Scientific review by prof. PaedDr. Pavol Bartík, PhD Copyright © Wydawnictwo Naukowe Katedra 2018 Copyright © Wojciech J. Cynarski The Lykeion Library series, Vol. 25 First printing Gdańsk 2019 Photo cover © Oleksandr Pankovets | Stock.adobe.com ISBN 978-83-66107-18-2 Wydawnictwo Naukowe Katedra http://wnkatedra.pl email: [email protected] Contains CHAPTER 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2. Towards which General Theory of Fighting Arts .......................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. ..................................................................... 37 StateCHAPTER of knowledge 4. on fighting arts Individual self-defence in the perspective of general theory of martial arts ........................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 5. Expressive dimension of martial arts................................................................. 113 CHAPTER 6. About evolution of martial arts ............................................................................. 137 CHAPTER 7. Way of martial arts and politics, and politicization ..................................... 161 CHAPTER 8. Training ............................................................................................................................ 189 8.1. Ideological conditioning of martial arts training ................................ 189 8.2. Training in chosen traditional martial arts ........................................... 206 8.3. Complementary training ................................................................................ 226 CHAPTER 9. Women in martial arts and combat sports: archetypical patterns ....... 243 CHAPTER 10. Structures and relations ........................................................................................... 255 Martial Arts & Combat Sports: Towards the General Theory of Fighting Arts CHAPTER 11. A Christian and the martial arts path ................................................................. 275 CHAPTER 12. Rugby – a team sport with elements of close combat................................. 295 CHAPTER 13. Kenjutsu – the art of traditional fencing ............................................................ 313 CHAPTER 14. Ido as a healing or self-healing .............................................................................. 325 CHAPTER 15. Yoga and martial way: kinship and applications ........................................... 341 Appendix. List of abbreviations and acronyms ............................................. 353 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Idea of the General Theory Traditionally, knowledge of martial arts, preparation for battle and to son. It was knowledge resulting from our own experience and the fighting, was passed directly from master to student or from father message of previous generations of experts. The master, according to his knowledge and intuition, passed the secrets through demon- stration and verbal instruction. The student had to mature to ac- cept this knowledge – develop his psycho-physical abilities. In turn, the championship meant not only master skills, but life wisdom. To this day, self-respecting organizations admit master degrees only to adults, and the highest grades – achieving a high-level over-technical level. Science enables avoiding errors, faster achievement of skills and reliable knowledge, and in particular a better understanding of the analysed phenomena. Such a cultural phenomenon is martial arts and martial arts coming from them. They require a multifaceted, 7 Martial Arts & Combat Sports: Towards the General Theory of Fighting Arts interdisciplinary study. In particular, the preparation of martial arts instructor or martial arts requires equipping him with quite a broad knowledge. The leaders of some martial arts organizations and re- searchers are trying to collect and transmit this knowledge [cf. Kern- specht 1988, 2011; Tokarski 1989; Pieter, Heijmans 1997; Sterko- wicz 1998]. The idea of the general theory has been gradually growing, at least since 2009, when under the patronage of the Idokan Poland Association, but the author’s own edition has published a book (simul- taneously a monograph and a textbook) Sztuki walki – Ido i Idokan / Martial Arts – Ido & Idokan. This book contains references to both the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts (HTMA), as well as to the theory of sport, physical education theory and methodology of teaching physical exercises [Cynarski 2009]. Moreover, the concept of a theoretical ap- proach consistent with the assumptions of the new systemic paradigm is in harmony with the theoretical approach of the new pedagogy [cf. Cynarski, Blazejewski, Pasterniak 2016]. in the development of the next stage of summarizing international The name of the General Theory of Fighting Arts, first appeared research within the framework of the IPA [Cynarski, Sieber 2012]. Meijin Lothar Sieber 10 dan, as an expert in self-defence and real arts science. The author studies the budo under his supervision and combat, has a significant contribution to the development of martial Very inspiring is also the author of long-term cooperation with has been carrying out scientific and research cooperation since 1992. experts from the International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF), and then the Japanese Academy of Budo (JAB), also from 1992. Multiple presence in Japan and exchange of knowledge at numerous scientific conferences have an impact that is8 difficult to overestimate. Introduction confront different theoretical concepts, empirically test them through Scientific cooperation under IPA and IMACSSS made it possible to research, and especially valuable hints during the discussion. The author owes a lot to his Colleagues from this milieu, but also to his master teachers (scientists and practitioners of martial arts), as well as to students, graduates and doctoral students. The author’s lectures at the Masaryk University in Brno in au- tumn 2014 already contained a summary of the state of research and - ter, with only minor updates and corrections. Repetitions of some of theoretical reflection at the time. This is shown in the second chap the content in further parts of this book are a deliberate procedure, allowing to determine how the further development of this original concept progressed. Plenary speech at the International Martial Art and Combat Sports Scientific Society (IMACSSS) Congress in Portuguese Rio Maior in 2016 [Cynarski 2016, 2017], and introductory lecture at in Poland – health, social, educational and philosophical martial arts” the National Scientific Conference “Inoculation of Japanese culture by the proposed the General Theory of Fighting Arts. This content in Łódź in 2017 are a description of the scope of the issues covered is included in Chapter 3. Next 12 chapters is a discussion of individual dimensions and aspects of broadly understood martial arts – from utilitarian (self-de- fence, self-healing), through teaching and training methodology, to philosophical and sociological issues. In some cases, these are texts that are a continuation of research and work previously published, while others are completely new. The author does not take up topics in which he is not compe- tent, such as “legal aspects of practicing9 martial arts”. These were Martial Arts & Combat Sports: Towards the General Theory of Fighting Arts shown well in the book edited by Marzena Netczuk-Gwozdziewicz and Robert Netczuk [2017], or earlier by Raczkowski [2008]. Separate works show biomedical aspects – nutrition, attitudes towards health or rehabilitation [Zeng, Cynarski, Xie 2013; Netczuk-Gwozdziewicz, Netczuk 2017: 183–266] or psychological [Vit, Reguli 2011; Krzy- zanowski, Przybylska 2012; Skorupa 2017]. designed for judo [Erdmann, Zieniawa 2011], and in dispersed articles Studies in the field of biomechanics in martial arts are, so far, well – for taekwondo and karate. This issue requires further, team-based studies, already implemented under IPA and IMACSSS [cf. Maroteaux 2012]. Sociology and philosophy of martial arts, already taken in earlier works of the author [cf Cynarski 2004, 2010, 2012; Bolelli 2008; Shahar 2008], perhaps they . Kim, Back 2000; Cynarski, Obodyński 2003; deserve a separate, broader study. The author tried not to repeat the content published in his previous books here. Remarks to the typology of fighting arts The names of individual martial arts varieties do not explain much. lation. It is more important to know what is hidden under the name of They should not be specifically suggested, especially their literal trans- a given martial art, style or school – what teaching content and how leaders explain its ideological content. For example, judo – literally the way (or “moral way”) of softness, art and educational system (contrary to the idea of Jigoro Kano). From flexibility, is more a sport similar to wrestling than strictly a martial the year 2020, karate will become an Olympic sport. Will it preserve the meaning of karatedo according to the idea of Gichin Funakoshi? Will next martial arts become combat sports, like judo and taekwondo 10 Introduction WTF1? Sport jujutsu is already a little like classical jujutsu. Sport fenc- ing is like a caricature of historical fencing. Sports competition is also implemented in demonstration forms, including in wushu. Combat versions (combat systems) and various forms of self-defence for all and eclectic character. are taught. There are also