Martial Arts and Combat Sport

Scientific review by prof. PaedDr. Pavol Bartík, PhD

The Lykeion Library series, Vol. 25

First printing Gdańsk 2019

Photo cover © Oleksandr Pankovets | Stock.adobe.com

ISBN 978-83-66107-18-2

Wydawnictwo Naukowe Katedra http://wnkatedra.pl email: [email protected] Contains

CHAPTER 1. Introduction...... 7 CHAPTER 2. Towards which General Theory of Fighting Arts...... 19 CHAPTER 3...... 37

StateCHAPTER of knowledge 4. on fighting arts Individual self-defence in the perspective of general theory of martial arts...... 87 CHAPTER 5. Expressive dimension of martial arts...... 113 CHAPTER 6. About evolution of martial arts...... 137 CHAPTER 7. Way of martial arts and politics, and politicization...... 161 CHAPTER 8. Training...... 189 8.1. Ideological conditioning of martial arts training...... 189 8.2. Training in chosen traditional martial arts...... 206 8.3. Complementary training...... 226 CHAPTER 9. Women in martial arts and combat sports: archetypical patterns...... 243 CHAPTER 10. Structures and relations...... 255 Martial Arts & Combat Sports: Towards the General Theory of Fighting Arts

CHAPTER 11. A Christian and the martial arts path...... 275 CHAPTER 12. Rugby – a team sport with elements of close combat...... 295 CHAPTER 13. Kenjutsu – the art of traditional fencing...... 313 CHAPTER 14. Ido as a healing or self-healing...... 325 CHAPTER 15. Yoga and martial way: kinship and applications...... 341 Appendix. List of abbreviations and acronyms...... 353 CHAPTER 1 Introduction

Idea of the General Theory Traditionally, knowledge of martial arts, preparation for battle and to son. It was knowledge resulting from our own experience and the fighting, was passed directly from master to student or from father message of previous generations of experts. The master, according to his knowledge and intuition, passed the secrets through demon- stration and verbal instruction. The student had to mature to ac- cept this knowledge – develop his psycho-physical abilities. In turn, the championship meant not only master skills, but life wisdom. To this day, self-respecting organizations admit master degrees only to adults, and the highest grades – achieving a high-level over-technical level. Science enables avoiding errors, faster achievement of skills and reliable knowledge, and in particular a better understanding of the analysed phenomena. Such a cultural phenomenon is martial arts and martial arts coming from them. They require a multifaceted,

7 Martial Arts & Combat Sports: Towards the General Theory of Fighting Arts interdisciplinary study. In particular, the preparation of martial arts instructor or martial arts requires equipping him with quite a broad knowledge. The leaders of some martial arts organizations and re- searchers are trying to collect and transmit this knowledge [cf. Kern- specht 1988, 2011; Tokarski 1989; Pieter, Heijmans 1997; Sterko- wicz 1998]. The idea of the general theory has been gradually growing, at least since 2009, when under the patronage of the Idokan Poland Association, but the author’s own edition has published a book (simul- taneously a monograph and a textbook) Sztuki walki – Ido i Idokan / Martial Arts – Ido & Idokan. This book contains references to both the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts (HTMA), as well as to the theory of sport, physical education theory and methodology of teaching physical exercises [Cynarski 2009]. Moreover, the concept of a theoretical approach consistent with the assumptions of the new systemic paradigm is in harmony with the theoretical approach of the new pedagogy [cf. Cynarski, Blazejewski, Pasterniak 2016]. in the development of the next stage of summarizing international The name of the General Theory of Fighting Arts, first appeared r