DOCSLIB.ORG

Review of the Declaration of Lantana Species in New South Wales Review of the Declaration of Lantana Species in New South Wales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review of the Declaration of Lantana Species in New South Wales Review of the Declaration of Lantana Species in New South Wales NSW DPI Review of the declaration of Lantana species in New South Wales Review of the declaration of Lantana species in New South Wales New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Orange NSW 2800 Frontispiece. A flowering and fruiting branch of the common pink variety of Lantana camara, near Copmanhurst (NSW north coast, October 2005) (Source: S. Johnson, NSW DPI). © State of New South Wales through NSW Department of Primary Industries 2007. You may copy, distribute and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute NSW Department of Primary Industries as the owner. ISBN 978 0 7347 1889 1 Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (December 2007). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up to date and to check currency of the information with the appropriate officer of New South Wales Department of Primary Industries or the user’s independent adviser. Job number 7262 This document was prepared by Dr Stephen Johnson Weed Ecologist Weeds Unit Biosecurity, Compliance and Mine Safety Telephone: 02 6391 3146 Facsimile: 02 6391 3206 Locked Bag 21 ORANGE NSW 2800 Figure 1. White and purple flowering varieties of the ornamental Lantana montevidensis planted in a median strip, Griffith (south western NSW, September 2005) (Source: S. Johnson, NSW DPI). iv REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW 3 REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW 5 NOMENCLATURE 5 Lantana camara 5 Lantana montevidensis 5 SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS 5 Lantana camara 5 Lantana montevidensis 7 TAXONOMY 9 Family Verbenaceae 9 Lantana genus 9 The Lantana camara species aggregate 9 Varieties of L. camara in Australia 11 Varieties of L. montevidensis in Australia 14 ORIGIN 14 LIFECYCLE 16 DISPERSAL 19 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 20 HABITAT 20 Climatic requirements 20 Soils 21 DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALIA 22 Current distribution 22 Lantana camara 22 Lantana montevidensis 23 Potential distribution 23 IMPORTANCE 24 Detrimental 24 Pastures 25 Natural ecosystems 26 Forestry 28 Plantation and other crops 28 Railway and service providers 28 Allelopathy 28 Hosts for other pests 28 Human effects 29 Beneficial 29 Ornamental 29 REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW v Other human uses 29 Alternative food and habitat sources for wildlife 29 Other benefits 29 The sale of ornamental Lantana species 30 Negative impacts of the removal from sale of Lantana species 31 LEGISLATION 31 State declaration 31 A Weed of National Significance (WoNS) 32 Benefits that may accrue from continued legislative control 32 CONTROL 32 Prevention 33 Herbicides 33 Other management 34 Fire 34 Mechanical clearing 35 Cultivation 35 Hand removal and flame weeding 36 Grazing management 36 Revegetation 36 Biological control 37 Integrated management of L. camara 37 Pasture situations 38 Natural ecosystems 38 Controlling regrowth 39 Identifying the causes of infestation 39 Integrated management of L. montevidensis 39 SOCIAL LIMITATIONS TO CONTROL 40 The widespread acceptance of L. camara 40 Issues involved with the sale of Lantana species 40 Constraints to managing L. camara 41 Motivating land managers to undertake management 42 RECOMMENDATIONS 42 FURTHER RESEARCH NEEDS 43 INFORMATION REQUIRED FROM CONSULTATION 44 CONCLUSIONS 44 REFERENCES 48 APPENDICES 59 vi REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW APPENDICES Appendix 1 Declarations of Lantana species across Australia. Appendix 2 Recommendations for declarations of Lantana species in NSW. ABBREVIATIONS ACT Australian Capital Territory NSW New South Wales NT Northern Territory Qld Queensland SA South Australia Vic Victoria WA Western Australia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This review has benefited greatly from information and comments provided by staff from NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity Queensland, the University of Queensland and the Botanic Gardens Trust. Figure 2. A red and yellow flowering ornamental Lantana hybrid planted in a median strip, Griffith (south western NSW, September 2005) (Source: S. Johnson, NSW DPI). REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW vii as well as other areas reducing plant and animal EXECUTIVE SUMMARY biomass, abundance and biodiversity, generally This document examined the basic biology and causing livestock toxicity if eaten, often preventing management of Lantana species in NSW. Two species regeneration of natural areas, and affecting tourism, have naturalised, these being L. camara (lantana), a recreational and aesthetic values. Alternatively, both polyploid species aggregate composed of at least species have been widely planted as ornamental and 29 different weedy and ornamental varieties and L. hedge plants, and as amenity plantings. Plants may montevidensis (creeping lantana) of which one weedy provide alternative habitat for animals and provide a and at least several ornamental varieties are present. source of essential oils. Varieties of L. camara respond differently to a range of environmental and management conditions and Lantana camara is a Weed of National Significance practises. Species of Lantana are able to hybridise and has been banned from trade and distribution and many such hybrids are grown for horticultural in all states and territories in Australia. Varieties of purposes. Despite claims to the contrary, all varieties L. camara are declared noxious in parts of coastal are fertile to some extent. Although there is extensive NSW, while both species are declared in Qld and the spread of both species in eastern Australia, further NT. Management of both Lantana species is difficult spread is likely in both clean and infested areas. with integrated control programs needed including Both species form dense, multi­branched thickets preventative, chemical, mechanical and biological making access and management difficult. Flowering measures while fire, ploughing, hand pulling, and fruit set may occur all year round with dispersal of revegetation and grazing management are useful fruit by a range of birds and animals. Both species are tools. able to spread vegetatively to some degree. Recommendations arising from this document have Lantana species invade pastures, a wide range of been made to the Noxious Weeds Advisory Committee natural ecosystems, forestry and plantation crops, and are contained in Appendix 2. REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW 1 2 REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW Information from the literature has been grouped into SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW the following general areas throughout this document: This document outlines the basic biology and ­ nomenclature, species descriptions, taxonomy, management of species of the genus Lantana that origin, lifecycle, dispersal, growth and development, are present in New South Wales. The review was habitat, distribution, importance, legislation, control undertaken to ascertain if the current declaration and recommendations. Further research needs and of the noxious weed species Lantana camara was information required from consultation have been appropriate. An assessment of Lantana montevidensis highlighted. and the large number of ornamental Lantana varieties was also made to determine if new declarations were appropriate. Figure 3. A flowering plant of the red variety of Lantana camara, near Seeview (Grafton, NSW north coast, October 2005) (Source: S. Johnson, NSW DPI). REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW 3 4 REVIEW OF THE DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES IN NSW uses the taxonomic name L. camara to describe this REVIEW OF THE aggregate species. DECLARATION OF LANTANA SPECIES Lantana montevidensis There are a number of common names used for IN NSW Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. in Australia. These include: Creeping lantana, Lantana, Polecat NOMENCLATURE geranium, Purple lantana, Sellow’s lantana, Small lantana, Trailing lantana, Weeping lantana and Wild Lantana camara verbena (Shepherd et al. 2001; O’Donnell 2002). There are a variety of common names used for There are two synonyms used for this species these Lantana camara L. in Australia. These include: Lantana, being Lantana sellowiana Link & Otto and Lippia Common lantana, Kamara lantana, Large­leaf montevidensis Spreng. (White 1929; Stanley and lantana, Red­flowered sage, White sage and Wild sage Ross 1986; Shepherd et al. 2001; APNI 2007). Lantana (Shepherd et al. 2001). montevidensis was known as L. sellowiana from its International common names include: Ach mann introduction into Australia until the 1930’s (Swarbrick (Cambodia), Bahug­bahug (Philippines), Bands (India), 1986). Plants formerly identified as L. sellowiana have Boenga pagar (Indonesia), Bunga tahi ayam (Malaysia), now been classified as L. montevidensis. Other species Cambara de espinto (Brazil), Cariaquillo (Puerto Rico), names that have been used in various literature Chiponiwe (Zimbabwe), Cuasquito (Nicaragua), include L. sellowii, L. selowiana and L. delicatissima Guphul (India), Kauboica (Fiji), Kembang satik and (Anon. 1857; O’Donnell 2002). These names have not Kembang telek (Indonesia), Largeleaf lantana (USA), been recorded in the Australian Plant Names Index Latora moa (Tahiti), Nagaairi (India), Pha­ka­krong (APNI 2007). (Thailand), Phullaki (India), Prickly lantana (Malaysia), Putus (India), Red­flowered sage (Barbados, Thailand These two Lantana species are the only species and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Field Release of the Leaf-Feeding Moth, Hypena Opulenta (Christoph)
    United States Department of Field release of the leaf-feeding Agriculture moth, Hypena opulenta Marketing and Regulatory (Christoph) (Lepidoptera: Programs Noctuidae), for classical Animal and Plant Health Inspection biological control of swallow- Service worts, Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich (Gentianales: Apocynaceae), in the contiguous United States. Final Environmental Assessment, August 2017 Field release of the leaf-feeding moth, Hypena opulenta (Christoph) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), for classical biological control of swallow-worts, Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich (Gentianales: Apocynaceae), in the contiguous United States. Final Environmental Assessment, August 2017 Agency Contact: Colin D. Stewart, Assistant Director Pests, Pathogens, and Biocontrol Permits Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 4700 River Rd., Unit 133 Riverdale, MD 20737 Non-Discrimination Policy The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.) To File an Employment Complaint If you wish to file an employment complaint, you must contact your agency's EEO Counselor (PDF) within 45 days of the date of the alleged discriminatory act, event, or in the case of a personnel action.
    [Show full text]
  • Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States
    Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Common Name Genus and Species Page atamasco lily Zephyranthes atamasco 21 bitter sneezeweed Helenium amarum 20 black cherry Prunus serotina 6 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 14 black nightshade Solanum nigrum 16 bladderpod Glottidium vesicarium 11 bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum 5 buttercup Ranunculus abortivus 9 castor bean Ricinus communis 17 cherry laurel Prunus caroliniana 6 chinaberry Melia azederach 14 choke cherry Prunus virginiana 6 coffee senna Cassia occidentalis 12 common buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 25 common cocklebur Xanthium pensylvanicum 15 common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale 19 common yarrow Achillea millefolium 23 eastern baccharis Baccharis halimifolia 18 fetterbush Leucothoe axillaris 24 fetterbush Leucothoe racemosa 24 fetterbush Leucothoe recurva 24 great laurel Rhododendron maxima 9 hairy vetch Vicia villosa 27 hemp dogbane Apocynum cannabinum 23 horsenettle Solanum carolinense 15 jimsonweed Datura stramonium 8 johnsongrass Sorghum halepense 7 lantana Lantana camara 10 maleberry Lyonia ligustrina 24 Mexican pricklepoppy Argemone mexicana 27 milkweed Asclepias tuberosa 22 mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia 6 mustard Brassica sp . 25 oleander Nerium oleander 10 perilla mint Perilla frutescens 28 poison hemlock Conium maculatum 17 poison ivy Rhus radicans 20 poison oak Rhus toxicodendron 20 poison sumac Rhus vernix 21 pokeberry Phytolacca americana 8 rattlebox Daubentonia punicea 11 red buckeye Aesculus pavia 16 redroot pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus 18 rosebay Rhododendron calawbiense 9 sesbania Sesbania exaltata 12 scotch broom Cytisus scoparius 13 sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia 6 showy crotalaria Crotalaria spectabilis 5 sicklepod Cassia obtusifolia 12 spotted water hemlock Cicuta maculata 17 St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum 26 stagger grass Amianthum muscaetoxicum 22 sweet clover Melilotus sp .
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Control of Lantana, Prickly Pear, and Hamakua Pamakani Inhawah: a Review and Update
    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF LANTANA, PRICKLY PEAR, AND HAMAKUA PAMAKANI INHAWAH: A REVIEW AND UPDATE Clifton J. Davis, Ernest Yoshioka, and Dina Kageler ABSTRACT The biological control of noxious weeds in Hawai`i has been carried on intermittently since 1902, when insects and diseases of lantana (Lantana camara) were sought in Mexico by the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry (now Hawai`i Department of Agriculture). This approach was subsequently employed for the control of 20 other noxious weed pests between the 1940s and 1970s. Lantana was the first weed to be controlled by this method in the U.S. Results were very dramatic in some areas of the State, especially after later introductions by Hawai`ian and Australian entomologists resulted in heavy stress on lantana. In addition to lantana, excellent results have been obtained in the biological control of cacti (Opuntia spp.), and Hamakua pamakani (Ageratina riparia). Prior to the introduction of cactus insects in 1949, 66,000 a (26,400 ha) of Parker Ranch range lands on Hawai`i Island were infested with cacti. By 1965, 7,610 a (< 3,080 ha) remained infested, the result of three introduced insects and an accidentally introduced fungus disease; the red-fruited variety of cactus is particularly susceptible to the fungus. A spineless variety of the cactus occurs in the 'Ainahou-Poliokeawe Pali sector of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, and biocontrol efforts are in progress. With the introduction of insects from Mexico and a foliar fungus disease from Jamaica, Hamakua pamakani is under excellent control on many ranch as well as privately owned and government lands on Hawai`i Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Pu'u Wa'awa'a Biological Assessment
    PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared by: Jon G. Giffin Forestry & Wildlife Manager August 2003 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii GENERAL SETTING...................................................................................................................1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Land Use Practices...............................................................................................................1 Geology..................................................................................................................................3 Lava Flows............................................................................................................................5 Lava Tubes ...........................................................................................................................5 Cinder Cones ........................................................................................................................7 Soils .......................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysanthemoides Monilifera Ssp
    MANAGEMENT OF BONESEED (CHRYSANTHEMOIDES MONILIFERA SSP. MONILIFERA) (L.) T. NORL. USING FIRE, HERBICIDES AND OTHER TECHNIQUES IN AUSTRALIAN WOODLANDS Rachel L. Melland Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Agriculture, Food and Wine University of Adelaide August 2007 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ VI DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 AIMS OF THIS THESIS .......................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 2.1 PROCESSES OF NATIVE ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION ............................................................ 5 2.2 GLOBAL PLANT INVASIONS – ECOSYSTEM DEGRADING PROCESSES .................................... 6 2.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL WEED PROBLEM IN AUSTRALIA ..................................................... 10 2.4 CAUSES AND PROCESSES OF INVASIVENESS .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales Newsletter
    LAMIALES NEWSLETTER LAMIALES Issue number 4 February 1996 ISSN 1358-2305 EDITORIAL CONTENTS R.M. Harley & A. Paton Editorial 1 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK The Lavender Bag 1 Welcome to the fourth Lamiales Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, Newsletter. As usual, we still Mexico D.F. Mexico. Tel: Lamiaceae research in require articles for inclusion in the +5256224448. Fax: +525616 22 17. Hungary 1 next edition. If you would like to e-mail: [email protected] receive this or future Newsletters and T.P. Ramamoorthy, 412 Heart- Alien Salvia in Ethiopia 3 and are not already on our mailing wood Dr., Austin, TX 78745, USA. list, or wish to contribute an article, They are anxious to hear from any- Pollination ecology of please do not hesitate to contact us. one willing to help organise the con- Labiatae in Mediterranean 4 The editors’ e-mail addresses are: ference or who have ideas for sym- [email protected] or posium content. Studies on the genus Thymus 6 [email protected]. As reported in the last Newsletter the This edition of the Newsletter and Relationships of Subfamily Instituto de Quimica (UNAM, Mexi- the third edition (October 1994) will Pogostemonoideae 8 co City) have agreed to sponsor the shortly be available on the world Controversies over the next Lamiales conference. Due to wide web (http://www.rbgkew.org. Satureja complex 10 the current economic conditions in uk/science/lamiales). Mexico and to allow potential partici- This also gives a summary of what Obituary - Silvia Botta pants to plan ahead, it has been the Lamiales are and some of their de Miconi 11 decided to delay the conference until uses, details of Lamiales research at November 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Specifications Table of Contents
    TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS N 7TH STREET SIDEWALK INSTALLATION W LANTANA ROAD TO GATOR DRIVE LANTANA, FLORIDA PROJECT NO. 18-1448 DIVISION 1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 01010 Summary of Work 01012 Measurement and Payment 01015 General Requirements 01021 Owner Allowances 01045 Cutting and Patching 01046 Modifications to Existing Structures, Piping and Equipment 01050 Field Engineering and Surveying 01090 References 01152 Applications for Payment 01200 Project Meetings 01310 Construction Schedules 01340 Shop Drawings, Working Drawings and Samples 01370 Schedule of Values 01380 Construction Photographs 01381 Audio/Video Pre-Construction Record 01400 Quality Control 01410 Materials and Installation Testing 01505 Control of Work 01510 Temporary Utilities 01530 Existing Utilities 01531 Protection of Existing Property 01540 Security 01550 Site Access and Storage 01570 Traffic Regulation 01580 Project Identification Sign 01590 Field Offices 01600 Material and Equipment 01630 Substitutions 01700 Contract Closeout 01710 Cleaning 01720 Project Record Documents 01740 Warranties and Bonds 05/2019 18-1448 i DIVISION 2 – SITEWORK 02100 Site Preparation 02200 Earthwork 02205 Clearing and Grubbing 02210 Finish Grading 02276 Stormwater Pollution Prevention 02410 Shrub and Tree Relocation 02420 Soil Preparation and Soil Mixes 02430 Sodding 02450 Tree and Plant Protection 02490 Trees, Plants and Groundcover 02513 Asphaltic Concrete Paving 02520 Concrete Curbs and Headers DIVISION 3 – CONCRETE 03200 Concrete Reinforcement 03251 Joints 03350 Concrete Finishes 05/2019 18-1448 ii SECTION 01010 SUMMARY OF WORK PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 DESCRIPTION A. This section includes general descriptions of the Contractor use of site, location of work, description of work, work sequence, owner occupancy, and work by others. 1.02 RELATED SECTIONS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Mechanical Behaviour of Lantana-Camara Fiber Reinforced EPOXY Based Composites Bhupender1, Anil Kumar2
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | April-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Study on Mechanical Behaviour of Lantana-Camara Fiber Reinforced EPOXY Based Composites Bhupender1, Anil Kumar2 1PG student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, OITM, Juglan, Hisar, Haryana, India. 2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, OITM, Juglan, Hisar, Haryana, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Environmental awareness today motivates the properties such as tensile, flexural and impact strengths, researchers, worldwide on the studies of natural fiber stiffness and fatigue properties, which enable the structural reinforced polymer composite and cost effective option to design to be more versatile. Due to their many advantages synthetic fiber reinforced composites. The availability of they are widely used in aerospace industry, mechanical natural fibers and ease of manufacturing have tempted engineering applications (internal combustion engines, researchers to try locally available inexpensive fibers and to thermal control, machine components), electronic packaging, study their feasibility of reinforcement purposes and to what automobile, and aircraft structures and mechanical extent they satisfy the required specifications of good components (brakes, drive shafts, tanks, flywheels, and reinforced polymer composite for different applications. There pressure vessels), process industries equipment requiring are many potential natural resources, which India has in resistance to high-temperature corrosion, dimensionally abundance. Most of it comes from the forest and agriculture. stable components, oxidation, and wear, offshore and Lantana-Camara is one such natural resource whose potential onshore oil exploration and production, marine structures, as fiber reinforcement in polymer composite has not been sports, leisure equipment and biomedical devices [3, 4].
    [Show full text]
  • Current and Potential Use of Phytophagous Mites As Biological Control Agent of Weeds
    Chapter 5 Current and Potential Use of Phytophagous Mites as Biological Control Agent of Weeds Carlos Vásquez, Yelitza Colmenárez, José Morales-Sánchez, Neicy Valera, María F. Sandoval and Diego Balza Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/59953 1. Introduction Biological control of weeds by using phytophagous mites may help to contain infestations and reduce their spread in time. Although, eradication is not the goal due to the vastness of the areas, the most desirable scenario is achieved when weeds are no longer a concern and no other control is necessary. However, biological control should not be considered the unique strategy to face weed problems, thus commonly; other methods are still required to attain the desired level of control. There is an increasingly interest in using mites for biological control of weeds, primarily those belonging to Eriophyidae because of they are host-specific and often weaken the host plant affecting plant growth and reproduction. Although eriophyid mite species impact the fitness of their host plant, it is not clear how much they have contributed to reduction of the population of the target weed. In some cases, natural enemies, resistant plant genotypes, and adverse abiotic conditions have reduced the ability of eriophyid mites to control target weed popula‐ tions. Besides, susceptibility of eriophyids to predators and pathogens may also prevent them from achieving population densities necessary to reduce host plant populations. In addition to eriophyid mites, tetranychid mites are also being considered as an alternative for weed control. The gorse spider mite, Tetranychus lintearius Dufour, has shown to reduce shoot growth on gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) by around 36% in impact studies conducted over 2.5 years in Tasmania.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects Associated with Fruits of the Oleaceae (Asteridae, Lamiales) in Kenya, with Special Reference to the Tephritidae (Diptera)
    D. Elmo Hardy Memorial Volume. Contributions to the Systematics and 135 Evolution of Diptera. Edited by N.L. Evenhuis & K.Y. Kaneshiro. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 12: 135–164 (2004). Insects associated with fruits of the Oleaceae (Asteridae, Lamiales) in Kenya, with special reference to the Tephritidae (Diptera) ROBERT S. COPELAND Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA, and International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; email: [email protected] IAN M. WHITE Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK; e-mail: [email protected] MILLICENT OKUMU, PERIS MACHERA International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya. ROBERT A. WHARTON Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 USA; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Collections of fruits from indigenous species of Oleaceae were made in Kenya between 1999 and 2003. Members of the four Kenyan genera were sampled in coastal and highland forest habitats, and at altitudes from sea level to 2979 m. Schrebera alata, whose fruit is a woody capsule, produced Lepidoptera only, as did the fleshy fruits of Jasminum species. Tephritid fruit flies were reared only from fruits of the oleaceous subtribe Oleinae, including Olea and Chionanthus. Four tephritid species were reared from Olea. The olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, was found exclusively in fruits of O. europaea ssp. cuspidata, a close relative of the commercial olive, Olea europaea ssp. europaea. Olive fly was reared from 90% (n = 21) of samples of this species, on both sides of the Rift Valley and at elevations to 2801 m.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Approved Plants
    APPENDIX "X" – PLANT LISTS Appendix "X" Contains Three (3) Plant Lists: X.1. List of Approved Indigenous Plants Allowed in any Landscape Zone. X.2. List of Approved Non-Indigenous Plants Allowed ONLY in the Private Zone or Semi-Private Zone. X.3. List of Prohibited Plants Prohibited for any location on a residential Lot. X.1. LIST OF APPROVED INDIGENOUS PLANTS. Approved Indigenous Plants may be used in any of the Landscape Zones on a residential lot. ONLY approved indigenous plants may be used in the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone for those landscape areas located beyond the perimeter footprint of the home and site walls. The density, ratios, and mix of any added indigenous plant material should approximate those found in the general area of the native undisturbed desert. Refer to Section 8.4 and 8.5 of the Design Guidelines for an explanation and illustration of the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone. For clarity, Approved Indigenous Plants are considered those plant species that are specifically indigenous and native to Desert Mountain. While there may be several other plants that are native to the upper Sonoran Desert, this list is specific to indigenous and native plants within Desert Mountain. X.1.1. Indigenous Trees: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Blue Palo Verde Parkinsonia florida Crucifixion Thorn Canotia holacantha Desert Hackberry Celtis pallida Desert Willow / Desert Catalpa Chilopsis linearis Foothills Palo Verde Parkinsonia microphylla Net Leaf Hackberry Celtis reticulata One-Seed Juniper Juniperus monosperma Velvet Mesquite / Native Mesquite Prosopis velutina (juliflora) X.1.2. Indigenous Shrubs: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Anderson Thornbush Lycium andersonii Barberry Berberis haematocarpa Bear Grass Nolina microcarpa Brittle Bush Encelia farinosa Page X - 1 Approved - February 24, 2020 Appendix X Landscape Guidelines Bursage + Ambrosia deltoidea + Canyon Ragweed Ambrosia ambrosioides Catclaw Acacia / Wait-a-Minute Bush Acacia greggii / Senegalia greggii Catclaw Mimosa Mimosa aculeaticarpa var.
    [Show full text]