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TA 7: Human Exploration Destination Systems NASA Technology Roadmaps TA 7: Human Exploration Destination Systems The 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps have been replaced with the 2020 NASA Technology Taxonomy and the NASA Strategic Technology Integration Framework. Note: The 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps will be archived and remain accessible via their current Internet address as well as via the new 2020 NASA Technology Taxonomy Internet page. Please visit https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/home/taxonomy to see the Taxonomy. July 2015 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps July 2015 TA 7: Human Exploration Destination Systems Foreword NASA is leading the way with a balanced program of space exploration, aeronautics, and science research. Success in executing NASA’s ambitious aeronautics activities and space missions requires solutions to difficult technical challenges that build on proven capabilities and require the development of new capabilities. These new capabilities arise from the development of novel cutting-edge technologies. The promising new technology candidates that will help NASA achieve our extraordinary missions are identified in our Technology Roadmaps. The roadmaps are a set of documents that consider a wide range of needed technology candidates and development pathways for the next 20 years. The roadmaps are a foundational element of the Strategic Technology Investment Plan (STIP), an actionable plan that lays out the strategy for developing those technologies essential to the pursuit of NASA’s mission and achievement of National goals. The STIP provides prioritization of the technology candidates within the roadmaps and guiding principles for technology investment. The recommendations provided by the National Research Council heavily influence NASA’s technology prioritization. NASA’s technology investments are tracked and analyzed in TechPort, a web-based software system that serves as NASA’s integrated technology data source and decision support tool. Together, the roadmaps, the STIP, and TechPort provide NASA the ability to manage the technology portfolio in a new way, aligning mission directorate technology investments to minimize duplication, and lower cost while providing critical capabilities that support missions, commercial industry, and longer-term National needs. The 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps are comprised of 16 sections: The Introduction, Crosscutting Technologies, and Index; and 15 distinct Technology Area (TA) roadmaps. Crosscutting technology areas, such as, but not limited to, avionics, autonomy, information technology, radiation, and space weather span across multiple sections. The introduction provides a description of the crosscutting technologies, and a list of the technology candidates in each section. TA 7 - 2 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps July 2015 TA 7: Human Exploration Destination Systems Table of Contents Executive Summary . 7-4 Introduction . 7-11 7.1 In-Situ Resource Utilization . 7-12 7.2 Sustainability and Supportability . 7-12 7.3 Human Mobility Systems. 7-12 7.4 Habitat Systems .........................................................7-13 7.5 Mission Operations and Safety . 7-14 7.6 Cross-Cutting Systems ....................................................7-14 TA 7 .1: In-Situ Resource Utilization . 7-15 Sub-Goals ................................................................7-15 TA 7 .2: Sustainability and Supportability . 7-25 Sub-Goals . 7-25 TA 7 .3: Human Mobility Systems . 7-33 Sub-Goals ................................................................7-33 TA 7 .4: Habitat Systems . 7-38 Sub-Goals . 7-38 TA 7 .5: Mission Operations and Safety . 7-45 Sub-Goals . 7-45 TA 7 .6: Cross-Cutting Systems . 7-50 Sub-Goals . 7-50 Appendix . 7-57 Acronyms .................................................................7-57 Abbreviations and Units ......................................................7-60 Contributors ................................................................7-62 Technology Candidate Snapshots. 7-64 TA 7 - 3 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps July 2015 TA 7: Human Exploration Destination Systems Executive Summary This is Technology Area (TA) 7: Human Exploration Destination Systems, one of the 16 sections of the 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps. The Roadmaps are a set of documents that consider a wide range of needed technologies and development pathways for the next 20 years (2015-2035). The roadmaps focus on “applied research” and “development” activities. TA 7 Human Exploration Destination Systems, covers the broad range of technology candidates associated with enabling successful human activities in space, from missions operations to in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). The TA 7 Human Exploration Destination Systems Technology Area Breakdown Structure (TABS) consist of six Level 2 technology focus areas. They include: 7.1 In-Situ Resource Utilization; 7.2 Sustainability and Supportability; 7.3 Human Mobility Systems; 7.4 Habitat Systems; 7.5 Mission Operations and Safety; and 7.6 Cross-Cutting Systems. The technological goals and challenges that will be required to safely and cost effectively enable human exploration missions of discovery for our nation, the planet, and for the benefit of all humankind are documented. Goals All TA 7 goals relate to sustaining human presence in space, which will require existing systems and vehicles to become more independent, incorporate intelligent autonomous operations, and take advantage of the local resources. Advances must be made in finding, extracting, and processing in-situ resources. The reliability of all mission systems—especially habitation components—must be improved, and all systems must be easier to maintain or repair. Human crews must have more time available for performing core mission activities and spend less time maintaining systems or managing logistics. Crews must also be less reliant on ground operations support and must conduct more training during the mission. Additionally, planetary protection techniques must be developed and refined to protect crews and Earth while preventing contamination.The same is true for mobility systems to efficiently transport humans to exploration areas of interest, as well as integrate effectively with other vehicles systems. Table 1. Summary of Level 2 TAs 7.0 Human Exploration Goals: Sustain human presence in space and provide more time for performing core mission Destination Systems activities, while reducing reliance on Earth. 7.1 In-Situ Resource Utilization Sub-Goals: Leverage in-situ resources to dramatically reduce launch mass and cost of human exploration missions. 7.2 Sustainability and Sub-Goals: Establish a self-sufficient, sustainable, and affordable long-duration human space exploration Supportability program. 7.3 Human Mobility Systems Sub-Goals: Enable humans to safely and efficiently perform work or scientific activities outside their primary spacecraft. 7.4 Habitat Systems Sub-Goals: Develop an autonomously operating spacecraft that promotes crew health and well-being while reducing required crew maintenance and servicing and optimizing resource utilization. 7.5 Mission Operations and Sub-Goals: Manage space missions from the point of launch through the end of the mission for long-duration Safety missions and over long time delays. 7.6 Cross-Cutting Systems Sub-Goals: Manage particulate contamination transported by operations, lander plume ejecta, and larger- scale construction and assembly technologies. TA 7 - 4 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps July 2015 TA 7: Human Exploration Destination Systems Benefits The capabilities and technology candidates defined in TA 7 will collectively improve NASA’s ability to conduct affordable and sustainable human mission operations beyond Earth while opening up commercialization opportunities in low-Earth orbit (LEO) for industrial development, academia, and entertainment space industries. As a unique, human-tended test platform in the space environment, continued operations and missions on the ISS will directly contribute to the knowledge base and spur advances in these areas in the coming decade. Developing long-duration ground test capabilities and either extending ISS operations or using an alternative permanent or semi-permanent in-space facility would facilitate sustained testing and associated advancements into the following decade as well, in preparation for missions beyond LEO. Ground and in-space test beds will be crucial to the development and validation of technologies (including mission operations and automation, human habitation advancements, human mobility tools, and improvments in sustainability) needed for those bold space missions. Benefits include: • Use of in-situ resources that enable and enhance robotic and human missions beyond the traditional mission architectures and launch vehicle capabilities by allowing more payload mass to be dedicated to science or crew. • Improvements in tools for maintenance, self-repair, food systems, and logistics management that reduce crew workload and enhance crew safety. • Mobility systems that enable in-space and planetary exploration such as atmospheric flyers, surface roving, in-space taxis, and extravehicular activity (EVA) or extravehicular robotics (EVR) mobility enable productive science missions and extend human activities. • Advances in systems that enable “intelligent” habitats and evolvable habitat systems, which will reduce transportation mass and volume, and improve crew comfort, safety, and productivity. • Mission operations enhancements that lower the cost of future missions and reduce the impact of time
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