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Biological Control of Lantana, Prickly Pear, and Hamakua Pamakani Inhawah: a Review and Update
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF LANTANA, PRICKLY PEAR, AND HAMAKUA PAMAKANI INHAWAH: A REVIEW AND UPDATE Clifton J. Davis, Ernest Yoshioka, and Dina Kageler ABSTRACT The biological control of noxious weeds in Hawai`i has been carried on intermittently since 1902, when insects and diseases of lantana (Lantana camara) were sought in Mexico by the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry (now Hawai`i Department of Agriculture). This approach was subsequently employed for the control of 20 other noxious weed pests between the 1940s and 1970s. Lantana was the first weed to be controlled by this method in the U.S. Results were very dramatic in some areas of the State, especially after later introductions by Hawai`ian and Australian entomologists resulted in heavy stress on lantana. In addition to lantana, excellent results have been obtained in the biological control of cacti (Opuntia spp.), and Hamakua pamakani (Ageratina riparia). Prior to the introduction of cactus insects in 1949, 66,000 a (26,400 ha) of Parker Ranch range lands on Hawai`i Island were infested with cacti. By 1965, 7,610 a (< 3,080 ha) remained infested, the result of three introduced insects and an accidentally introduced fungus disease; the red-fruited variety of cactus is particularly susceptible to the fungus. A spineless variety of the cactus occurs in the 'Ainahou-Poliokeawe Pali sector of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, and biocontrol efforts are in progress. With the introduction of insects from Mexico and a foliar fungus disease from Jamaica, Hamakua pamakani is under excellent control on many ranch as well as privately owned and government lands on Hawai`i Island. -
Chrysanthemoides Monilifera Ssp
MANAGEMENT OF BONESEED (CHRYSANTHEMOIDES MONILIFERA SSP. MONILIFERA) (L.) T. NORL. USING FIRE, HERBICIDES AND OTHER TECHNIQUES IN AUSTRALIAN WOODLANDS Rachel L. Melland Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Agriculture, Food and Wine University of Adelaide August 2007 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ VI DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 AIMS OF THIS THESIS .......................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 2.1 PROCESSES OF NATIVE ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION ............................................................ 5 2.2 GLOBAL PLANT INVASIONS – ECOSYSTEM DEGRADING PROCESSES .................................... 6 2.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL WEED PROBLEM IN AUSTRALIA ..................................................... 10 2.4 CAUSES AND PROCESSES OF INVASIVENESS ..................................................................... -
Checklist of the Leaf-Mining Flies (Diptera, Agromyzidae) of Finland
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 441: 291–303Checklist (2014) of the leaf-mining flies( Diptera, Agromyzidae) of Finland 291 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.441.7586 CHECKLIST www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Checklist of the leaf-mining flies (Diptera, Agromyzidae) of Finland Jere Kahanpää1 1 Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, P.O. Box 17, FI–00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Corresponding author: Jere Kahanpää ([email protected]) Academic editor: J. Salmela | Received 25 March 2014 | Accepted 28 April 2014 | Published 19 September 2014 http://zoobank.org/04E1C552-F83F-4611-8166-F6B1A4C98E0E Citation: Kahanpää J (2014) Checklist of the leaf-mining flies (Diptera, Agromyzidae) of Finland. In: Kahanpää J, Salmela J (Eds) Checklist of the Diptera of Finland. ZooKeys 441: 291–303. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.441.7586 Abstract A checklist of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) recorded from Finland is presented. 279 (or 280) species are currently known from the country. Phytomyza linguae Lundqvist, 1947 is recorded as new to Finland. Keywords Checklist, Finland, Diptera, biodiversity, faunistics Introduction The Agromyzidae are called the leaf-miner or leaf-mining flies and not without reason, although a substantial fraction of the species feed as larvae on other parts of living plants. While Agromyzidae is traditionally placed in the superfamily Opomyzoidea, its exact relationships with other acalyptrate Diptera are poorly understood (see for example Winkler et al. 2010). Two subfamilies are recognised within the leaf-mining flies: Agromyzinae and Phytomyzinae. Both are now recognised as natural groups (Dempewolf 2005, Scheffer et al. 2007). Unfortunately the genera are not as well defined: at least Ophiomyia, Phy- toliriomyza and Aulagromyza are paraphyletic in DNA sequence analyses (see Scheffer et al. -
Current and Potential Use of Phytophagous Mites As Biological Control Agent of Weeds
Chapter 5 Current and Potential Use of Phytophagous Mites as Biological Control Agent of Weeds Carlos Vásquez, Yelitza Colmenárez, José Morales-Sánchez, Neicy Valera, María F. Sandoval and Diego Balza Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/59953 1. Introduction Biological control of weeds by using phytophagous mites may help to contain infestations and reduce their spread in time. Although, eradication is not the goal due to the vastness of the areas, the most desirable scenario is achieved when weeds are no longer a concern and no other control is necessary. However, biological control should not be considered the unique strategy to face weed problems, thus commonly; other methods are still required to attain the desired level of control. There is an increasingly interest in using mites for biological control of weeds, primarily those belonging to Eriophyidae because of they are host-specific and often weaken the host plant affecting plant growth and reproduction. Although eriophyid mite species impact the fitness of their host plant, it is not clear how much they have contributed to reduction of the population of the target weed. In some cases, natural enemies, resistant plant genotypes, and adverse abiotic conditions have reduced the ability of eriophyid mites to control target weed popula‐ tions. Besides, susceptibility of eriophyids to predators and pathogens may also prevent them from achieving population densities necessary to reduce host plant populations. In addition to eriophyid mites, tetranychid mites are also being considered as an alternative for weed control. The gorse spider mite, Tetranychus lintearius Dufour, has shown to reduce shoot growth on gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) by around 36% in impact studies conducted over 2.5 years in Tasmania. -
Review of the Declaration of Lantana Species in New South Wales Review of the Declaration of Lantana Species in New South Wales
NSW DPI Review of the declaration of Lantana species in New South Wales Review of the declaration of Lantana species in New South Wales New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Orange NSW 2800 Frontispiece. A flowering and fruiting branch of the common pink variety of Lantana camara, near Copmanhurst (NSW north coast, October 2005) (Source: S. Johnson, NSW DPI). © State of New South Wales through NSW Department of Primary Industries 2007. You may copy, distribute and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute NSW Department of Primary Industries as the owner. ISBN 978 0 7347 1889 1 Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (December 2007). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up to date and to check currency of the information with the appropriate officer of New South Wales Department of Primary Industries or the user’s independent adviser. Job number 7262 This document was prepared by Dr Stephen Johnson Weed Ecologist Weeds Unit Biosecurity, Compliance and Mine Safety Telephone: 02 6391 3146 Facsimile: 02 6391 3206 Locked Bag 21 ORANGE NSW 2800 Figure 1. White and purple flowering varieties of the ornamental Lantana montevidensis planted in a median strip, Griffith (south western NSW, September 2005) (Source: S. Johnson, NSW DPI). iv REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW 3 REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW 5 NOMENCLATURE 5 Lantana camara 5 Lantana montevidensis 5 SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS 5 Lantana camara 5 Lantana montevidensis 7 TAXONOMY 9 Family Verbenaceae 9 Lantana genus 9 The Lantana camara species aggregate 9 Varieties of L. -
A Comparison of Bird Foraging Preferences for Fruits of Indigenous and Alien Shrubs and Seed Dispersal Potentials in the Cape Floristic Region
A comparison of bird foraging preferences for fruits of indigenous and alien shrubs and seed dispersal potentials in the Cape Floristic Region by THABISO MICHAEL MOKOTJOMELA Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Supervisors Prof. Charles F. Musil Prof. Karen J. Esler March 2012 1 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. FULL NAME: THABISO MICHAEL MOKOTJOMELA DATE: MARCH 2012 SIGNATURE ...................................................................................... COPYRIGHT © 2012 STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements I would like to extend my most sincere gratitude to Prof. Charles Musil for his guidance and mentorship and to Prof. Karen Esler for her unwavering support and assistance with university administration issues. Ms Ingrid Nanni is thanked for administering funding for this project provided by the Andrew Mellon Foundation under the leadership of Prof. John Donaldson representing the host institution, namely the South African National Biodiversity Institute. Supplementary research funding was provided by the Lesotho Government and the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust. Dr. Phoebe Barnard is acknowledged for her role in initiating the project. Prof. David Richardson, Prof. Suzanne Milton & Prof. Phil Hockey provided valuable advice on invasive plants and birds. -
Ophiomyia Lantanae
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Biosecurity Queensland Fact sheet LANTANA BIOCONTROL October 2013 Ophiomyia lantanae Great state. Great opportunity. Ophiomyia lantanae, a seed-mining fly, is the most widely distributed biocontrol agent for lantana. Origin • Ophiomyia lantanae occurs naturally from southern United States of America to Brazil. • Cultures of Ophiomyia lantanae originated from Mexico. • The insect was first released in Australia in 1914. Biology • Adults feed on nectar or drink water and lay eggs in immature green fruits—one egg per fruit. • Larvae feed on the fleshy pulp of the seed, but leave the embryo undamaged. • Development from egg to adult takes about 24 days. • Adults live for about 12 days. Australian distribution and impact on lantana • Ophiomyia lantanae is found from the Torres Strait islands to southern New South Wales, and also around Darwin and Perth. • The fly is common in the moist, warm areas where lantana flowers readily. • The fly causes the greatest damage in late summer and autumn, when up to 80% of fruit can be infested. Damaged fruits are unattractive to birds (the main seed dispersers), so seed dispersal is reduced. • Ophiomyia lantanae can be found on all varieties of Lantana camara. Note: Landholders are advised not to consume their time collecting this insect for distribution. This insect has been widely released and is now found in all areas which are climatically suitable. Due to it’s own ability to disperse, this insect will be periodically/seasonally present in areas that are climatically suitable for it. This fact sheet is developed with funding support from the Land Protection Fund. -
Dube Nontembeko 2019.Pdf (2.959Mb)
UNDERSTANDING THE FITNESS, PREFERENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF SPECIALIST HERBIVORES OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIOTYPE OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (ASTERACEAE), AND IMPACTS ON PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND GROWTH RATE OF THE PLANT By NONTEMBEKO DUBE Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirement of Doctorate of Philosophy In The Discipline of Entomology School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa 2019 PREFACE The research contained in this thesis was completed by the candidate while based in the Discipline of Entomology, School of Life Sciences of the College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, South Africa, under the supervision of Dr Caswell Munyai, Dr Costas Zachariades, Dr Osariyekemwen Uyi and the guidance of Prof Fanie van Heerden. The research was financially supported by the Natural Resource Management Programmes of the Department of Environmental Affairs, and Plant Health and Protection of the Agricultural Research Council. The contents of this work have not been submitted in any form to another university and, except where the work of others is acknowledged in the text, the results reported are due to investigations by the candidate. _________________________ Signed: N. Dube (Candidate) Date: 08 August 2019 __________________________ Signed: C. Munyai (Supervisor) Date: 08August 8, 2019 ________________________________ Signed: C. Zachariades (Co-supervisor) Date: 08 August 2019 _________________________________ -
Annotated List of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from Iran, with Four New Records
J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 12(3): 1-6, 2010 ISBN:1302-0250 Annotated List of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from Iran, with Four New Records Abu Fazel DOUSTI Department of Entomology, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Fars, IRAN e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Agromyzidae family includes the most important dipterous species miners of crops for agriculture. Knowledge of 2900 worldwide species are cited, of which about 7% are considered of agronomic interest. (Ortiza, 2009). All Agromyzidae species undermine the internal tissue of different organs of plants. Depending on their eating habits they can be classified as leaf miners (leafmining), stem miners (stem-mining and tunneling), cambium miners, and parasites of flower buds or fruits. Agromyzidae genus within the Palaearctic region consists of 24 genera constituting a total of 1165 species. The first annotated list of Iranian leafminers of the family Agromyzidae (Diptera), comprising 26 species, is presented. Two Genera and four species, are considered to be new records from Iran: Amauromyza carlinae (Herring, 1944), Amauromyza fraxini (Beiger, 1980), Calycomyza humeralis (von Roser, 1840), Pseudonapomyza atra (Meigen, 1830). Key words: Annotated list, Agromyzidae, leafminers, new record, Iran INTRODUCTION Agromyzidae (leafmining flies) is one of the largest fly families, with more than 2900 species belonging to 30 genera worldwide. From this family about 1165 species have been identified in the Palaearctic region (Civelek, 2003; Çikman & Sasakawa, 2008). Based mostly on various faunistical survey reports, a taxonomical checklist of 26 nominal species of the Iranian Agromyzidae belonging to two subfamilies, and 11 genera was provided. Therefore, I did not intend to confirm identifications by the previous workers except very obvious cases. -
Lantana Camara (Verbenaceae) in South Africa
Past and present initiatives on the biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in South Africa J-R. Baars & S. Neser ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Lantana camara, a highly invasive weed in many countries, has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since the early 1960s. An earlier review in 1991 indicated that, despite the establishment of several natural enemy species, the programme has largely been unsuccessful. In this paper we review initiatives undertaken during the 1990s and discuss (i) the status of the natural enemies established on the weed, (ii) factors that have limited the impact of these agents, (iii) the potential of eleven new biocontrol candidates currently under evaluation for re- lease and (iv) the problem of expanded host ranges of imported natural enemies under labora- tory conditions. Ultimately, the success of the programme will depend on the establishment of a suite of natural enemies, attacking several parts of the weed, which are able to cope with the ex- treme variability and wide distribution of L. camara in South Africa. Despite the problems associ- ated with the programme, L. camara remains a candidate for biological control in South Africa. Key words: Lantana camara, varieties, biological weed control, natural enemies, host-specificity testing, Lippia. Lantana camara sensu lato (Verbenaceae; Fig. 1), a compounds, notably the pentacyclic triterpenes floriferous, prickly, thicket-forming shrub, which (Kellerman et al. 1996), lantadene A and B (Morton is commonly known as lantana, originates from 1994), which if consumed can cause photosensiti- tropical and subtropical South and Central Amer- zation, liver and kidney damage, paralysis of the ica (Stirton 1977). -
Diptera: Agromyzidae) Inferred from Sequence Data from Multiple Genes
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42 (2007) 756–775 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogenetic relationships within the leaf-mining Xies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) inferred from sequence data from multiple genes Sonja J. ScheVer a,¤, Isaac S. Winkler b, Brian M. Wiegmann c a Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA b Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA c Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Received 9 January 2006; revised 29 November 2006; accepted 18 December 2006 Available online 31 December 2006 Abstract The leaf-mining Xies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are a diverse group whose larvae feed internally in leaves, stems, Xowers, seeds, and roots of a wide variety of plant hosts. The systematics of agromyzids has remained poorly known due to their small size and morphological homogeneity. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships among genera within the Agromyzidae using parsimony and Bayesian anal- yses of 2965 bp of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear ribosomal 28S gene, and the single copy nuclear CAD gene. We included 86 species in 21 genera, including all but a few small genera, and spanning the diversity within the family. The results from parsimony and Bayesian analyses were largely similar, with major groupings of genera in common. SpeciWcally, both analy- ses recovered a monophyletic Phytomyzinae and a monophyletic Agromyzinae. Within the subfamilies, genera found to be monophyletic given our sampling include Agromyza, Amauromyza, Calycomyza, Cerodontha, Liriomyza, Melanagromyza, Metopomyza, Nemorimyza, Phytobia, and Pseudonapomyza. Several genera were found to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic including Aulagromyza, Chromatomyia, Phytoliriomyza, Phytomyza, and Ophiomyia. -
The Biology of Australian Weeds 25. Lantana Camara L
Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.10(2) 1995 82 In weedy forms about half of the flow- The Biology of Australian Weeds ers usually produce a single-seeded fleshy spherical fruit 5–7 mm in diameter, 25. Lantana camara L. at first hard and green but ripening to purple or black and then consisting of a J.T. SwarbrickA, B.W. WillsonB and M.A. Hannan-JonesB. thin skin containing a purple pulp around A Weed Science Consultancy, 15 Katoomba Crescent, Toowoomba, the stony, pear-shaped, 3–4 mm diameter Queensland 4350, Australia. seed. The non-weedy forms set very few fruits. Each seed contains one or some- B Alan Fletcher Research Station, PO Box 36, Sherwood, Queensland 4075, times two embryos, and in the latter case Australia. both may germinate. The root system typically consists of a short tap root with laterals, which divide Name repeatedly to form a root mat. Lantana Lantana camara was known by at least tall but capable of becoming a liane up to does not sucker from damaged or broken five polynomial descriptive names, start- 15 m tall if given support (Figure 1). roots, but will regrow vigorously from the ing with Lantana, Viburnum and The arching, scrambling or prostrate base of the stem and more slowly from Periclymenum, before Linnaeus gave it its stems are initially 4-angled but become rooted horizontal stems in contact with binomial name in 1753. He retained cylindrical and up to 15 cm thick with moist soil. Lantana (origin obscure) and described a age. Young stems are hairy and in the number of species including camara (a weedy forms carry sharp recurved prick- Variation within the species West Indian name) and aculeata (prickly), les along the angles, whilst those of the Lantana is an aggregate species, derived a species now included within the non-weedy forms are rounder, more slen- through horticultural and natural hy- L.