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A Decade of Irish Literary Periodicals: 1904-1914

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A Decade of Irish Literary Periodicals: 1904-1914 A Decade of Irish Literary Periodicals: 1904-1914 Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Darren Lee Dunning. April 2017 i ABSTRACT A Decade of Irish Literary Periodicals: 1904-1914 Darren Dunning The University of Liverpool April 2017 This thesis examines the history and development of three Irish periodicals, published between 1904-1914, with emphasis placed upon the literary magazine as a distinct genre and the impact of this genre on the literary and cultural landscape of Ireland at a crucial time in its nascent development. My research considers the manner in which each magazine was established and run, with an emphasis on varying editorial personalities and their impact upon each periodical. Each chapter is dedicated to an individual magazine and is structured in chronological order, with the first focused upon Dana, the second dedicated to Uladh (both published from 1904-1905) and the final chapter focused upon The Irish Review (1911-1914). The aim is to provide an assessment of those journals, acknowledging how key figures of the period made use of their pages to promote their own views and the movements that they supported. This thesis will emphasise the significance of the literary magazine as a historical resource that reveals much about the period in which it was published. Until now the history of these literary periodicals has remained largely untold, as have the events surrounding the lives of their editors and contributors during their publication years. My primary purpose is to tell these stories in the detail they deserve. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have written this thesis without the generous financial assistance from the Institute of Irish Studies and the School of Histories, Languages and Cultures at the University of Liverpool. I wish to thank the staff at the National Library of Ireland, Dublin and at the Special Collections, the Sydney Jones Library, Liverpool, for their help throughout my period of research. The staff and my fellow postgraduates at the Institute of Irish Studies have made my time truly memorable. I wish to thank the following for their support and friendship: Anna Pilz, Jane Davison, Sean Hewitt, Niall Carson, Michael Robinson, Michaela Crawley, Dean Farquhar and Anna Walsh. I very much appreciate the encouragement given from each of these, as well as many others, who have enriched my time completing the thesis through endless discussions and advice. My siblings and other loved ones have been consistently generous in their encouragement and reassurance over these past years: Natalie Wain, Gary Dunning, Tony Dunning, Nicky Dunning, Sophie Dunning, Daniel de V’aal, Lewis Edmonds and countless others. My greatest debt is to my supervisor, Professor Frank Shovlin. It was he who first suggested I begin a study of literary magazines; he has remained a loyal and dedicated mentor and friend. His continuous support, patience and immense knowledge has shown me the true meaning of professionalism. I am eternally grateful for everything. Finally, I have the utmost gratitude for my Mum and Dad, there are no words to express how thankful I am each day that I am your son. This is, and always has been, for you both. iii CONTENTS Introduction 1. Chapter One: The Last Lucifer Match: Dana (1904-1905) 18. Chapter Two: ‘North is North, and South is South’: Uladh (1904-1905) 78. Chapter Three: ‘Our creature of bitter truth’: The Irish Review (1911-1914) 144. Conclusion 206. Appendix A: Cover of Dana’s first issue 215. Appendix B: Cover of Uladh’s first issue and illustrations 216. Appendix C: Cover of The Irish Review and illustrations 219. Bibliography 222. iv Introduction The literary periodical in Ireland, whereby politics and art frequently coincide, makes the journal a powerful means of understanding Irish cultural and historical trends.1 – Frank Shovlin, The Irish Literary Periodical 1923-1958. “The difficulty is to begin”: so opened the newly formed literary magazine Dana in May 1904. Similarly, when it comes to writing a history of periodical literature in any given period, it is difficult to know where to begin. Much has been written about the decade 1904-14, in which a number of revivalists - like Thomas MacDonagh and Joseph Mary Plunkett - were transformed into revolutionaries.2 At the turn of the twentieth century, the country’s most influential writers – including: John Eglinton, Bulmer Hobson and Roger Casement - were contributing to debates on the literary revival prospering in Dublin, and spreading further afield to the rest of Ireland. This study focuses on that period to analyse the cultural significance of literary magazines and the networks and relationships built between those publications’ editors and contributors. The literary circle (editors, contributors, subscribers) of any given journal is a powerful force in shaping the creative direction it follows as well as determining who and what is published within its pages. The blend of artistic and political matters published in the chosen 1 Frank Shovlin, ‘Introduction’ in The Irish Literary Periodical 1923-1958 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003), p. IV. 2 For example: Declan Kiberd and P. J. Mathews (eds.), Handbook of the Irish Revival: An Anthology of Irish Cultural and Political Writings 1891-1922 (Dublin: Abbey Theatre Press, 2015); Roy Foster, Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland 1890 - 1923 (London: Penguin Group, 2014); Gabriel Doherty (ed.), The Home Rule Crisis 1912-14 (Cork: Mercier Press, 2014); P. J. Mathews, Revival: The Abbey Theatre, Sinn Fein, the Gaelic League and the Co-operative Movement (Cork: Cork University Press, 2003); Alana Hayes and Diane Urquhart (eds.), The Irish Women’s History Reader (London: Routledge, 2001). 1 magazines makes the periodical press an important avenue of understanding Irish culture and history. Though the literary periodical in Ireland had suffered a major decline as a result of the famine in the decades prior to the turn of the twentieth century, by 1904 a new wave of magazines burst upon the cultural scene, including: Samhain, The Irish Homestead, and of course Dana and Uladh. Therefore, the year 1904 became the ideal start point for this thesis. Similarly, the decision to finish a decade later in 1914 was paramount; during these ten years, Ireland’s periodical press had documented the remarkable events that had greatly changed the country – including, the Gaelic Revival, the Home Rule Bill, the Ulster response to this bill in the signing of the Solemn League and Covenant and Women’s Declaration, the Labour Lockout, the establishment of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Irish Volunteer Force (IVF) and the outbreak of World War One. During this decade, Ireland’s literary periodicals recorded primary responses to such events, as well as charting the relationships of its editors and contributors, and their motivations and movements that created a vibrant artistic culture at a time of immense political change. Roy Foster, one of the most astute commentators on this period in Irish history, has argued passionately for a fresh look at the years that led to 1916: A new look at the pre-revolutionary period in Ireland is all the more necessary, because traditional approaches to understanding revolutionary change in terms of class or ideology seem inadequate today. We search now, instead, to find clarification through themes of paradox and nuance; we have become interested in what does not change during revolutions, as much as what does.3 In the decade prior to Easter 1916, for anybody interested in keeping up with current literary, cultural and political debates, Ireland’s little magazines were essential reading. The aim of this thesis is to provide an assessment of those journals, acknowledging how 3 Roy Foster, Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland 1890-1923 (London: Allen Lane, 2014), p. xvii. 2 key figures of the period made use of their pages to promote their own views and the movements that they supported. This thesis will therefore emphasise the significance of the literary magazine as a historical resource that reveals much about the period in which it was published. In the fourteen years since the publication of Frank Shovlin’s seminal work The Irish Literary Periodical 1923-1958 (2003), the study of literary magazines in Ireland has become an increasingly popular scholarly pursuit.4 Through his study Shovlin showed that the literary journal is a genre in its own right and he outlined the inter-personal relations between the editors and contributors of six particular literary reviews: The Irish Statesman (1923-1930), The Dublin Magazine (1923-1958), Ireland To-Day (1936-1938), The Bell (1940- 1954), Envoy (1949-1951) and Rann (1948-1953), offering an overview of post- independence Ireland through the lens of these titles. My intention is to create a work that serves as a sort of prequel to Shovlin, providing an in-depth critical insight to the selected literary reviews during the decade of 1904-1914. In the introduction to his work, Shovlin included a brief consideration of Ireland’s periodical history in the first twenty years of the century leading to his start date of 1923. He comments upon a number of reviews published during the first two decades of the century, beginning with D. P. Moran’s The Leader (1900-71), and moving on to Samhain (1901-08), Dana (1904-05), Uladh (1904-05), The Irish Review (1911-14) and A.E’s Irish Homestead (1895-1923). Another
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