, Graptolithen und Bra- ticularly dacryoconarid tentaculites, conodonts, chitinozoans, chiopoden geeignet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Devonian Period Was a Time of Rapid Evolution for the Land Plants
    PlantEvolution • Major events in the evolution of land plants – The Devonian Period was a time of rapid evolution for the land plants – the appearance of leaves – and emergence of seeds PaleozoicFauna Evolutionary Faunas The Early Ordovician was a time of adaptive radiation of many faunal groups, following the mass extinction of trilobites and nautiloids at end of Cambrian. Increase in diversity from 150 families -> 400 families •The Paleozoic fauna (or Brachiopod fauna ): articulate brachiopods, stony and lacy bryozoans, stromatoporoids, cephalopods, crinoids and blastoids, starfish, graptolites Important Groupsof Paleozoic Invertebrates • Porifera – Sponges • Cnidaria – Corals (Rugosa and Tabulata) • Bryozoa – Moss animals • Brachiopoda – Lamp shells (Articulata and Inarticulata) • Arthropoda – Trilobites,Crustaceans,Insects • Mollusca – Snails,Bivalves,Cephalopods • Echinoderms– CrinoidsandBlastoids EARLY PALEOZOIC LIFE Unicellular Organisms (Protistans) Foraminifera First appeared in the Cambrian Survive to present Platysolenites, a Cambrian foram Agglutinated form Calcareous skeleton Nanicella – middle to late Devonian Late Frasnian – Eogeinitzina, Eonodosaria Late Famennian - Quasiendothyra EARLY PALEOZOIC LIFE Unicellular Organisms (Protistans) Radiolaria First appeared in the Cambrian, more abundant in mid-Paleozoic Survive to present Have a siliceous skeleton InPaleozoic only Nasselaria. Rockforming role inthe Devonian – radiolarites. E.g. Ponikev Formation Trilobites Still abundant and stratigraphically important. Second and
    [Show full text]
  • Late Cretaceous Rhynchonellida (Brachiopoda) from Bulgaria. I
    GEOLOGICA BALCANICA, 25.3-4, Sofia, August . 1995, p. 35-74 Late Cretaceous Rhynchonellida (Brachiopoda) from Bulgaria. I. Genus Cyclothyris M'C o y N eda M otchurova -Dekova National Museum of Natural History, Sofia 1000 (received 24. 08. 1994; accepted 21. 09. 1994) Heoa MollypoBa-/(eKoBa - IloJOHeMe/IOBble puHXOHeAAUObl (Brachiopoda) uJ EioMapuu. / . PoiJ Cyclothyris M'Coy. lipaXHono.nbl liBJiliiOTCll o.nHoii HJ caMbiX pacnpocTpaHeHHbiX lfloccHJibH'biX rpynn cpe,nH nOJ,nHeMeJIOBOH MaKpolflayHbl Ha TeppHTOpHH DOJirapHH. C 3TOH CTaTbH Ha'IHHaeTCll cepHll naneoHTonoruqecrilx onucaHuii npe.ncnsuTeneii OTpll.na Rhynchonellida. 3.necL npe.ncnsneHbl pe­ JYJILTaTbl .neTanbHbiX TaKCOHOMH'IeCKHX uccne.nosaHHii ceMH su.nos po.na Cyclothyris M'Coy HJ ceHo­ MaHcKoro, caHTOHCKoro u KaMnaHcKoro llpycos lionrapuu. C.nenaH JIHTepaTypHblii o6Jop u o6cToli­ TeJILHO AHCKYTHPYfOTCll o6'beM H rpaHHI{bl HJMeH'fHBOCTH po.na Cyclothyris. llpe.nnoJICeHo 6onee lliH­ poKo nOHHMaHHe 06'beMa 3TOfO po.na, no.n.nepliCHBall CTaHOBHille aBTOpOB, paCCMaTpHBaiOillHX Lamel/aerhynchia KaK MJia)llllero CHHOHHMa Cyclothyris. lhy'lall BHyTpeHHIOIO MoplflonoruJO noJ.nHe­ MeJIOBbiX pHHXOHeJIJIHJl BnepBble B DOJirapHH npHMeHlleTCll MeTOJl cepHHHbiX npepeJOB. 3THM cnoco- 60M ycTaHOBJieHbl rpaHHI..\bl BHYTPHBHJlOBoii HJMeH'IHBOCTH B cny'fal!X HaJIH'fHll npe.ncTaBHTeJILHoro KOJIHlfeCTBa MaTepHana. fipeJlCTaBJieHbl .naHHble 06 3KOJIOfHH HCCJie)lOBaHHbiX pHHXOHeJIJIHJl H MHK­ pOCTpyKrypa paKOBHH JlByx BHJlOB. Abstract. Brachiopods are one of the most widespread fossil groups among the Late Cretaceous macrofauna in Northern Bulgaria. This article is the first from a series of palaeontological descriptions of the Rhynchonellida representatives. The results from detailed taxonomic studies of seven species of the genus Cyclothyris M'Coy from the Cenomanian, Santonian and Campanian are presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Paleoecology of Marine Faunas In
    OLD G The Geological Society of America Special Paper 545 OPEN ACCESS Quantitative paleoecology of marine faunas in the lower Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian, central New York): Significance for probing models of long-term community stability Cathryn R. Newton* Willis B. Newman† James C. Brower† Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1070, USA ABSTRACT Beautifully fossiliferous strata in the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian, central New York) constitute a rich “ecological archive” sufficient to probe and test founda- tional concepts in paleontology. The evident community stability of Hamilton fau- nas over 4–6 m.y.—including two proposed mechanisms for coordinated stasis—has ignited controversy. Resolving community structure and both taxonomic and ecologi- cal temporal persistence within the Hamilton Group thus becomes critical to testing whether these Hamilton communities are stable and whether they are ecologically “locked.” Toward this end, we conducted multivariate analyses (cluster and corre- spondence analysis) of marine faunas in 81 large samples (~300 specimens each) in shallowing-upward sequences of the Cardiff and Pecksport Members (Marcellus Subgroup, Oatka Creek Formation) of the Hamilton Group. Eight statistically and ecologically distinctive benthic communities charac- terize the vertical gradient, from depauperate, deeper-water dark shales below to species-rich shelf siltstones above. These communities correlate strongly with grain size, bioturbation intensity, bedding thickness, density of fossils, and fau- nal and ecological diversity. Species richness varies inversely with weight percent organic matter. We characterized taxonomic distributions using multivariate sta- tistics; these statistical analyses were based on percentages of 50 taxa. In order of decreasing depth, the communities are: Cephalopod-Pterochaenia, Pterochaenia- Eumetabolotoechia, Eumetabolotoechia, Emanuella, Eumetabolotoechia-Ambocoelia, Arcuaminetes- Eumetabolotoechia, Arcuaminetes-Ambocoelia , and Mucrospirifer- Ambocoelia.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5. Paleozoic Invertebrate Paleontology of Grand Canyon National Park
    Chapter 5. Paleozoic Invertebrate Paleontology of Grand Canyon National Park By Linda Sue Lassiter1, Justin S. Tweet2, Frederick A. Sundberg3, John R. Foster4, and P. J. Bergman5 1Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences Flagstaff, Arizona 2National Park Service 9149 79th Street S. Cottage Grove, Minnesota 55016 3Museum of Northern Arizona Research Associate Flagstaff, Arizona 4Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum Vernal, Utah 5Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona Introduction As impressive as the Grand Canyon is to any observer from the rim, the river, or even from space, these cliffs and slopes are much more than an array of colors above the serpentine majesty of the Colorado River. The erosive forces of the Colorado River and feeder streams took millions of years to carve more than 290 million years of Paleozoic Era rocks. These exposures of Paleozoic Era sediments constitute 85% of the almost 5,000 km2 (1,903 mi2) of the Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) and reveal important chronologic information on marine paleoecologies of the past. This expanse of both spatial and temporal coverage is unrivaled anywhere else on our planet. While many visitors stand on the rim and peer down into the abyss of the carved canyon depths, few realize that they are also staring at the history of life from almost 520 million years ago (Ma) where the Paleozoic rocks cover the great unconformity (Karlstrom et al. 2018) to 270 Ma at the top (Sorauf and Billingsley 1991). The Paleozoic rocks visible from the South Rim Visitors Center, are mostly from marine and some fluvial sediment deposits (Figure 5-1).
    [Show full text]
  • Apertural Constrictions in Some Oncocerid Cephalopods
    Apertural constrictions in some oncocerid cephalopods SVEN STRIDSBERG Stridsberg, Sven 1981 12 15: Apertural constrictions in some oncocerid cephalopods. Lethaia, Vol. 14, IETHAIA pp. 269-276. Oslo. ISSN 0024-1 164. In some oncocerid cephalopods the shape of the aperture, siphuncle and the general outline of the shell have long served as generic characters. The aperture is mostly elaborated into a certain number of sinuses which take their final shape only in the adult. Therefore, knowledge of the relative age of the animal is required. The last chamber may serve as an indicator of age. A last chamber smaller than the second last indicates a mature specimen. This is because continued growth would have caused the death of the animal as the buoyancy turned negative. Moreover, it is of great importance to study the growth lines along the peristome to observe whether growth has ceased or not. Growth variations have been compared with growth stages. Furthermore, a constricted or contracted aperture can only be determined on specimens with the shell still preserved. Functional parallels are drawn between the Aprychopsis operculum and the restricted aperture. 0 Cephalopoda, Oncorerida. aperture, ontogeny, growth lines, functional morphologv, Aptychopsis. Silurian,Gotland. Sven Stridsberg, Geologkka Institutionen, Siilvegatan 13, S-223 62 Lund. Sweden: 16th January. 1981. Two families within the oncocerid cephalopods, whether a certain specimen is adult or not. The namely the Hemiphragmoceratidae and the problem is to decide which character or charac- Trimeroceratidae, have a very complex aper- ters we can use to determine adulthood. As there ture, consisting of a varying number of sinuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Palaeontology
    BGYCT-137 STRATIGRAPHY AND Indira Gandhi National Open University PALAEONTOLOGY School of Sciences Block 4 INVERTEBRATE PALAEONTOLOGY UNIT 13 Brachiopods and Corals 93 UNIT 14 Molluscs – Bivalves and Gastropods 111 UNIT 15 Molluscs – Cephalopods 131 UNIT 16 Trilobites and Echinoderms 151 Glossary 171 87 Course Design Committee Prof. Vijayshri Prof. M. A. Malik (Retd.) Prof. K. R. Hari Former Director Department of Geology School of Studies in Geology & School of Sciences University of Jammu Water Resources Management IGNOU, New Delhi Jammu, J & K Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Prof. V. K. Verma (Retd.) Prof. D. C. Srivastava Raipur, Chhattisgarh Department of Geology Department of Earth Science Prof. S.J. Sangode University of Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Department of Geology Delhi Roorkee, Uttarkhand Savitribai Phule Pune University Late Prof. Pramendra Dev Prof. L. S. Chamyal Pune, Maharashtra School of Studies in Earth Sciences Department of Geology Dr. K. Anbarasu Vikram University M.S.University of Baroda Department of Geology Ujjain, MP Vadodara, Gujarat National College Prof. P. Madhusudhana Reddy Prof. H. B. Srivastava Tiruchirapalli, Tamilnadu Department of Geology Centre of Advanced Study in Geology Faculty of Geology Discipline Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University Banaras Hindu University School of Sciences, IGNOU Hyderabad Varanasi, UP Prof. Meenal Mishra Late Prof. G. Vallinayagam Prof. Arun Kumar Prof. Benidhar Deshmukh Department of Geology Department of Earth Sciences Kurukshetra University Manipur University Dr. M. Prashanth Kurukshetra, Haryana Imphal, Manipur Dr. Kakoli Gogoi Prof. J. P. Shrivastava (Retd.) Prof. (Mrs.) Madhumita Das Dr. Omkar Verma Centre of Advanced Study in Geology Department of Geology University of Delhi, Delhi Utkal University Bhubaneshwar, Odisha Block Preparation Team Course Contributor Content Editor Language Editor Dr.
    [Show full text]