Near-Term Mission Scenario of the Global Space Exploration Roadmap
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NASA) Memoranda and Reports Concerning the Decommissioning of the International Space Station (ISS), 2010-2016
Description of document: Unpublished National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) memoranda and reports concerning the decommissioning of the International Space Station (ISS), 2010-2016 Requested date: 28-July-2016 Released date: 05-April-2017 Posted date: 21-May-2018 Source of document: NASA Headquarters 300 E Street, SW Room 5Q16 Washington, DC 20546 Fax: (202) 358-4332 Email: [email protected] The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 2101 NASA Parkway Houston, Texas 77058-3696 April 5, 2017 Replytoattn.of AD91 l/JSC FOIA Office REF: 16-JSC-F-00829 - Final Release Thank you for your Freedom oflnformation Act (FOIA) request dated and received in the NASA Headquarters FOIA Office on July 28, 2016. -
Russia's Posture in Space
Russia’s Posture in Space: Prospects for Europe Executive Summary Prepared by the European Space Policy Institute Marco ALIBERTI Ksenia LISITSYNA May 2018 Table of Contents Background and Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 1 Domestic Developments in Russia’s Space Programme ............................................................ 2 Russia’s International Space Posture ......................................................................................... 4 Prospects for Europe .................................................................................................................. 5 Background and Research Objectives For the 50th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik-1, in 2007, the rebirth of Russian space activities appeared well on its way. After the decade-long crisis of the 1990s, the country’s political leadership guided by President Putin gave new impetus to the development of national space activities and put the sector back among the top priorities of Moscow’s domestic and foreign policy agenda. Supported by the progressive recovery of Russia’s economy, renewed political stability, and an improving external environment, Russia re-asserted strong ambitions and the resolve to regain its original position on the international scene. Towards this, several major space programmes were adopted, including the Federal Space Programme 2006-2015, the Federal Target Programme on the development of Russian cosmodromes, and the Federal Target Programme on the redeployment of GLONASS. This renewed commitment to the development of space activities was duly reflected in a sharp increase in the country’s launch rate and space budget throughout the decade. Thanks to the funds made available by flourishing energy exports, Russia’s space expenditure continued to grow even in the midst of the global financial crisis. Besides new programmes and increased funding, the spectrum of activities was also widened to encompass a new focus on space applications and commercial products. -
The Cold Traps Near South Pole of the Moon
THE COLD TRAPS NEAR SOUTH POLE OF THE MOON. Berezhnoy A.A., Kozlova E.A., Shevchenko V.V. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow University, Russia, Moscow, Universitetski pr., 13, 199992. [email protected] According to the data from “Lunar Let us note that NH3 content in the lunar Prospector” [1] the areas of high hydrogen regolith is relatively low, because the main N- content in the lunar south pole region coincide containing compound is molecular nitrogen here with the areas of such craters as Faustini (87.2º [5]. The stability of SO2 subsurface ice requires S, 75.8º E), Cabeus (85.2º S, 323º E) and other the diurnal surface temperature of less than 65 crates. We have allocated a number of craters K. However, volatile species may be which can be considered as "cold traps " in the chemisorbed by the dust particles at the surface. south pole region of the Moon (Figure 1). Some In this case we can expect the existence of from these craters has properties similar to those chemisorbed water, CO2, and SO2 at the content of the echo coming from icy satellites of Jupiter less than 0.1 wt%. and from the southern polar cap of Mars. Polar rovers or penetrators with mass We estimate the total permanently spectrometers can detect these species. For shadowed area in the lunar northern polar region solving the question of the origin of lunar polar at 28 260,2 km2. The total permanently volatiles we must determine isotopic shadowed area in the region of the south pole of composition of these species. -
The Surface Operations Framework – Transitioning from Early Analogue Experiments to Future Lunar Missions
THE SURFACE OPERATIONS FRAMEWORK – TRANSITIONING FROM EARLY ANALOGUE EXPERIMENTS TO FUTURE LUNAR MISSIONS Sebastian Martin(1), Toril Bye Rinnan(2), Mehran Sarkarati(3), Kim Nergaard(4) (1) ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Straße 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Email: [email protected] (2) Solenix Deutschland GmbH, Spreestraße 3, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany, Email: [email protected] (3) ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Straße 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Email: [email protected] (4) ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Straße 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT to assess the financial and technical feasibility of new mission concepts, technologies and studies before This paper provides an overview of a family of possibly advancing them to the next phases of activities performed within the European Space implementation of a mission. Operations Centre (ESOC) to prepare for future robotic As the result of one such concurrent design study in missions on the lunar surface and beyond. 2009, the METERON concept was created. METERON – the Multi-purpose End-To-End Robotics Operations Over the course of nearly a decade, ESOC has been Network – was initiated to prepare for future human and gradually building up expertise for future surface robotic exploration scenarios. These future scenarios operations activities. foresee robotic assets controlled on the surface of Moon This paper describes or Mars, with humans operating those assets from an - the activities and corresponding systems prepared orbiting vehicle or by Earth ground control. The benefit from the ground up before concrete missions were of near real-time remote asset operations is to reduce defined, human risks and cost by not having to land humans and - how we are now covering a range of activities return them from the surface, while still being able to where we have requirements from missions in the control robotic assets with short transmission delays definition phases while continuing to build on from an orbiter. -
Space Colonies & Lunar Bases
Space Colonies & Why Build Colonies? Lunar Bases ! It isn’t so expensive – US military is many 100’s of billions $ a year ! Fewer casualties than war – 17 astronauts in 45 years of space Karen J. Meech, flight were lost Astronomer ! Humans have an “expansionist” spirit – Much more real estate! ! Valuable resources could be brought to Earth. Institute for Astronomy ! Enough solar energy to rid the world of oil dependency could be brought to Earth for less than the cost of the Iraq war ! Profitable: e.g. 1 Metallic NEO $20 trillion, 3He as a fuel . ! Maybe the time has not yet come, but someday we will need what space can provide Space Habitat Design Shielding – Radiation Protection Considerations ! Shielding characterization ! Aereal density, d [gm/cm2] ! Physiological Needs ! Total amount of material matters ! Shielding ! Type of material: secondary ! Ionizing radiation & particles 3 2 ! Meteoritic impact ! 1 Earth Atmosphere: 10 gm/cm ! Atmospheric containment ! ! = mass / volume ! What pressure needed? ! ! = mass / (area ! thickness) ! Psychological Needs ! What mix of gasses? ! ! = m/(ax) = d / x ! Environment stress ! Gravitational acceleration ! x = thickness = d / ! ! Isolation ! Why it is needed 3 ! Personal space ! How to do it Substance ! [gm/cm ] d / !" x [cm] x [m] ! Illumination / Energy 3 ! Entertainment Lead 8 10 /8 125 1.25 ! ! Aesthetics Food / Water Styrofoam 0.01 103/10-2 105 103 ! Space Requirements Water 1 103/1 103 10 Shielding Types – Active Shielding Types – Passive ! Enough matter between us & radiation ! Examples -
ESA Strategy for Science at the Moon
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Releasable to the Public ESA Strategy for Science at the Moon ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Releasable to the Public EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A new era of space exploration is beginning, with multiple international and private sector actors engaged and with the Moon as its cornerstone. This renaissance in lunar exploration will offer new opportunities for science across a multitude of disciplines from planetary geology to astronomy and astrobiology whilst preparing the knowledge humanity will need to explore further into the Solar System. Recent missions and new analyses of samples retrieved during Apollo have transformed our understanding of the Moon and the science that can be performed there. We now understand the scientific importance of further exploration of the Moon to understand the origins and evolution of Earth and the cosmic context of life’s emergence on Earth and our future in space. ESA’s priorities for scientific activities at the Moon in the next ten years are: • Analysis of new and diverse samples from the Moon. • Detection and characterisation of polar water ice and other lunar volatiles. • Deployment of geophysical instruments and the build up a global geophysical network. • Identification and characterisation of potential resources for future exploration. • Deployment long wavelength radio astronomy receivers on the lunar far side. • Characterisation of the dynamic dust, charge and plasma environment. • Characterisation of biological sensitivity to the lunar environment. ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Releasable to the Public -
Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp
Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp AIAA Space Mission System 2019-2020 Virginia Tech Aerospace Engineering Faculty Advisor : Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Team Members : Olivia Arthur, Bobby Aselford, Michel Becker, Patrick Crandall, Heidi Engebreth, Maedini Jayaprakash, Logan Lark, Nico Ortiz, Matthew Pieczynski, Brendan Ventura Member AIAA Number Member AIAA Number And Signature And Signature Faculty Advisor 25807 Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Brendan Ventura 1109196 Matthew Pieczynski 936900 Team Lead/Operations Logan Lark 902106 Heidi Engebreth 1109232 Structures & Environment Patrick Crandall 1109193 Olivia Arthur 999589 Power & Thermal Maedini Jayaprakash 1085663 Robert Aselford 1109195 CCDH/Operations Michel Becker 1109194 Nico Ortiz 1109533 Attitude, Trajectory, Orbits and Launch Vehicles Contents 1 Symbols and Acronyms 8 2 Executive Summary 9 3 Preface and Introduction 13 3.1 Project Management . 13 3.2 Problem Definition . 14 3.2.1 Background and Motivation . 14 3.2.2 RFP and Description . 14 3.2.3 Project Scope . 15 3.2.4 Disciplines . 15 3.2.5 Societal Sectors . 15 3.2.6 Assumptions . 16 3.2.7 Relevant Capital and Resources . 16 4 Value System Design 17 4.1 Introduction . 17 4.2 Analytical Hierarchical Process . 17 4.2.1 Longevity . 18 4.2.2 Expandability . 19 4.2.3 Scientific Return . 19 4.2.4 Risk . 20 4.2.5 Cost . 21 5 Initial Concept of Operations 21 5.1 Orbital Analysis . 22 5.2 Launch Vehicles . 22 6 Habitat Location 25 6.1 Introduction . 25 6.2 Region Selection . 25 6.3 Locations of Interest . 26 6.4 Eliminated Locations . 26 6.5 Remaining Locations . 27 6.6 Chosen Location . -
Baikonur-International Space Station : International Approach to Lunar Exploration
ICEUM4, 10-15 July 2000, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Baikonur-International Space Station : International Approach to Lunar Exploration Gulnara Omarova, National Aerospace Agency; Chinghis Omarov, ISU Summer Session '98 alumni On 20th November 1998 our aircraft made soft landing at the Baikonur airport. I was among onboard passengers - officials from Kazakhstan Space, press and diplomats. We all were invited to attend the launch of the International Space Station (ISS) first component (the Russian-made Zarya or Functional Cargo Module FGB) by Proton launch-vehicle at the Baikonur spaceport. Two hours before ISS first module launch we joined the official delegations from NASA, Russian Space Agency (RSA), ESA, Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and NASDA to see the modified facilities of both "Energiya" Corp. and Khrunichev's Proton assembly-and- test building. Mr. Yuri Koptev, Chief of RSA and Mr. Dan Goldin, NASA Administrator actively were drinking russian tea and talking about crucial issues of the International Space Station and the future of Space Exploration. In fact, Cold War is over and the world's top space powers accomplishments are stunning: • The first human flight in space in 1961; • Human space flight initiatives to ascertain if and how long a human could survive in space; • Project Gemini (flights during 1965-1966) to practice space operations, especially rendezvous and docking of spacecraft and extravehicular activity; • Project Apollo (flights during 1968-1972) to explore the Moon; • Space Shuttle's flights (1981 - present); • Satellite programs; • A permanently occupied space station "Mir" (during 1976-1999); • A permanently occupied International Space Station presently underway. We and a few people approached them to learn much more particulars of their talking and to ask them most interesting questions. -
Sixty Years of Australia in Space
Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 153, part 1, 2020, pp. 46–57. ISSN 0035-9173/20/010046-12 Sixty years of Australia in space Kerrie Dougherty Space Humanities Department, International Space University, Strasbourg, France Email: [email protected] Abstract Australia’s involvement in space activities commenced in 1957, at the beginning of the Space Age, with space tracking and sounding rocket launches at Woomera. By 1960, Australia was considered one of the leading space-active nations and in 1967 became one of the earliest countries to launch its own satellite. Yet by 1980, Australia’s space prominence had dwindled, with the country lacking both a national space agency and a coherent national space policy. Despite attempts in the latter part of the 1980s to develop an Australian space industry, the lack of a coherent and consistent national space policy and an effective co-ordinating body, left Australia constantly “punching below its weight” in global space activities until the Twenty First Century. This paper will briefly examine the often-contradictory history of Australian space activities from 1957 to the announcement of the Australian Space Agency in 2017, providing background and context for the later papers in this issue. Introduction Launchpad: the Woomera or 60,000 years the Indigenous people of Rocket Range FAustralia have looked to the sky, using “If the Woomera Range did not already exist, the stars to determine their location, find the proposal that Australia should engage in their way across the land and mark the a program of civil space research would be passage of the seasons and the best times unrealistic”. -
COPERNICUS MARITIME SURVEILLANCE SERVICE OVERVIEW Copernicus Maritime Surveillance Service
European Maritime Safety Agency COPERNICUS MARITIME SURVEILLANCE SERVICE OVERVIEW Copernicus Maritime Surveillance Service THE COPERNICUS PROGRAMME Copernicus is a European Union Programme aimed at developing European information services based on satellite Earth Observation and in situ (non-space) data analyses. The programme is managed by the European Commission, and implemented in partnership with the member states and other organisations, including the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). Copernicus is served by a set of dedicated satellites (the Sentinels) and contributing missions (existing commercial and public satellites). Copernicus services address six main thematic areas: Security; Land Monitoring; Marine Monitoring; Atmosphere Monitoring; Emergency Management; and Climate Change. THE SECURITY SERVICE The Copernicus Security Service supports EU policy by providing information in response to Europe’s security challenges. It improves crisis prevention, preparedness and response in three key areas: maritime surveillance (implemented by EMSA) border surveillance support to EU External Action The Copernicus service for security applications is distinct from other services in the Copernicus programme. Data obtained directly through the Copernicus programme is combined with data from other sources, which may be sensitive or restricted. The end services are then provided directly to authorised national administrations and to a limited number of EU institutions and bodies, in accordance with their access rights. European Maritime Safety Agency THE COPERNICUS MARITIME SURVEILLANCE SERVICE The Copernicus Maritime Surveillance Service supports improved monitoring of activities at sea. The goal of the Copernicus Maritime Surveillance Service, implemented by EMSA, is to support its users by providing a better understanding and improved monitoring of activities at sea that have an impact on areas such as: fisheries control maritime safety and security law enforcement marine environment (pollution monitoring) support to international organisations. -
Human Behavior During Spaceflight - Videncee from an Analog Environment
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research Volume 25 Number 1 JAAER Fall 2015 Article 2 Fall 2015 Human Behavior During Spaceflight - videnceE From an Analog Environment Kenny M. Arnaldi Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, [email protected] Guy Smith Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, [email protected] Jennifer E. Thropp Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer Part of the Applied Behavior Analysis Commons, Experimental Analysis of Behavior Commons, and the Other Astrophysics and Astronomy Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Arnaldi, K. M., Smith, G., & Thropp, J. E. (2015). Human Behavior During Spaceflight - videnceE From an Analog Environment. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 25(1). https://doi.org/ 10.15394/jaaer.2015.1676 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Arnaldi et al.: Human Behavior During Spaceflight - Evidence From an Analog Environment Introduction Four years after the launch of Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to reach space (National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA], 2011a). The United States soon followed on the path of manned space exploration with Project Mercury. Although this program began with suborbital flights, manned spacecraft were subsequently launched into orbit around the Earth (NASA, 2012). With President Kennedy setting the goal of landing a man on the moon, NASA focused on short-duration orbital flights as a stepping-stone to lunar missions. -
Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations.