Uvod U Predmet

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Uvod U Predmet Empiezo con un hecho innegable: En un momento dado de la historia, España se hace presente en Filipinas. Esta presencia va a durar trescientos setenta y siete años. Después, ambas se dicen adiós. Filipinas quiere vivir sola y España no tiene ya alientos para insistir en quedarse. Noventa años más tarde, me pregunto: ¿Fue realmente un adiós lo que se dijeron España y Filipinas? ¿No habría sido la despedida, más bien labrar un hueco hecho de ausencia? Y la ausencia, ¿no es, acaso, una forma de permanecer? Yo creo que mientras se está ausente, es que todavía se está presente. Lo contrario será sencillamente un no dejar rastro alguno (Molina 1989: 383).1 Uvod u predmet 1. Uvodne napomene Španija je jedna od prvih zemalja kojoj pripadaju zasluge otkrića novih teritorija i uspostavljanja kontakta izmeĊu Evrope i zemalja azijskog Pacifika. VoĊena idejom o osnivanju baze u blizini Moluĉkih ostrva (Ostrva zaĉina) i ţeljom da doĊe do bogatstva Indije i Kine i proširi svoj uticaj na Dalekom istoku, španska kruna je tokom XVI veka organizovala više pomorskih ekspedicija kako bi istraţila pacifiĉke obale.2 Prve vesti o postojanju brojnih arhipelaga u Pacifiku Španci duguju portugalskom moreplovcu Ferdinandu Magelanu (Ferdinand Magellan) koji je 1521. godine doplovio do ostrva Sebu (Cebú) i u ime španske kraljevine zauzeo arhipelag. Ipak, pravo osvajanje Filipina, koji su kao produţetak Indija stavljeni pod upravu 1 Počinjem sa jednom nepobitnom činjenicom: u datom istorijskom trenutku, Španije postaje prisutna na Filipinima. Ovo prisustvo će trajati trista sedamdeset i sedam godina. Nakon toga, obe zemlje su rekle zbogom. Filipini žele samostalnost, a Španija nema više snage da insistira na ostanku. Devedeset godina kasnije, pitam se: da li je zaista ono što su Španija i Filipini rekli bilo zbogom? Nije li oproštaj pre bio evociranje praznine nastale odsustvom? I nije li, možda, odustvo način da se ostane? Ja smatram da dok ste odsutni, u stvari ste još uvek prisutni. Suprotno bi značilo prosto ne ostaviti nikakav trag. (Prevod autora). 2 Prvi Evropljani koji su otkrili i i istraţili Filipinski arhipelag, Mikroneziju i razliĉita ostrva Melanezije i Polinezije, bili su upravo španski i strani moreplovci u sluţbi španskog kraljevstva. 1 vicekraljevstva Nove Španije (Meksika), zapoĉeto je tek 1565. godine od strane Migela de Legaspija (Miguel de Legazpi). Legaspi je 1571. godine osvojio ostrvo Luzon (Luzón) i zvaniĉno osnovao Manilu kao glavni grad Filipina, a ubrzo se konsolidovala i pomorska ruta Galeona iz Manile (Galeón de Manila). Na osnovu ove rute Španija je preko Sevilje i meksiĉke luke Akapulko (Acapulco) ostvarila viševekovnu kontrolu nad zonom transpacifiĉke trgovine, dok je Manila, zahvaljujući veoma razvijenim komercijalnim i ekonomskim aktivnostima sa Kinom, Japanom i Jugoistoĉnom Azijom, postala središte prve globalne trgovinske mreţe i bastion španske kolonizacije Mikronezije i širenja katoliĉanstva na podruĉju Orijenta. Osim toga, Filipini su bila jedna od najosobenijih enklava španske krune i po svom kulturološkom profilu. Naime, kako su se na ostrvima arhipelaga tokom vekova razvijale brojne tradicije i obiĉaji raznih naroda koji su još pre dolaska Španaca naselili ostrva, Filipinski arhipelag je bio pravi mozaik kulturne konvergencije razliĉitih etniĉkih grupa i zajednica. Istovremeno, osim razliĉitih kulturoloških uticaja naroda koji su naseljavali ostrva, zahvaljujući razvijenoj trgovini na prehispanskim Filipinima bio je osetan uticaj Kine, Japana i malajskih naroda, ali i Indije i muslimanske zajednice. Razvoj muslimanske kulturološke matrice bio je posebno izraţen na jugu arhipelaga i svakako predstavlja neizostavni deo filipinske istorije. MeĊutim, kako je španski uticaj bio najjaĉi u oblasti Luzona i Visaja, u ovom radu će paţnja prvenstveno biti usmerena na narode ovih teritorija kao presudnih za evolucioni proces celokune filipinske zajednice. U periodu od XVI do XIX veka Španija i Meksiko izvršili su jak kulturološki uticaj na formiranje kulturnog, jeziĉkog i verskog identiteta Filipina. Ogromna udaljenost Filipinskog arhipelaga, kao i geografska razuĊenost i etniĉka raznolikost ostrva, doprineli su pacifistiĉkom osvajanju i specifiĉnom razvoju sinkretizma filipinske tradicionalne kulture i hispanskih kulturnih elemenata.3 Sa druge strane, azijski uticaj je doprineo specifiĉnom ekonomskom razvoju i stvorio je podlogu za „kulturnu mešavinu― 3 Primer koji to najbolje ilustruje svakako je prisustvo velikog broja crkvenih lica koja su u kontinuitetu naseljavala ostrva, vršila mirnu jevanĊelizaciju nad uroĊenicima i kontrolisala proces kolonizacije, pretvarajući Filipine u „zemlju misionara i katoliĉanstva―. O ovome v. dalje u delu Kolonijalni Filipini . 2 ili „hibridnost― filipinske zajednice zasnovane na odnosima duboke meĊuzavisnosti i ambivalentnosti kolonizatora prema kolonizovanima.4 Upravo ovako kompleksna kulturološka realnost Filipina u pomenutom periodu, utemeljena na interakciji i suĉeljavanju evropskog i azijskog principa i istovremenom proţimanju lokalnih i kolonizatorskih kulturnih praksi, bila je osnovni pokretaĉ prilikom izbora teme ove doktorske disertacije. TakoĊe, jedan od razloga za upuštanje u ovakvu vrstu istraţivanja proistekao je i iz potrebe da se napravi osvrt ne samo na ranu špansku kolonijalnu knjiţevnost inspirisanu Filipinima (putopise, izveštaje, hronike i druge istoriografske radove) već i na neka od novijih dela iz oblasti filipinistike. Zapravo, ova potreba povezana je sa ţeljom da se kritiĉki preispita stav po kome se u kontekstu španske istoriografije ne moţe govoriti o autentiĉnom prikazu autohtonog naĉina ţivota na Filipinima jer je većina dela posvećenih kolonijalnom razdoblju prvenstveno usmerena ka prouĉavanju crkvene i politiĉke istorije i administrativnog ureĊenja kolonije, bez ulaţenja u dublje sociološke i etnološke analize (Sánchez Gómez 1995). Istovremeno, ona ima svoje korene u nastojanju da se kroz prizmu kulturološkog diskursa objektivno sagleda znaĉaj hispanskog razdoblja za razvoj i formiranje filipinskog kulturnog identiteta i ukaţe na jedinstvenost filipinskog umetniĉkog izraţavanja obeleţenu sinergijom Istoka i Zapada. MeĊutim, imajući u vidu širinu tematskog i vremenskog konteksta koji je predmet istraţivanja, bitno je imati na umu da je, bez obzira na pomenutu potrebu, fokus ovog ovog rada prvenstveno usmeren ka izuĉavanju dominantnih društveno- politiĉkih i kulturnih modela nastalih u razliĉitim etapama španskog kolonijalnog perioda, a ne predstavljanju postojeće iscrpne bibliografije vezane za hispanske Filipine. Kako je reĉ o nedovoljno prouĉavanim aspektima kulturoloških istraţivanja u oblasti hispanistike i orijentalistike, znaĉaj ovog rada ogleda se upravo u nastojanju da se doĊe do novih uvida i vidova percepcije koji bi doprineli kvalitetnijoj kulturološkoj debati vezanoj za istorijsko-politiĉki kontekst i razvoj kulturnog sistema Filipina. 4 Pojam „kulturne mešavine― ili „hibridnosti― sagledan je kroz prizmu Homi Babine (Homi K. Bhabha) postkolonijalne teorije u kojoj kolonijalni diskurs nije samo spoj kolonizatora i kolonizovanog prostora već neminovno i izvor subverzije i izraţavanja otpora koji nastaje kada se dva sistema kulture suprotstave (Bhabha 2004). 3 2. Predmet istraţivanja i teorijski okvir Predmet ovog nauĉnog istraţivanja predstavlja: 1) uvodnu kulturološku analizu predkolonijalnih društvenih, politiĉkih i kulturnih okolnosti koje karakterišu današnje podruĉje Filipina; 2) analizu kulturnog, društvenog i politiĉkog konteksta koji anticipira kolonijalne pretenzije i politiku španske krune u pogledu budućih osvajanja na azijskom prostoru; 3) hronološki pregled najvaţnijih istorijskih momenata koji u kulturološkom kontekstu obeleţavaju špansko kolonijalno prisustvo na Filipinima; 4) pregled istorisjkih izveštaja i hronika španskih/kolonijalnih pisaca o španskom kolonijalnom prisustvu na Filipinima; 5) pregled u prevodu dostupnih tekstova i hronika kako domaćih, filipinskih pisaca, tako i drugih relevantnih azijskih (japanskih, kineskih, itd.) hroniĉara i interpretatora španskog kolonijalnog prisustva na podruĉju Filipina; 6) analitiĉki pristup u identifikaciji onih istorijskih zapisa koji se u svetlu savremenih postkolonijalnih teorija mogu smatrati validnim i objektivnim izvorima za kvalitetnu interpretaciju istorijskog perioda koji je predmet istraţivanja; 7) analiza kulturne interakcije do koje je došlo tokom španskog kolonijalnog prisustva; 8) analiza razliĉitih vidova percepcije ovog kulturnog i istorijskog razdoblja u savremenom kulturološkom kontekstu. Istraţivanje je koncipirano tako da u prvom delu pruţa presek odgovarajućih kulturnih i sveukupnih okolnosti koje obeleţavaju predkolonijalni kontekst španske i filipinske kulturne matrice. Centralni deo rada se zatim fokusira na najznaĉajnije istorijske podatke koji svedoĉe o kolonijalnom razdoblju obuhvaćenom istraţivanjem (1521–1898). Kako bi se doprinelo što objektivnijem tumaĉenju, u ovom delu rada se pravi širi osvrt na opšte društvene, istorijske i politiĉke okolnosti španske kolonijalne imperije i kroz zasebna poglavlja analiziraju se razliĉiti aspekti društvenog i ekonomskog razvoja Filipina. Istovremeno, u svetlu relevantnih postkolonijalnih istraţivanja, teţi se objektivnom sagledavanju interesnih ekonomskih sfera, odnosa moći religije i politike i njihovog uticaja na društvene i duhovne procese filipinskog društva. TakoĊe, posebna paţnja poklanja se analizi kulturnog meĊudejstva koje je posledica istorijskog perioda obuhvaćenog istraţivanjem. Na taj naĉin, nakon uvodnog
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