DOCSLIB.ORG

Max Planck Studies in Global Legal History of the Iberian Worlds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Max Planck Studies in Global Legal History of the Iberian Worlds The School of Salamanca: A Case of Global Knowledge Production Max Planck Studies in Global Legal History of the Iberian Worlds Editor Thomas Duve The book volumes in the Max Planck Studies in Global Legal History of the Iberian Worlds publish research on legal history of areas which have been in contact with the Iberian empires during the early Modern and Modern period, in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Its focus is global in the sense that it is not limited to the imperial spaces as such but rather looks at the globalization of normativities within the space related to these imperial formations. It is global also in another sense: The volumes in the series pay special attention to the coexistence of a variety of normativities and their cultural translations in different places and moments, decentring classical research perspectives and opening up for different modes of normativity. The monographs, edited volumes and text editions in the series are peer reviewed, and published in print and online. Brill’s Open Access books are discoverable through doab and distributed free of charge in Brill’s E- Book Collections, and through oapen and jstor. volume 2 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ mpiw The School of Salamanca: A Case of Global Knowledge Production Edited by Thomas Duve, José Luis Egío, and Christiane Birr LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: Alonso de la Vera Cruz, Marginal annotations to Hadrianus Florentius, Quaestiones in quartum sententiarum praesertim circa Sacramenta, Paris 1518: heirs of Josse Bade (Museo Regional Michoacano, 56948- 9), f. Cr. © Museo Regional Michoacano. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Duve, Thomas, 1967- editor. | Egío, José Luis, editor. | Birr, Christiane, editor. Title: The School of Salamanca : a case of global knowledge production / edited by Thomas Duve, José Luis Egío, and Christiane Birr. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2021. | Series: Max Planck studies in global legal history of the Iberian worlds, 2590-3292 ; volume 2 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020056521 (print) | LCCN 2020056522 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004449732 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004449749 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Learning and scholarship–History–16th century. | Learning and scholarship–History–17th century. | Salamanca school (Catholic theology) | Alonso de la Vera Cruz, fray, approximately 1507-1584. Classification: LCC AZ346 .S45 2021 (print) | LCC AZ346 (ebook) | DDC 001.209/031–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020056521 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020056522 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill- typeface. issn 2590- 3292 isbn 978- 90- 04- 44973- 2 (hardback) isbn 978- 90- 04- 44974- 9 (e- book) Copyright 2021 by Thomas Duve, José Luis Egío, and Christiane Birr. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. Requests for re- use and/ or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com. This book is printed on acid- free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Preface vii List of Figures x Notes on Contributors xii 1 The School of Salamanca A Case of Global Knowledge Production 1 Thomas Duve 2 Salamanca in the New World University Regulation or Social Imperatives? 43 Enrique González González 3 Observance against Ambition The Struggle for the Chancellor’s Office at the Real Universidad de San Carlos in Guatemala (1686– 1696) 82 Adriana Álvarez 4 The Influence of Salamanca in the Iberian Peninsula The Case of the Faculties of Theology of Coimbra and Évora 120 Lidia Lanza and Marco Toste 5 From Fray Alonso de la Vera Cruz to Fray Martín de Rada The School of Salamanca in Asia 169 Dolors Folch 6 Creating Authority and Promoting Normative Behaviour Confession, Restitution, and Moral Theology in the Synod of Manila (1582– 1586) 210 Natalie Cobo 7 “Sepamos, Señores, en que ley vivimos y si emos de tener por nuestra regla al Consejo de Indias”: Salamanca in the Philippine Islands 245 Osvaldo R. Moutin 8 “Mirando las cosas de cerca”: Indigenous Marriage in the Philippines in the Light of Law and Legal Opinions (17th– 18th Centuries) 264 Marya Camacho vi Contents 9 The Influence of the School of Salamanca in Alonso de la Vera Cruz’s De dominio infidelium et iusto bello First relectio in America 294 Virginia Aspe 10 Producing Normative Knowledge between Salamanca and Michoacán Alonso de la Vera Cruz and the Bumpy Road of Marriage 335 José Luis Egío 11 Legal Education at the University of Córdoba (1767– 1821): From the Colony to the Homeland A Reinterpretation of the Salamanca Tradition from a New Context 399 Esteban Llamosas Index 425 Preface During the last decades, a growing number of studies on the history of science, philosophy, theology, and law have highlighted the importance of the so- called “School of Salamanca”. These studies apply a multiplicity of approaches from a variety of disciplines (legal history, economic and political history, theology, ethnohistory, etc.) and have also renewed the debate about the definition and the scope of the School itself. Traditionally, the School has been identified as a comparatively small group of theologians, students and professors at the renowned Castilian university, starting with Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto. However, the importance of the School, its literature, methods, and the community of its scholars extended far beyond the small university town on the banks of the river Tormes. In recent years, the global profile of the School has become ever more evident. The decisive role played by its writings in the emergence of colonial normative regimes and the formation of a language of normativity on a global scale has been emphasized by studies in fields as diverse as the history of the university of Salamanca itself, colonial and impe- rial history, as well as the study of international law and of legal history. However, even in this broader picture, American and Asian actors usually appear as passive recipients of normative knowledge produced in Europe. It is this fundamental misconception of the agency in the so- called peripheries of the Iberian world that this book seeks to revise. Its case studies and ana- lytical approaches highlight the closely knit structures of personal, academic, and intellectual exchange between far- flung regions of the globe, revealing an epistemic community and a community of practice that cannot be fixed to a single place. The eleven chapters of this book propose a conceptual reorientation of the research on the School. The opening chapter (Thomas Duve) sets out the methodological foundation on which the following case studies and analyses are based, exploring the School of Salamanca as a phenomenon of global knowledge production. Geographically, the case studies comprise such diverse regions of the Iberian world as México (Virginia Aspe, José Luis Egío), Guatemala (Adriana Álvarez), Portugal (Lidia Lanza/ Marco Toste), Tucumán, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (Esteban Llamosas) and the Philippines (Marya Camacho, Natalie Cobo, Dolors Folch, Osvaldo Moutin). The topics range from university history and historiography (Adriana Álvarez, Enrique González González, Lidia Lanza/ Marco Toste, Esteban Llamosas), governance and eccle- siastical legislation (Natalie Cobo, Osvaldo Moutin), the highly debated ques- tion of indigenous dominium (Virginia Aspe) to the sacraments of marriage viii Preface (José Luis Egío) and penance (Natalie Cobo). The global dimension of the biographies and careers of the members of the School are the subject of var- ious contributions. As examples of these careers linking Salamanca with the Iberian world across the globe serve Alonso de la Vera Cruz as one of the most important American authors of this globally understood School of Salamanca (discussed by Virginia Aspe, José Luis Egío and Dolors Folch) and Domingo de Salazar, a Salamanca- educated theologian who went on to become the first bishop of Manila (see Osvaldo Moutin’s contribution). The authors of the chapters take up recurring themes in order to offer a consolidated, interconnected treatment of the School of Salamanca as a phe- nomenon of global knowledge production that the School of Salamanca was. The volume’s Argentinian, British, German, Italian, Mexican, Portuguese, Philippine, and Spanish contributors represent different disciplines, such as legal history, cultural history, social history, philosophy, and canon law. Most of them took part in the conference “La Escuela de Salamanca, ¿un ejemplo de producción global
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Christmas 2018 (Letter N°57)
    Benedictine Monks Holy Cross Monastery 119 Kilbroney Road Rostrevor Co. Down BT34 3BN Northern Ireland Tel: 028 4173 9979 [email protected] www.benedictinemonks.co.uk Facebook: Benedictine Monks Rostrevor Twitter: @rostrevormonks Christmas 2018 (Letter n°57) “The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light; those who lived in a land of deep darkness, on them light has shined.” (Is 9:2) On 8 December 2018 in Oran (Algeria) 19 martyrs of the Catholic Church in Algeria were beatified: Brother Henri Vergès, Marist (1930-1994) ; Sister Paul-Hélène Saint-Raymond, Little Sister of the Assomption (1927-1994) ; Sister Esther Paniagua Alonso (1949-1994) and Sister Caridad Alvarez Martin (1933-1994), Augustinian Missionary Sisters ; Father Jean Chevillard (1925-1994), Father Alain Dieulangard (1919-1994), Father Christian Chessel (1958-1994), Father Charles Deckers (1924-1994), Missionaries of Africa ; Sister Angèle-Marie Littlejohn (1933-1995) and Sister Bibiane Leclercq (1930-1995), Sisters of Our Lady of the Apostles ; Sister Odette Prévost (1932-1995), Little Sister of the Sacred Heart ; Father Christian de Chergé (1937-1996), Brother Luc Dochier (1914- 1996), Father Christophe Lebreton (1950-1196), Brother Michel Fleury (1944-1996), Father Bruno Lemarchand (1930-1996), Father Célestin Ringeard (1933-1996), Brother Paul Favre-Miville (1939- 1996), Cistercian Monks ; Bishop Pierre Claverie, Dominican (1938-1996). We invite you to discover a little about one of those newly blessed: Bishop Pierre Claverie of Oran. Pierre Claverie, OP, Bishop of Oran, was born in Algiers on May 8, 1938. After his formation as a Dominican in France, he returned to his native country as a priest in 1967.
    [Show full text]
  • Intel International Science and Engineering Fair 2014 Finalist
    Intel International Science and Engineering Fair 2014 Finalist Directory Table of Contents Acknowledgments and Special Award Organizations ............................................................................. 2 Animal Sciences ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Behavioral & Social Sciences .............................................................................................................................. 6 Biochemistry ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Cellular & Molecular Biology ..............................................................................................................................11 Chemistry ...................................................................................................................................................................14 Computer Science....................................................................................................................................................17 Earth & Planetary Sciences ..................................................................................................................................21 Engineering - Electrical & Mechanical .............................................................................................................22 Engineering - Materials & Bioengineering
    [Show full text]
  • Colonization of the «Indies». the Origin of International Law?
    LA IDEA DE AMERICA 25/10/10 12:15 Página 43 COLONIZATION OF THE «INDIES» THE ORIGIN OF INTERNATIONAL LAW? MARTTI KOSKENNIEMI It is widely agreed that international law has its origins in the writings of the Spanish theologians of the 16th century, especially the so-called «School of Sala- manca», who were reacting to the news of Columbus having found not only a new continent but a new population, living in conditions unknown to Europeans and having never heard the gospel. The name of Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1492- 1546) the Dominican scholar who taught as Prima Professor with the theology fa- culty at the University of Salamanca from 1526 to 1546, is well-known to interna- tional law historians. This was not always the case. For a long time, international lawyers used to draw their pedigree from the Dutch Protestant Hugo de Groot (or Grotius) (1583-1645) who wrote as advocate of the Dutch East-India company in favour of opening the seas to Dutch commerce against the Spanish-Portuguese monopoly. Still in the 18th and 19th centuries, the law of nations —ius gentium— was seen as a predominantly Protestant discipline that drew its inspiration from the natural law taught by such followers of Grotius as the Saxon Samuel Pufen- dorf (1632-1694) and the Swiss Huguenot Emer de Vattel (1714-1767), followed by a series of professors at 18th century German universities1. It was only towards the late-19th century when the Belgian legal historian Er- nest Nys pointed to the Catholic renewal of natural law during the Spanish siglo de oro that attention was directed to Vitoria and some of his successors, especially the Jesuit Francisco Suárez, (1548-1617), who had indeed developed a universally applicable legal vocabulary —something that late— 19th century jurists, including Nys himself, were trying to achieve2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography on the History of the Jesuits : Publications in English
    Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/bibliographyonhi281begh . H nV3F mm Ǥffi fitwffii 1 unBK i$3SOul nt^ni^1 ^H* an I A'. I ' K&lfi HP HHBHHH b^SHs - HHHH hHFJISi i *^' i MPiUHraHHHN_ ^ 4H * ir Til inrlWfif O'NEILL UBRAHJ BOSTON COLLEGE Bibliography on the History of the \ Jesuits Publications in English, 1900-1993 Paul Begheyn, S.J. CD TtJ 28/1 JANUARY 1996 ft THE SEMINAR ON JESUIT SPIRITUALITY A group of Jesuits appointed from their provinces in the United States. The Seminar studies topics pertaining to the spiritual doctrine and practice of Jesuits, especially American Jesuits, and communicates the results to the members of the provinces. This is done in the spirit of Vatican IPs recom- mendation that religious institutes recapture the original inspiration of their founders and adapt it to the circumstances of modern times. The Seminar wel- comes reactions or comments in regard to the material that it publishes. The Seminar focuses its direct attention on the life and work of the Jesuits of the United States. The issues treated may be common also to Jesuits of other regions, to other priests, religious, and laity, to both men and women. Hence, the studies, while meant especially for American Jesuits, are not exclu- sively for them. Others who may find them helpful are cordially welcome to read them. CURRENT MEMBERS OF THE SEMINAR George M. Anderson, S.J., is associate editor of America, in New York, and writes regularly on social issues and the faith (1993). Peter D. Byrne, S.J., is rector and president of St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican-American Press and the Spanish Civil War”
    Abraham Lincoln Brigades Archives (ALBA) Submission for George Watt Prize, Graduate Essay Contest, 2020. Name: Carlos Nava, Southern Methodist University, Graduate Studies. Chapter title: Chapter 3. “The Mexican-American Press and The Spanish Civil War” Word Count: 8,052 Thesis title: “Internationalism In The Barrios: Hispanic-Americans and The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.” Thesis abstract: The ripples of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) had a far-reaching effect that touched Spanish speaking people outside of Spain. In the United States, Hispanic communities –which encompassed Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexicans, Spaniards, and others— were directly involved in anti-isolationist activities during the Spanish Civil War. Hispanics mobilized efforts to aid the Spanish Loyalists, they held demonstrations against the German and Italian intervention, they lobbied the United States government to lift the arms embargo on Spain, and some traveled to Spain to fight in the International Brigades. This thesis examines how the Spanish Civil War affected the diverse Hispanic communities of Tampa, New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Against the backdrop of the war, this paper deals with issues regarding ethnicity, class, gender, and identity. It discusses racism towards Hispanics during the early days of labor activism. It examines ways in which labor unions used the conflict in Spain to rally support from their members to raise funds for relief aid. It looks at how Hispanics fought against American isolationism in the face of the growing threat of fascism abroad. CHAPTER 3. THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN PRESS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR During the Spanish Civil War, the Mexican-American press in the Southwest stood apart from their Spanish language counterparts on the East Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Imagination in Vitoria : the Power of Ideas
    Legal Imagination in Vitoria. The Power of Ideas Pablo Zapatero* Professor of Public International Law, Carlos III University, Madrid, Spain 1. A Man’s Ideas Legal progress is often propelled by concepts first envisioned in academia. In this light, the present article explores the ideas of a fascinating intellectual figure: Francisco de Vitoria (1483-1546),1 a man broadly recognized as one of the “founding fathers” of international law. The writings and lectures of this 16th century Dominican friar formulated innovative legal doctrines in an age of uncertainty and profound social change; an age that gave birth to the modern States that, with their centralized power, signalled the demise of medieval pluralism, the dismemberment of Christendom, and the erosion of imperial and papal aspirations to universal power. Medieval Europe, before then, had defined itself as a cultural, political and religious unity: the Res Publica Christiana. The first half of the 16th century witnessed the final breakdown of that order, the emergence of the modern sovereign state and the subsequent development of the European state system. It was also in this age that a singular event transformed con- ventional conceptions of the world and consolidated anthropocentrism: the discovery of America.2 A ‘stellar moment’ of literature, political and legal * For correspondence use [email protected]. Unless otherwise indicated, translations in this paper are by the author. 1) See Getino, L.G. El Maestro Fr. Francisco de Vitoria: Su vida, su doctrina e influencia, Imprenta Católica, 1930 and de Heredia, Beltrán. Francisco de Vitoria, Editorial Labor, 1939. 2) Pérez Luño, A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nineteenth-Century Thomist from the Far East:
    The Nineteenth-Century Thomist from theF ar East: Cardinal Zeferino González, OP (1831–1894) Levine Andro H. Lao1 Center for Theology, Religious Studies and Ethics University of Santo Tomás, Manila, Philippines Abstract: In light of the celebration of the five centuries of Christianity in the Philippines, this article hopes to reintroduce Fr. Zeferino González, OP, to scholars of Church history, philosophy, and cultural heritage. He was an alumnus of the University of Santo Tomás, a Cardinal, and a champion of the revival of Catholic Philosophy that led to the promulgation of Leo XIII’s encyclical Aeterni Patris. Specifically, this essay presents, firstly, the Cardinal’s biography in the context of his experience as a missionary in the Philippines; secondly, the intellectual tradition in Santo Tomás in Manila, which he carried with him until his death; and lastly, some reasons for his once-radiant memory to slip into an undeserved forgetfulness. Keywords: Zeferino González, Thomism in Asia, Aeterni Patris, Christian Philosophy, History of Philosophy n the 1880s, the University of Santo Tomás had two grand celebrations that were associated with Fr. Zeferino González, OP (1831–1894). The first pompous festivity was held in 1880 when the University received Pope Leo XIII’s encyclical Aeterni Patris;2 the second was when Fray Zeferino (as how I1 Levine Andro Hernandez Lao can be contacted at [email protected]. He teaches at the Ecclesiastical Faculty of Philosophy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila. https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-1136-2432. This study was funded by the 2020 National Research Award given by the National Commission for Culture and Arts (Philippines).
    [Show full text]
  • 134TH COMMENCEMENT James E
    134 th Commencement MAY 2021 Welcome Dear Temple graduates, Congratulations! Today is a day of celebration for you and all those who have supported you in your Temple journey. I couldn’t be more proud of the diverse and driven students who are graduating this spring. Congratulations to all of you, to your families and to our dedicated faculty and academic advisors who had the pleasure of educating and championing you. If Temple’s founder Russell Conwell were alive to see your collective achievements today, he’d be thrilled and amazed. In 1884, he planted the seeds that have grown and matured into one of this nation’s great urban research universities. Now it’s your turn to put your own ideas and dreams in motion. Even if you experience hardships or disappointments, remember the motto Conwell left us: Perseverantia Vincit, Perseverance Conquers. We have faith that you will succeed. Thank you so much for calling Temple your academic home. While I trust you’ll go far, remember that you will always be part of the Cherry and White. Plan to come back home often. Sincerely, Richard M. Englert President UPDATED: 05/07/2021 Contents The Officers and the Board of Trustees ............................................2 Candidates for Degrees James E. Beasley School of Law ....................................................3 Esther Boyer College of Music and Dance .....................................7 College of Education and Human Development ...........................11 College of Engineering ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE CLASS of of the City University of New York May 28, 2020 2020 1
    Herbert H. Lehman College THE CLASS OF of The City University of New York May 28, 2020 2020 1 Dear Class of 2020: As I write this, I am reflecting on the 2018 Winter Olympics. I remember being impressed by the vignettes highlighting the personal sacrifice and commitment that led some of the most admired and talented athletes in the world to the medal stand. Those traits – sacrifice and commitment – came to mind when I thought about your graduating class of more than 3500 students. Though you did not have the privilege those Olympic athletes enjoyed to devote themselves completely to just one thing, you have shown, especially in the months leading up to this moment, that you share the same kind of commitment and sacrifices needed to help you take your place among champions. While studying, many of you have worked several part-time jobs, caring for children and relatives, commuting many hours to and from classes. Without the benefit of a financial safety net, you have also now managed to complete the disrupted term of spring term, often with inadequate internet access and with multiple challenges compounded by stay-at-home restrictions. What you have achieved would be admirable in any context but in the context of 2020, it is phenomenal. Nearly 40 percent of you have lost your jobs and critical income this spring. Some of you have battled COVID-19 yourselves, and far too many of you have friends and loved ones coping with COVID-19. It grieves me to say that at least two of your peers lost the fight with coronavirus, with the Bronx being one of the counties hardest-hit by the pandemic in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. Volume 31, Winter 2006
    LIVING IN DOUBT: CARNEADES’ PITHANON RECONSIDERED SUZANNE OBDRZALEK I though the interpretation of ancient texts is inevitably di¶cult, Carneades presents what one might call a worst-case scenario. In the first place, he wrote nothing. To complicate matters, Carneades’ views were so obscure that his faithful disciple Clitomachus con- fessed that he could never figure out what Carneades actually be- lieved (Cic. Acad. 2. 139). Showing remarkable fortitude in the face of such an obstacle, Clitomachus, attempting to play Plato to Carneades’ Socrates, reportedly recorded Carneades’ teachings in 400 books (D.L. 4. 67). Not one remains. None the less, Clito- machus’ attempt to make a philosophy of Carneades’ anti-theoreti- cal stance was not a complete failure; Carneades had a tremendous influence on the later Academy as well as the Stoa, and his views (or lack thereof) have been handed down to us by both Sextus Em- piricus and Cicero. These sources are, however, problematic. As a Pyrrhonist, Sextus was critical of the Academy and may have ex- aggerated what he took to be Carneades’ dogmatism. Cicero, on the other hand, a student of Philo, was undoubtedly influenced in his interpretation of Carneades by his teacher’s dogmatic scepti- cism. Carneades is perhaps best known for proposing the pithan»e phantasia (probable impression) as a criterion for life. However, the status of his theory of the pithanon (probable) is completely unclear.1 Was it merely a dialectical move against the Stoic charge of apraxia (inaction)? Was it a theory that Carneades himself en- ã Suzanne Obdrzalek 2006 I would like to thank Alan Code, Tony Long, Julius Moravcsik, and David Sedley for their comments on this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican Political Fracture and the 1954 Coup in Guatemala (The Beginnings of the Cold War in Latin America)
    Culture & History Digital Journal 4(1) June 2015, e006 eISSN 2253-797X doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2015.006 The Mexican political fracture and the 1954 coup in Guatemala (The beginnings of the cold war in Latin America) Soledad Loaeza El Colegio de México [email protected] Submitted: 2 September 2014. Accepted: 16 February 2015 ABSTRACT: This article challenges two general assumptions that have guided the study of Mexican foreign policy in the last four decades. First, that from this policy emerges national consensus; and, secondly that between Mexico and the US there is a “special relation” thanks to which Mexico has been able to develop an autonomous foreign policy. The two assumptions are discussed in light of the impact on Mexican domestic politics of the 1954 US- sponsored military coup against the government of government of Guatemala. In Mexico, the US intervention re- opened a political fracture that had first appeared in the 1930’s, as a result of President Cárdenas’radical policies that divided Mexican society. These divisions were barely dissimulated by the nationalist doctrine adopted by the gov- ernment. The Guatemalan Crisis brought some of them into the open. The Mexican President, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ priority was the preservation of political stability. He feared the US government might feel the need to intervene in Mexico to prevent a serious disruption of the status quo. Thus, Ruiz Cortines found himself in a delicate position in which he had to solve the conflicts derived from a divided elite and a fractured society, all this under the pressure of US’ expectations regarding a secure southern border.
    [Show full text]
  • Cam OA Repository
    Penultimate draft for The Historical Journal Empire and the Right to Preach the Gospel in the School of Salamanca, 1535-1560 Daniel S. Allemann ‘Dear father prior of the monastery of San Esteban in the city of Salamanca’, wrote the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in November 1539, ‘I have been informed that certain religious masters of your house have debated and treated in their sermons and lectures the right we have over the Indies, the islands and firm lands in the oceanic sea.’1 One very prominent member of the Dominican convent, whom Charles V had in mind when he composed this letter, was Francisco de Vitoria (1486-1546).2 Earlier in the same year, the prime chair in theology at the University of Salamanca had delivered his famous relectio De indis. In this solemn lecture, addressed to an illustrious audience of intellectuals, he engaged in the controversy about the ‘barbarians in the New World, commonly called Indians, who came under the power of the Spaniards some forty years ago, having been previously unknown to our world’.3 The attitudes to the Spanish conquest that Vitoria and his colleagues at Salamanca put forward have recently been subject to radically contrasting interpretations by historians of political thought and scholars associated with post-colonial studies, respectively. If we follow * I would like to extend special thanks to Annabel Brett, for her invaluable feedback and guidance throughout the various stages of this article. I am also indebted to the journal’s anonymous referees and to the audience of the Jahrestagung der Basel Graduate School of History, where an earlier version of the argument was presented in German.
    [Show full text]