National Aeronautics and NASA/TM—2005–214007 Space Administration IS04 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 Designing For Human Presence in Space: An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) Appendix I, Update—Historical ECLSS for U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian Space Habitats P.O. Wieland Marshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama July 2005 The NASA STI Program Office…in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical conferences, science. The NASA Scientific and Technical symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored Information (STI) Program Office plays a key or cosponsored by NASA. part in helping NASA maintain this important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. 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Hanover, MD 21076–1320 301–621–0390 NASA/TM—2005–214007 Designing For Human Presence in Space: An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) Appendix I, Update—Historical ECLSS for U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian Space Habitats P.O. Wieland Marshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama Natonal Aeronautcs and Space Admnstraton Marshall Space Flght Center • MSFC, Alabama 35812 July 2005 Acknowledgments Updates to tables 1 and 2 n appendx I of NASA RP–1324 were provded by several people from NASA’s Marshall Space Flght Center (MSFC) and Johnson Space Center (JSC). Ther wllngness to revew the tables and make correctons and addtons was crtcal to the updates. Robyn Carrasquillo (MSFC–EV50) Katherne Daues (JSC–EC) John Lews (JSC–EC6) Jay Perry (MSFC–EV51) Kmberlee Prokhorov (JSC–EC) Monserrate (Monsi) Roman (MSFC–EV51) Hank Rotter (JSC–EC) Dave Wllams (JSC–EC6) Avalable from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Informaton Natonal Techncal Informaton Servce 7121 Standard Drve 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 21076–1320 Springfield, VA 22161 301–621–0390 703–487–4650 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. updated taBLES OF historical ECLSS ............................................................................. 3 APPENDIX I, UPDATE—Historical ECLSS FOR U.S. AND U.S.S.R./RUSSIAN SPACE HABITATS .................................................................................... 4 v TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DESIGNING FOR HUMAN PRESENCE IN SPACE: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ECLSS) Appendix I, Update—Historical ECLSS For U.S. And U.S.S.R./Russian Space Habitats 1. INTRODUCTION NASA RP–1324 “Desgnng For Human Presence n Space” was wrtten n the early 1990s to descrbe the process of desgnng envronmental control and lfe support systems (ECLSS) for habtats n space. Included n the document were tables (appendx I) that summarze the desgn features and methods of performng the varous lfe support functons for all manned spacecraft of the Unted States (U.S.) and the Unon of Sovet Socalst Republcs (U.S.S.R.)/Russa through the tme of publca- ton. Included n the table of the U.S. spacecraft were descrptons of proposed desgn features of Space Staton Freedom (later the International Space Station (ISS)) that were not actually mplemented when the ISS was constructed. Ths document provdes updated tables of hstorcal ECLSS nformaton as descrbed n secton 2.0. 1 2 2. UPDATED TABLES OF HISTORICAL ECLSS Tables 1 and 2 n appendx I of NASA RP–1324, “Desgnng For Human Presence n Space,” have been updated n order to • Correct outdated nformaton and errors. • Include addtonal nformaton on the ECLSS used for spacecraft. • Add nformaton on the hstorcal methods of thermal control for spacecraft. Informaton for these revsons was provded by engneers and scentsts at Marshall Space Flght Center’s Envronmental Control and Lfe Support Dvson and at Johnson Space Center’s Crew and Thermal Systems Dvson. 3 APPENDIX I, UPDATE—HISTORICAL ECLSS FOR U.S. AND U.S.S.R/RUSSIAN space HABITATS 4 Table 1. Hstorcal summary of U.S. spacecraft envronmental control and lfe support systems. International Space Station Subsystem Mercury Gemini Apollo CM Apollo LM Skylab Orbiter Spacelab (U.S. Segment) Atmosphere Revitalization CO2 Removal Two lithium Similar to Mercury Similar to Mercury Similar to Mercury 2 canister molecular Similar to Mercury Similar to Mercury Four-bed molecular hydroxide (LiOH) design, but sized design, but sized design, but sized sieve. Each canister design, but the design. Eight canis- sieve. Includes two canisters operating for 2 people. for 3 people and for 3 people and was regenerable, quantity of can- ters are included on regenerable desic- in parallel. Airflow mission require- mission require- containing Zeolite isters carried each mission. cant beds to remove is through only ments. ments. 5A for CO2 removal depends on crew humidity and two one canister. After and Zeolite 13X for and mission regenerable Zeolite the first canister humidity control. requirements. 5A molecular sieve becomes spent, CO2 and humid- Airflow through 2 beds to remove CO2. airflow is diverted ity was vacuum canisters simul- CO2 is heat and through the second desorbed to space. taneously. LiOH vacuum desorbed to parallel canister, replacement space currently, but and the spent can- schedule depends can be supplied to a ister is replaced. on size of crew. Sabatier reactor. For extended mis- sions, an amine- based regenerable CO2 removal sys- tem (RCRS) can be used to remove CO2 and some moisture for vent- ing to space. Gas Recovery None None None None None None None Sabatier reactor for CO2 reduction (planned as a test article). Converts CO2 and H2 to CH4 and H2O; requires a CO2 compressor. O2 Generation None None None None None None None Solid polymer electro- lyte (SPE) device for oxygen generation. [Note: A static feed water electrolysis (SFWE) using a KOH electrolyte was also considered. 5 6 Table 1. Hstorcal summary of U.S. spacecraft envronmental control and lfe support systems (Contnued). International Space Station Subsystem Mercury Gemini Apollo CM Apollo LM Skylab Orbiter Spacelab (U.S. Segment) Trace Activated charcoal Similar to Mercury Similar to Mercury Similar to Mercury Activated charcoal Trace contami- Activated charcoal Activated charcoal Contaminant located in the LiOH design, but sized design, but sized design, but sized canister located nant gases are canister located in with a high-tempera- Control canisters upstream for crew and mis- for crew and mis- for crew and mis- in the molecular removed by the transfer tunnel ture catalytic oxidizer. of the LiOH. Filters sion requirements. sion requirements. sion requirements. sieve unit. Filters activated charcoal between Spacelab Filters remove air- removed airborne removed airborne downstream of the and the Orbiter. CO borne particulates. particulates. particulates. Vent- temperture and is converted to CO2 ing of atmosphere humidity control by an ambient tem- between missions HX. CO is con- perature catalytic helped avoid long- verted to CO2 by oxidizer (ATCO). term contaminant an ambient tem- Filters remove air- buildup. perature catalytic borne particulates. oxidizer (ATCO). Filters remove airborne particu- lates. Ammonia is absorbed by the condensate