VOLUME 2

Monographs: Tropical and subtropical , edible peel

List of monographs:

1. Açaí, Euterpe oleracea Mart., ( (alt. Palmae)) 2. Acerola, emarginata DC., () 3. African plum, Vitex doniana Sweet, (Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) (also placed in Verbenaceae)) 4. Agritos, Berberis trifoliolata Moric., (Berberidaceae) 5. Almondette, Buchanania lanzan Spreng., () 6. Ambarella, dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson, (Anacardiaceae) 7. Apak palm, Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 8. Appleberry, Billardiera scandens Sm., (Pittosporaceae) 9. Arazá, Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, () 10. Arbutus , Arbutus unedo L., (Ericaceae) 11. Babaco, Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo, (Caricaceae) 12. Bacaba palm, bacaba Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 13. Bacaba-de-leque, Oenocarpus distichus Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 14. Bayberry, Red, Morella rubra Lour., (Myricaceae) 15. Bignay, Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., ( (also placed in Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae)) 16. Bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae)) 17. Breadnut, alicastrum Sw., () 18. Cabeluda, glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff, (Myrtaceae) 19. Cajou (pseudofruit), Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl., (Anacardiaceae) 20. Cambucá, Marlierea edulis Nied., (Myrtaceae) 21. Carandas-plum, Carissa edulis Vahl, (Apocynaceae) 22. Carob, Ceratonia siliqua L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae)) 23. (pseudofruit), Anacardium occidentale L., (Anacardiaceae) 24. Ceylon wood, Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, (Sapotaceae) 25. Ceylon , Elaeocarpus serratus L., (Elaeocarpaceae) 26. Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande, Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk., (Myrtaceae) 27. Chinese olive, black, tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev, () 28. Chinese olive, white, Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch., (Burseraceae) 29. Chirauli-, Buchanania latifolia Roxb., (Anacardiaceae) 30. Ciruela verde, armeniaca (Cav.) DC., (Malpighiaceae) 31. Cocoplum, Chrysobalanus icaco L., (Chrysobalanaceae) 32. Date, Phoenix dactylifera L., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 33. Davidson's plum, Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell., (Cunoniaceae (also placed in Davidsoniaceae)) 34. Desert-date, Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile, (Zygophyllaceae (also placed in Balanitaceae)) 35. Doum palm , Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 36. False sandalwood, Ximenia americana L., (Olacaceae) 37. Feijoa, Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, (Myrtaceae) 38. Fig, carica L., (Moraceae) 39. Fragrant Manjack, Cordia dichotoma G. Forst., (Boraginaceae) 40. Gooseberry, Abyssinian, abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb., ( (also placed in )) 41. Gooseberry, Ceylon, (Gardner) Warb., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)) 42. Gooseberry, Indian, emblica L., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae)) 43. Gooseberry, Otaheite, (L.) Skeels, (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae))

Page 1 44. Governor's plum, indica (Burm. F.) Merr., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)). Also includes Plum of , , (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)); Rukam, , (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)) and Indian Plum, , (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)) 45. Grumichama, Eugenia brasiliensis Lam, (Myrtaceae) 46. Guabiroba, Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 47. , Psidium guajava L., (Myrtaceae) [Includes by crop definition: 48. Guava berry, floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 49. Guava, Brazilian, Psidium guineense Sw. 50. Guava, Cattley, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, (Myrtaceae). Also includes Guava, purple strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum, (Myrtaceae); Guava, yellow strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg., (Myrtaceae) and Guava, strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg, (Myrtaceae) 51. Guava, Costa Rican, (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.) 52. Guava, Para, Psidium acutangulum DC., (Myrtaceae) 53. Guayabillo, (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.) 54. Illawarra plum, Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl., (Podocarpaceae) 55. Imbé, Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson, (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae)) 56. Imbu, Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost., (Anacardiaceae) 57. Jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 58. -cherry, Muntingia calabura L., (Muntingiaceae, ((also placed in Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae)) 59. Jambolan, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, (Myrtaceae) 60. Jelly palm, Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 61. Jujube, Chinese, Ziziphus jujuba Mill., (Rhamnaceae) 62. Jujube, Indian, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., (Rhamnaceae) 63. Kaffir-plum, Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss, (Anacardiaceae) 64. Kakadu plum, Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley, (Combretaceae) 65. Kapundung, racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae)) 66. Karanda, Carissa carandas L. 67. Kwai muk, Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth., (Moraceae) 68. Lemon aspen, acidula, () 69. Mangaba, Hancornia speciosa Gomes, (Apocynaceae) 70. Marian plum, Bouea macrophylla Griff., (Anacardiaceae) 71. Mombin, Malayan, Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz, (Anacardiaceae) 72. Mombin, purple, Spondias purpurea L., (Anacardiaceae) 73. Mombin, yellow, L., (Anacardiaceae) 74. Monkeyfruit, Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham., (Moraceae) 75. Monos plum, Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel, (Myrtaceae) 76. Mountain cherry, Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth, (Malpighiaceae) 77. Nance, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, (Malpighiaceae) 78. Natal plum, Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC, (Apocynaceae) 79. Noni , Morinda citrifolia L., (Rubiaceae) 80. Olive, Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea, (Oleaceae) 81. Papaya, Mountain, Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC., (Caricaceae) 82. Patauá, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 83. Peach Palm, Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes, (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 84. Persimmon, black, Diospyros texana Scheele, (Ebenaceae) 85. Persimmon, Japanese, Diospyros kaki Thunb., (Ebenaceae) 86. Pitomba, Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)

Page 2 87. Pomerac, Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. , (Myrtaceae) 88. Rambai, Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae) 89. Rose apple, Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, (Myrtaceae) 90. Rumberry, (Kunth) Mc Vaugh, (Myrtaceae) 91. Sea grape, Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L., (Polygonaceae) 92. Sentul, Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr., (Meliaceae) 93. Sete-capotes, Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 94. Silver aspen, Acronychia wilcoxiana, (Rutaceae) 95. Starfruit, Averrhoa carambola L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae)) 96. Surinam cherry, Eugenia uniflora L., (Myrtaceae) 97. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae)) 98. Uvalha, Eugenia pyriformis, (Myrtaceae) 99. Water apple, Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston, (Myrtaceae) 100.Water pear, Syzygium guineense, (Myrtaceae) 101.Water berry, Syzygium cordatum, (Myrtaceae) 102.Wax jambu, Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry, (Myrtaceae)

Page 3 1. Açaí [(assai palm, cabbage palm, pinot, Kohlpalme, açaí-do-Pará, açaizeiro, palmiteiro, palmito-açaí, uaçaí, assaí, asaí, euterpe (GRIN))] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Euterpe oleracea Mart. [(syn: Euterpe badiocarpa Barb. Rodr. (GRIN)] 2. A tall, slow-growing, slender palm that reaches a height of 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 feet). The tree suckers at the base, resulting in large clusters of trunks (25 or more per tree). Trunks are 7 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) in diameter. Aerial roots are found on growing in swampy areas. Açaí is indigenous to the . The crown contains 8 to 14 that are long pinnate and 2 to 4 meters (7 to 13 feet) long. bases are tightly sheathing and form a crown shaft that is green, yellow, red or purple in color. Each leaf contains 50 to 62 widely spaced leaflets that are pendulous on the rachis and reach 1 meter (3 feet) in length. The inflorescence emerges from below the crown shaft, contains a central rachis and approximately 54 lateral branches and reaches 1 meter (3 feet) long. Branches are covered with light brownish-white hairs. Each branch bears clusters of two male and one female . Terminal branches contain male flowers. Male flowers are purplish and 0.45 by 0.27 centimeters (0.2 by 0.1 inch) in size. Female flowers are purple to light brown and 0.32 by 0.26 centimeters (0.2 by 0.1 inch) in size. Both male and female flowers are unstalked. Pollination is by small bees, flies and beetles. The small, round, 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 inch) in diameter fruit is a that contains a single large surrounded by stringy fibrous sheaths and a thin oily coating. Immature fruit are green and ripens to dark purple when mature. Some fruit are green at maturity and are known as white açaí. Four to eight bunches of fruit are produced each year per trunk. The fruit skin is smooth and shiny. The fruit pulp is creamy to oily and sweet. The flavor resembles raspberries, blackberries, or nuts with a metallic aftertaste. This fruit is a major food resource in tropical America. Old trunks are removed for palm cabbage; the tree is the main source of palm hearts. Other uses include ornamental use; medicinal purposes; ink, dye and wood for house construction (RAIN-TREE, PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK, TOP-TROPICALS). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs year-round. are produced year-round; ripe fruits are produced mostly in the dry season in July to December. Fruit production occurs in 4 years from seed (RAIN-TREE, JANICK). b. Cultivation: Grows best in tropical flooded lowlands under shady rainforest canopies; tolerates firm land. Forms extensive stands in swampy forests, the Amazon estuary, and along rivers in the rainforest. Also grows close to the coast. Prefers organic acidic soil, high humidity, and warm tropical climates where the temperature does not drop below 10 ° C (50 ° F). Not tolerant of dry conditions. Propagation is by seed. should be air-dried for several days after being removed from the fruit and stored in plastic bags at room temperature for a short period of time. occurs in 4 to 8 weeks. Fruit is obtained from wild populations; to harvest the fruit, humans climb the tree, cut the inflorescence and extract the pulp by hand or machine (PERENNIAL, JANICK). c. Availability in the marketplace: for inhabitants of the lower Amazon region where it is purchased from local acai fruit markets and businesses that process the fruit; palm hearts purchased from markets all over the world; acai fruit drinks, powdered juice extracts, tablets, frozen pulp and energy bars are sold in health food markets in the United States, Europe and online; fruit and juice is highly perishable (RAIN-TREE, JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit can be consumed fresh; the main use of acai is preparation of a juice obtained by soaking ripe fruits in water to soften the thin outer shell. Fruits are then squeezed and the large seeds strained out to produce a dense purple liquid; processed into ice cream, , mousses, sweets and pastries. People of the lower Amazon River mix the fruit with flour or rice. Can be made into syrup or sauce; baked. Pulp is frozen (RAIN-TREE, JANICK, PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, TOP-TROPICALS).

Page 4 e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit pulp is high in calories because of and sugar content; good source of A. , phosphorus and iron contents are significant. Source of fiber, , and omega-3 fatty acids. Fruit contains traces of sulfer, vitamin B1, anthocyanins, phytonutrients and phenolics; source of (PERENNIAL, JANICK, TOP-TROPICALS). f. Medicinal aspects: Many Brazilian medicinal uses; health drink in the United States. It is believed to contain , antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic properties. Aids the cardiovascular system and serves as a source of fiber for a healthy digestive system (RAIN-TREE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, TOP-TROPICALS). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: None (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: , Caribbean, Northern and Western , , ; introduced into , , , and elsewhere. One stem produces approximately 4 to 8 fruiting stems annually; one stem produces 16 to 32 kilograms (35 to 70 pounds) of fruit. Approximately 4,000 ha (9,884 acres) of açaí forest in Brazil produced 7 tonnes (7.7 tons) of pure and sweetened pulp for export to the U.S. in 2000 (PERENNIAL, GRIN, JANICK). 6. Use: Ornamental, beverage base, fruit, oil/, vegetable, medicinal purposes; palm cabbage; palm hearts; wood, ink, dye (RAIN-TREE, GRIN). 7. Part(s) of consumed: Fruit eaten fresh or processed; old trunks used for palm cabbage; palm hearts (RAIN-TREE). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellanceous c. Codex Group: No specific entry. General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None. 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, RAIN-TREE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, TOP-TROPICALS. 11. Production Map: No entry. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ETQOL

Page 5 003 1. Acerola [(acerola, Bardados cherry, Cereza, Garden cherry, Native cherry, French cherry, West Indian-cherry, cerise-de-Cayenne, cerisier de Barbade, cerisier des Antilles, Barbadoskirsche, westindische Kirsche, cerejeira-das-Atilhas, grosella (GRIN, MARKLE))] Malpighiaceae Malpighia emarginata DC. [(syn: Malpighia punicifolia auct., Malpighia retusa Benth. (GRIN)] 2. A large, bushy evergreen small tree or growing up to 6 meters (20 feet) tall and wide. Native to the Caribbean, Central America, or Northern South America. The trunk diameter is 10 centimeters (4 inches). Branches are minutely hairy, contain many lenticels, and can be erect or spreading and drooping. The tree may have a semi-prostrate, compact, upright or open growth habit. Leaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical, oblong, obovate, oval, ovate or narrowly oblanceolate in shape and 2-7 centimeters (0.75 to 2.75 inches) long by 2.5 to 3.8 centimeters (1 to 1.5 inches) wide; young leaves and petioles are hairy; mature leaves are dark green and hairless. Pink, lavender or white flowers are borne in clusters in leaf axils on new terminals and on lateral spurs. Each flower contains 5 , 10 ; flowers range in size from 2.0 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) wide. Pollination is by insects. Bright-red, orange-red, or deep purplish red fruit cherry-like, oblate to round in shape, 3-lobed, 1 to 3.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1.4 inch) wide and 3 to 10 grams (0.1 to 0.4 ounce) in weight. The skin is thin, delicate, smooth and glossy. Pulp is yellow to orange in color, juicy, and acid to subacid. Individual fruit contain three small, rounded to triangular ridged stones that may contain seeds. Fruit is borne singly or in 2’s or 3’s. Fruit is eaten fresh or processed into puree and juice; high in content (MARKLE, PERENNIAL, MORTON, JANICK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: The fruiting season varies with the weather. Flowering occurs in cycles, approximately one month apart and begins in March and extends into November or later. Flowering depends on rainfall and temperature patterns. Fruits ripen in 3 to 4 weeks from flower set (MORTON, MARKLE, TRADE WINDS, JANICK). b. Cultivation: Requires hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Rainfall of 175 centimeters (69 inches) per year is beneficial to growth and fruiting. Temperatures of 15 to 32 ° C (59 to 90° F) are beneficial. Thrives in warm climates at sea level. Tolerant of seasonal dry periods and a variety of well-drained soils. Not tolerant of frost and temperatures below 7 °C (45 °F) for long periods of time. Shading increases leaf size and decreases ascorbic acid levels in fruit. Cross-pollination is needed for good fruit production. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering and grafting. Seeds are not recommended for production purposes, since there is high genetic variability. Propagation by cuttings is more preferred. Cuttings should be 20 to 25 centimeters (8 to 10 inches) long and 0.64 to 1.3 centimeters (0.3 to 0.5 inch) in diameter. With rooting hormone, cuttings root in 6 weeks. Transplanting is done during the rainy season. should be spaced 3.7 by 4.6 meters (12 by 15 feet) to 5.5 by 5.5 meters (18 by 18 feet) and fertilized with 15 grams (0.5 ounce) of a complete fertilizer. The tree can be pruned and trained to a single trunk. Irrigation is required for proper growth and fruiting. Currently, the plant is not heavily cultivated. Fruit is highly perishable and easily bruised. Ripe fruit and fruit turning color should be harvested every other day (PERENNIAL, JANICK). c. Availability in the marketplace: Natural food outlets around the world promote vitamin C products from acerola including powder, tablets, capsules, juice and syrup; sold in baby foods in Puerto Rican markets; frozen fruits shipped to the United States for processing; no commercial production of fresh fruits; fruits bruise easily and are highly perishable (MORTON, TRADE WINDS).

Page 6 d. Preparation for cooking: Eaten fresh out of hand locally; fruits cooked with sugar and strained to remove seeds before using as a sauce, puree, syrup, jam, jelly or juice. Cold- or hot-pressed juice may be frozen and made into fruit punch or added to other juices. Juice is also used to prevent oxidation of fruit used in salads. Fruit should be processed, frozen or refrigerated immediately (MORTON, JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit are high in vitamin C and provide a fair source of provitamin A; low in B , thiamine, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, iron and niacin (MORTON, JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: Used by locals to cure common colds, liver ailments and dysentery; health drink and supplement (MORTON). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Some commercial plantings in (202 hectares (500 acres), 1980) and Hawaii (no current data) and . Some plants in Hawaii produce 23 to 32 kilograms (51 to 71 pounds) of fruit per tree per year. In Puerto Rico, 4-year-old single trees yield 14 to 28 kilograms (31 to 62 pounds) per season (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK). 5. Other commercial production regions: Central , South America including Brazil, , Central America, Taiwan, the Caribbean, and the ; widely cultivated in the . An orchard of 200 trees produces 2,722 to 4,082 kilograms (6,000 to 9,000 pounds) of fruit per year (GRIN, JANICK). 6. Use: Fruit is used mainly for juice, jelly, puree and powder; medicinal purposes; eaten fresh (TRADE WINDS, MARKLE, GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit are processed (extracted or canned) (MARKLE). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellanceous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0287 (Barbados cherry) and FT 4095) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = acerola 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, FFVIM, PERENNIAL, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, TRADE WINDS, JANICK. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 (PLANTS DATABASE). 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MLPPU (listed as Malpighia punicifolia L.)

Page 7 1. African plum [(black plum (GRIN))] Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae). Also placed in: Verbenaceae Vitex doniana Sweet [(syn: Vitex cienkowskii Kotschy & Peyr., Vitex cuneata Thonn. (GRIN)] 2. A medium-sized deciduous, nitrogen-fixing tree growing 8 to 20 meters (26 to 66 feet) high. The tree contains a dense, rounded crown. Native to the hot, tropical climate of Africa. The bark is pale brown to grayish white with vertical fissures. Leaves are thick, leathery, dark green, opposite, glabrous, and 14 to 34 centimeters (5.5 to 13 inches) long. Each leaf contains 5 leaflets on stalks 6-14 centimeters (2 to 5.5 inches) long. Leaflets are entire, ovate, obovate-elliptic or oblong in shape, contain rounded tips, and range in size from 8 to 22 centimeters (3 to 9 inches) long by 2 to 9 centimeters (0.8 to 3.5 inches) wide. Flowers are white and tinged purple and occur in dense opposite and axillary cymes. Fruit are oblong, up to 3 cm (1.2 inches) long, and turn from green to purplish-black as they ripen. The skin is smooth and shiny. The pulp is starchy black. Each fruit contains one hard conical seed that measures 1.5 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long and 1 to 1.2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.5 inch) wide. Fruit is sweet and tastes like prunes. Fruit can be candied, made into jam or eaten fresh; leaves, pods, and seeds are used for fodder; leaves are used in cooking; roots and fruit are used for medicinal purposes; bark is used for dye; wood is used for construction purposes and fuel. Grown around homes (AGROFORESTRY, FAMINE, PERENNIAL, FAO, JANICK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs from August through November; fruiting occurs January to April (FAO). b. Cultivation: Found in fields, coastal deciduous woodlands, savannah, secondary forests, dry forests, riverine forests, lowland forests, fallows, alluvial soils, and wetter areas at low elevations in Western and Eastern Africa. Flourishes from sea level to 1,850 meters (6,070 feet). Requires a high water table, a mean annual temperature of 10 to 30 °C (50 to 86 °F), and a mean annual rainfall of 75 to 200 centimeters (30 to 79 inches). Tolerates a variety of soil conditions. Propagation methods include wildlings, seed, coppice, and root suckers; seeds require a long time to germinate; fire may help break the seed coat. Pruning and coppicing aid tree shape (FAO, JANICK). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Children mostly collect and consume the fruit, but adults also consume fruits during food shortages; fruit is occasionally sold in African markets (FAMINE, FAO, PERENNIAL). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit pulp can be eaten raw, candied, or prepared into jam or ; in certain areas, fruit are cooked before consumption during food shortages. Leaves are used as an herb in cooking (FAMINE, AGROFORESTRY, JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit contains vitamins A and B (AGROFORESTRY). f. Medicinal aspects: Leaves, fruit, and roots used for numerous purposes in Africa including anemia, backaches, eye problems and gonorrhea. Fruit especially are used to aid fertility and treat jaundice, leprosy and dysentery (FAO, JANICK). g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: Northeast Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa, West-Central Tropical Africa, West and East Tropical Africa, South Tropical Africa; found elsewhere in tropical Africa; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: ornamental, wood, fruit, medicinal purposes, mulch, fuel, fodder; bark is used for dye; wood is used for construction purposes (FAO, GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Leaves, pods, seeds, roots, fruit (raw or processed) (FAO). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit.

Page 8 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for Group 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None

10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, AGROFORESTRY, FAMINE, PERENNIAL, FAO, JANICK. 11. Production Map: No entry. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry.

Page 9 1. Agritos [(currant-of-Texas, agarito, algerita (GRIN))] Berberidaceae Berberis trifoliolata Moric. [(syn: Mahonia trifoliolata (Moric.) Fedde (GRIN))] 2. Evergreen shrub growing to 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 ft.). Grows in southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico on rocky limestone flats and slopes in full sun. Hardy to zone 6. Bark is grey to reddish-brown and exfoliating. Stiff, erect branches with spiny, holly-like, grey-green alternate trifoliolate leaves. Leaflets are spiny lanceolate-oblong to elliptic and are found in three’s, joined at a central point. Fragrant yellow flowers are borne in few-flowered . Fruit is a subglobose to globose bright red berry, 0.8 to 1.2 cm (0.3 to 0.5 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth and shiny. Pulp is acidic and contains one to several seeds. Uses include wine and jelly from