UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO A Tale of Two Parliaments: Representativeness, Effectiveness and Industrial Citizenship in Argentina and Chile, 1900-1930 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Moira B. MacKinnon Committee in charge: Professor Leon Zamosc, Chair Professor Mathew Shugart, Co-Chair Professor Paul Drake Professor Jeffrey Haydu Professor Christina Turner 2009 Copyright Moira B. MacKinnon, 2009 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Moira B. MacKinnon is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2009 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page........................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations.............................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements................................................................................................ vii Curriculum Vitae..................................................................................................... x Abstract of the Dissertation..................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………… 1 PART I - POLITICAL BACKGROUND Chapter 2: The Extension of Suffrage and the Rules of Congress…………….…… 29 Chapter 3: Changes in the Principles of Representation……………………….…… 50 PART II - THE LAW ON TRADE UNIONS Chapter 4: The Trajectory and Contents of Industrial Citizenship in Argentina…… 77 Chapter 5: The Trajectory and Contents of Industrial Citizenship in Chile……….. 113 Chapter 6: The Dynamics of Congress in Argentina……………………………….. 154 Chapter 7: The Dynamics of Congress in Chile……………………………………. 187 iv PART III - THE LAWS ON WORKING CONDITIONS Chapter 8: The Law of Sunday Rest…………….…………………………………. 218 Chapter 9: The Eight-Hour Working Day Law……………………………….…… 245 Chapter 10: Conclusions……………………………………………………………. 289 References ………………………………………………………………………...... 320 v ABBREVIATIONS ACM - Actas de la Comisión Mixta (Joint Committee Minutes) BDNT - Boletín del Departamento Nacional de Trabajo (Labor Office Bulletin) BS - Boletín de Sesiones- Congressional Record, Chile CD - Cámara de Diputados CS - Cámara de Senadores DS - Diario de Sesiones - Congressional Record, Argentina EP - Executive Power SP - Socialist Party PDP - Partido Demócrata Progresista UCR - Partido Unión Cívica Radical vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I will start by thanking the members of my Committee: first, Matt Shugart who accompanied each step of this long journey and whose work on presidents and assemblies inspired the variables with which I analyze the Chilean and the Argentine Congress. He gave me freedom to roam wherever I needed to while at the same time providing guidance and encouragement. I am also deeply grateful to Leon Zamosc for his unwavering support throughout these years, making it possible to complete my work, and for his help with different versions of the dissertation. Jeff Haydu was generously available for meetings to discuss methodological aspects and, in particular, he gave me the benefit of his expertise on questions of labor. I very much appreciate Christena Turner’s unfailing support and uncanny ability to pluck ideas from one’s brain and sort them out clearly. Paul Drake I had read and admired before coming to UCSD, his perspective is what I like best. I thank him for his help and for putting me in contact with Helia Henriquez, Claudio Fuentes who let me use the FLACSO library, and in particular, Gonzalo de la Maza who illuminated me about Chilean political and social life in long conversations over lunches in various restaurants of Santiago. Carlos Waisman was not on my committee but I am grateful for his support throughout the dissertation, his guidance at important points, his help in navigating university life as an international graduate student at UCSD, and his friendship. Other faculty at UCSD whose teaching and warm support have been important for me are Richard Madsen, Akos Rona-tas and Isaac Martin. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate students for the good conversations and the fun of sharing the experience vii of being grad students together these years at UCSD: in particular, Miriam Padolsky, Nadav Gabay, Daniela Carpano, Michael Haedicke, Charlene Bredder, Caroline Lee and David Ribes from my cohort; Melody Chiong, Rika Yonemura, Jas He and Paula Gutierrez from other ones; and also my friends, the Spanish engineers, fellow foreigners deciphering a new academic world: Gador Canton, Alberto Aliseda, Laura Cervino, Juan Pedro Mellado and Lola Rodriguez. Other friends who have also shared and provided important forms of support these years are Victoria Talarico, Gabriela and Fabian Cereijido and Manzur Rahman. I am also very grateful for the support of Juan Carlos Torre, my previous advisor, with whom I started to do comparative historical research in Argentina. His ideas and deep knowledge and understanding of Argentine politics and society, discussed over lunches and coffees at many restaurants and cafes in Buenos Aires, were essential. I also appreciate his continuing generous friendship. Professor Ricardo Sidicaro also provided stimulating conversations during my trips to Buenos Aires and my friend Mario Petrone often helped me out with concrete and abstract questions. I also want to thank Oscar Valdovinos, labor lawyer and long-time politician who helped me understand the intricacies and complexities of trade union law; Adrian Goldín, professor of labor law at the Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires; and Diego Lopez, Professor of labor law at the Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Chile. Over the years I received generous funds from various institutions that made my research trips to Argentina and Chile possible: the University of California Pacific Rim Research Fellowship, the Institute for International, Comparative, and Area Studies (IICAS), the Center for Latin American and Iberian Studies (CILAS), the Tinker viii Foundation, the Dean of Social Science, and the UCSD Sociology Department; for all I am very grateful. I would also like to thank María Angelica Knust at the Biblioteca del Congreso in Santiago, and Valeria Cáncer and Stella de Gregorio at the Biblioteca di Tella in Buenos Aires for their goodwill and efficient help. Finally I would like to thank my family for their love and support. ix CURRICULUM VITAE 2009 Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, Sociology 2007-09 Editorial Assistant, Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies (LACES) 2007 Teaching Assistant, Sociology, University of California, San Diego 2006 Institute for International, Comparative & Area Studies (IICAS) Research Award 2005 Award for Excellence in Teaching, Department of Linguistics, UCSD 2005 Pacific Rim Research Fellowship 2004-6 Teaching Assistant, Center US-Mexican Studies-IRPS, UCSD 2004 Center for Latin American and Iberian Studies (CILAS) Research Grant 2004 Instructor, Field Methods, Master Program CILAS, UCSD 2004 Pacific Rim Research Mini-Grant 2002 Tinker Field Research Grant 1999 M.A. University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, Research in Social Science 1992-98 Initiation, Intermediate, Advanced Research Fellowships, CONICET, Argentina 1990-99 Instructor, Latin American Social History, Sociology, University of Buenos Aires Publications in Spanish 2008 “Laborismo Argentino, su Integración al Partido Peronista” and “Sindicalismo Azucarero” in Repertorio Político Latinoamericano, Vol III (p. 154-155) and Vol IV (p. 437-442), editor Torcuato S. Di Tella, Instituto Di Tella and Siglo XXI, Buenos Aires. 2003 “El Protagonismo del Movimiento Obrero Tucumano en la Formación del Partido Peronista (1945-1950)” in Formas Tempranas de Organización Obrera, Proyecto Actores y Coaliciones en la Integración Latinoamericana. Instituto Torcuato Di Tella- UN Development Program, La Crujía, Buenos Aires. 2002 Los Años Formativos del Partido Peronista (1946-1950), Buenos Aires: Instituto Di Tella- Siglo Veintiuno de Argentina Editores. 1998 Populismo y Neopopulismo en América Latina. El Problema de la Cenicienta, edited by Moira B. Mackinnon and Mario A. Petrone. Introductory chapter: “Los Complejos de la Cenicienta”. Publishers: EUDEBA (Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, March 1998. Reprinted 1999. 1995 “Sobre los Orígenes del Partido Peronista. Notas Introductorias" (On the Origins of the Peronist Party, Introductory Notes) published in Representaciones Inconclusas, las Clases, los Actores y los Discursos de la Memoria, 1912-1946". Editors: Waldo Ansaldi, Alfredro Pucciarelli, José Villarruel. Editorial Biblos, Buenos Aires. 1994 “La Primavera de los Pueblos - La movilización popular en las provincias más tradicionales en los orígenes del Peronismo" (The people's spring, popular mobilization in the traditional provinces in the origins of Peronism) published in the Journal "Estudios Sociales", Univ. Del Litoral, No. 10, Summer 1994. x ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A Tale of Two Parliaments: Representativeness, Effectiveness