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Vegetation of Israel I

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VEGETATION OF ISRAEL I. Desert and coastal vegetation Edited by Avinoam Danin and Gideon Orshan Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 1999 ISBN 90-73348-99-4 © 1999 Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, micro- film, or any other means without the prior written permission of the publishers, Backhuys Publishers, P.O. Box 321, 2300 AH Leiden, The Netherlands. Printed in The Netherlands TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 1. History of botanical investigations in Israel 3 1.1 Vegetation mapping of Israel (Danin) 3 1.1.1 Vegetation in the Hebrew Scriptures 3 1.1.2 Early vegetation surveys 4 1.1.3 Vegetation surveys by resident researchers 4 1.2 Phytosociological investigations of Israel (Orshan & Danin) 4 1.3 Phytogeographical research of Israel (Danin) 5 2. Environment (Danin) 7 2.1 Topography 7 2.2 Climate 7 2.2.1 Rainfall 7 2.2.2 Temperature 11 2.3 Rock types 11 2.4 Soils 14 3. Flora of Israel and the surrounding countries (Danin) 15 4. The main vegetation types of Israel (Danin) 19 4.1 Woodlands and forests 19 4.2 Quercus calliprinos woodlands on basalt 19 4.3 Montane woodland of Mt. Hermon 21 4.4 Park forests of Quercus ithaburensis 21 4.5 Park forests of Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus 21 4.6 Mediterranean Savannoid vegetation 21 4.7 Ziziphus lotus with herbaceous vegetation 21 4.8 Semi-steppe batha 23 4.9 Tragacanth vegetation of Mt. Hermon 23 4.10 Shrub-steppes 23 4.11 Shrub-steppes with trees 25 4.12 Desert vegetation 25 4.13 Sand vegetation 27 4.14 Oases with Sudanian trees 27 4.15 Desert savannoid vegetation 30 4.16 Swamps and reed thickets 30 4.17 Salt marshes 30 4.18 Synanthropic vegetation 30 5. Methods (Danin & Solomeshch) 33 6. Synopsis of the vegetation and enumeration of the associations 35 (Danin & Solomeshch) 6.1 The synopsis of the vegetation of Israel 35 vi 6.2 B Ballotetea undulatae 39 6.2.1 BB Ballotetalia undulatae 40 6.2.1.1 BBC Retamo - Calicotomion villosae 40 6.2.1.1.1 BBC01 Calicotomo villosi - Sarcopoterietum spinosi 40 6.2.1.2 BBP Balloto - Sarcopoterion spinosi 45 6.2.1.2.1 BBP01 Astragalo bethlehemitici - Sarcopoterietum 45 spinosi 6.2.1.2.2 BBP02 Phlomido brachyodontis - Sarcopoterietum 50 spinosi 6.2.1.2.3 BBP03 Phlomido brachyodontis - Sarcopoterietum 55 spinosi artemisietosum sieberi 6.2.1.3 BBE Echinopion polyceratis 56 6.2.1.3.1 BBE01 Ononidetum natricis 56 6.2.1.3.2 BBE02 Alkanno strigosae - Echinopetum polyceratis 62 6.2.1.3.3 BBE03 Ononido natricis - Artemisietum sieberi 63 6.2.1.3.4 BBE04 Sarcopoterio - Artemisietum sieberi 64 6.2.1.3.5 BBE05 Balloto undulatae - Salsoletum vermiculatae 67 6.2.1.4 BBS Sarcopoterio - Salvion syriacae 67 6.2.1.4.1 BBS01 Sarcopoterio - Salvietum syriacae 67 6.3 A Artemisietea sieberi 79 6.3.1. AA Artemisietalia sieberi 80 6.3.1.1. AAA Artemision sieberi 80 6.3.1.1.1. AA AO 1 Asphodelo ramosi - Deverretum tortuosi 82 6.3.1.1.2 AAA02 Noaetum mucronatae 85 6.3.1.1.3 AAA03 Helianthemo vesicarii - Artemisietum sieberi 86 6.3.1.1.4 AAA04 Thymelaeo hirsutae - Artemisietum sieberi 87 6.3.1.1.5 AAA05 Reaumurio negevensis - Artemisietum sieberi 90 6.3.1.1.6 AAA06 Moricandio nitentis - Artemisietum sieberi 91 6.3.1.1.7 AAA07 Asphodelo ramosi - Artemisietum sieberi 92 6.3.1.2 AAH Haloxylion scopariae 96 6.3.1.2.1 AAH01 Peganetum harmalae 97 6.3.1.2.2 AAH02 Plantago coronopi - Anabasietum syriacae 99 6.3.1.2.3 AAH03 Ferulo biverticillatae - Anabasietum syriacae 99 6.3.1.2.4 AAH04 Helianthemo ledifolii - Anabasietum syriacae 103 6.3.1.2.5 AAH05 Erucario microcarpae - Haloxyletum 103 scopariae 6.3.1.2.6. AAH06 Haloxyletum scopariae 104 6.3.1.2.7 AAH07 Achilletum santolinae 109 6.3.2 AR Reaumurietalia hirtellae 116 6.3.2.1 ARS Salsolion vermiculatae 116 6.3.2.1.1 ARS01 Salsoletum vermiculatae 116 6.3.2.1.2 ARS02 Crithopsio delileanae - Salsoletum 120 vermiculatae 6.3.1.2.3 ARS03 Stipo capensis - Salsoletum vermiculatae 121 6.3.2.1.4 ARS04 Noaeo - Salsoletum vermiculatae 122 6.3.2.1.5 ARS05 Saturejo thymbrifoliae - Salsoletum 125 vermiculatae vii 6.3.2.1.6 ARS06 Reaumurietum hirtellae : 126 6.3.2.1.7 ARS07 Atriplicetum glaucae 129 6.3.2.2 ARR Eremopyro distans - Reaumurion negevensis 130 6.3.2.2.1 ARR01 Anthemido melampodinae-Atriplicetum 130 glaucae 6.3.2.2.2 ARR02 Reaumurietum negevensis 131 6.3.2.2.3 ARR03 Asterisco hierochuntici - Halothamnetum 132 acutifolii 6.3.2.2.4 ARR04 Pterantho dichotomi - Halothamnetum 135 acutifolii 6.3.2.2.5 ARR05 Helianthemo ledifolii - Salsoletum orientalis 135 6.3.2.2.6 ARR06 Ferulo daninii - Salsoletum orientalis 136 6.3.2.2.7 ARR07 Erodio crassifolii - Reaumurietum hirtellae 138 6.3.2.2.8 ARR08 Halothamno acutifolii - Agathophoretum 140 alopecuroidis 6.3.2.2.9 ARR09 Cymbolaeno griffithii - Reaumurietum 142 hirtellae 6.4 M Anabasietea articulatae 148 6.4.1 MM Anabasietalia articulatae 149 6.4.1.1 MMA Agathophoro - Anabasion articulatae 149 6.4.1.1.1 MMA01 Agathophoro alopecuroidis - Anabasietum 150 articulatae 6.4.1.1.2 MMA02 Anabasietum setiferae 151 6.4.1.2 MMH Haloxylo scopariae - Anabasion articulatae 151 6.4.1.2.1. MMH01 Haloxylo scopariae - Anabasietum 152 ■ . articulatae 6.4.1.2.2 MMH02 Haloxylo scopariae - Zygophylletum 155 dumosi 6.4.1.3 MMS Salsolion tetrandrae 155 6.4.1.3.1. MMS01 Bassietum arabicae 157 6.4.1.3.2 MMS02 Agathophoretum alopecuroidis 157 6.4.1.3.3 MMS03 Haloxyletum negevensis 162 6.4.1.3.4 MMS04 Suaedetum asphalticae 163 6.4.1.3.5 MMS05 .Salsolo tetrandrae - Suaedetum palaestinae 164 6.4.1.3.6 MMS06 Salsoletum tetrandrae 166 6.4.1.3.7 MMS07 Stipo capensis - Salsoletum tetrandrae 166 6.4.1.4 MMZ Zygophyllion dumosi : 170 6.4.1.4.1 MMZ01 ReaUmurio hirtellae - Zygophylletum 172 dumosi 6.4.1.4.2 MMZ02 Gymnocarpo decandri - Zygophylletum 176 dumosi 6.4.1.4.3 MMZ03 Reaumurio negevensis - Zygophylletum 176 dumosi 6.4.1.4.4 MMZ04 Salsolo tetrandrae - Zygophylletum dumosi 179 6.4.1.4.5 MMZ05 Schimpero arabicae - Zygophylletum dumosi 180 6.4.1.4.6 MMZ06 Helianthemo kahirici - Gymnocarpetum 181 decandri viii 6.4.1.4.7 MMZ07 Diplotaxio acris - Zygophylletum dumosi 184 6.4.1.4.8 MMZ08 Trichodesmetum boissierii 184 6.5 V Chiliadenetea iphionoidis 189 6.5.1 VM Podonosmo - Chiliadenetalia iphionoidis 189 6.5.1.1 VMB Balloto -Chiliadenion iphionoidis 190 6.5.1.1.1 VMB01 Majorano syriacae - Chiliadenetum 190 iphionoidis 6.5.1.1.2 VMB02 Hyparrhenio hirtae - Chiliadenetum 195 iphionoidis iphionoidis 6.5.1.1.3 VMB03 Podonosmo orientalis - Chiliadenetum 196 iphionoidis 6.5.1.1.4 VMB04 Periplocetum aphyllae 196 6.5.2. VD Artemisio sieberi - Chiliadenetalia iphionoidis 199 6.5.2.1 VDN Origano dayi - Chiliadenion iphionoidis 199 6.5.2.1.1 VDN01 Origanetum dayi 199 6.5.2.1.2 VDN02 Pistacio atlanticae - Chiliadenetum 204 iphionoidis 6.5.2.1.3 VDN03 Helianthemo kahirici - Chiliadenetum 204 iphionoidis 6.5.2.2 VDJ Retamo - Phlomion brachyodontis 205 6.5.2.2.1 VDJ02 Podonosmo orientalis - Kickxietum judaicae 207 6.5.2.2.2 VDJ03 Tricholaeno tenerrifae - Gymnocarpetum 210 decandri 6.6 D Retametea raetam 217 6.6.1 DM Retametalia raetam 218 .6.6.1.1 Ammophilo - Artemisienalia monospermae 219 6.6.1.1.1 ‘DMA Artemision monospermae 219 DMA01 Cypero macrorrhizi - 221 ־6.6.1.1.1.31 Ammophiletum arenariae 6.6.1.1.1.2 DMA02 Cutando memphiticae - 222 Ammophiletum arenariae 6.6.1.1.1.3 DMA03 Scrophulario hypericifoliae - 222 Ammophiletum arenariae 6.6.1.1.1.4 DMA04 Centropodio forsskali - 223 Ammophiletum arenariae 6.6.1.1.2 DMB , Senecioni joppensis -Artemision 223 monospermae 6.6.1.1.2.1 DMB01 Polygono palaestini - 225 Artemisietum monospermae 6.6.1.1.2.2 DMB02 Centropodio forsskali - 226 Artemisietum monospermae 6.6.1.1.2.3 DMB03 Stipagrostio lanatae - 227 Artemisietum monospermae 6.6.1.1.2.4 DMB04 Senecioni joppensis - 228 Ononidetum natricis 6.6.1.1.2.5 DMB05 Echinopo philistaei - 229 Artemisietum monospermae IX 6.6.1.1.2.6 DMB06 Launaeo fragilis - 229 Artemisietum monospermae 6.6.1.1.2.7 DMB07 Echio angustifoliae - 232 Artemisietum monospermae 6.6.1.1.2.8 DMB08 Convolvulo lanati - 233 Artemisietum monospermae 6.6.1.1.3 DMS Scrophularion hypericifoliae 235 6.6.1.1.3.1 DMS01 Moltkiopsio ciliatae - 236 Scrophularietum hypericifoliae 6.6.1.1.3.2 DMS02 Echiochilo fruticosae - 237 Artemisietum monospermae 6.6.1.2 Geranio robertiani - Artemisienalia monospermae 238 6.6.1.2.4 DMR Phagnalo rupestris - Retamion raetam 238 6.6.1.2.4.1 DMR01 Senecioni joppensis - 238 Retametum raetam 6.6.1.2.4.2 DMR02 Centropodo forsskali - 240 Retametum raetam 6.6.1.2.4.3 DMR03 Corynephoro divaricati - 241 Retametum raetam 6.6.1.2.4.4 DMR04 Dittricho viscosi - Retametum 243 raetam 6.6.1.2.4.5 DMR05 Prasio maji - Retametum 244 raetam 6.6.1.2.4.6 DMR06 Bilacunario boissieri - 246 Retametum raetam 6.6.1.2.4.7 DMR07 Solano sinaici - Retametum 246 raetam 6.6.1.2.5 DMH Trifolio palaestini - Helianthemion 247 stipulati 6.6.1.2.5.1 DMH01 Ephedro aphyllae - 248 Helianthemetum stipulati 6.6.1.2.5.2 DMH02 Retamo reatam - 250 Echiochiletum fruticosi 6.6.1.2.5.3 DMH03 Plantago sarcophyllae - 252 Helianthemetum stipulati 6.6.1.2.5.4 DMH04 Trifolio palaestini - 252 Helianthemetum stipulati 6.6.1.2.5.5 DMH05 Pistacio lentisci - 254 Helianthemetum stipulati 6:6.1.2.5.6 DMH06 Pistacio lentisci - 255 Calicotometum villosae 6.6.2 DS Erodio laciniati - Stipagrostietalia plumosae 258 6.6.2.1 Stipagrostio scopariae - Artemisienalia monospermae 259 .
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    Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012).
  • Carpology of the Genus Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae)

    Carpology of the Genus Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae)

    Phytotaxa 201 (1): 027–049 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.201.1.2 Carpology of the genus Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae) ALEXANDER P. SUKHORUKOV1* & MAYA V. NILOVA1 1 Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Moscow Lomonosov State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia; [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract 67 species of Tragopogon were investigated with regard to fruit anatomy. The outer achenes, especially the beak and the central part of the seed-containing body, provide the most valuable features (diameter and outlines of the body and the beak, and arrangement of the mechanical elements in the body parenchyma). Some specimens of widely distributed taxa (e.g. T. capitatus, T. dubius, T. pratensis, T. pseudomajor) show variation in the character set and require more investigation prior to further taxonomic treatment. The species studied are classified into informal groups to demonstrate the diversity of carpo- logical traits within the genus, and a comparison is made with the existing molecular phylogeny. The separation of the genus Geropogon from Tragopogon is supported by the achene anatomy. Key words: Geropogon, Scorzonerinae, Cichorieae, taxonomy, molecular phylogeny Introduction The genus Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae: Cichorieae, Scorzonerinae) comprises about 150 species distributed mostly in semiarid and mountainous regions of Eurasia (Bell et al. 2012). As a rule they are easily recognized by the grass- like, long, undifferentiated, basally broadened, semi-amplexicaul leaves; well-developed, sometimes apically inflated peduncules; cylindrical involucres consisting of (5–6)7–12 phyllaries arranged usually in a single row, rarely in 2 rows; large capitula with yellow, reddish yellow or mauve flowers, and large (1 cm and above) tuberculate fruits (achenes) with a plumose pappus.
  • Data Standards Version 2.8 July 5

    Data Standards Version 2.8 July 5

    Euro+Med Data Standards Version 2.8. July 5th, 2002 EURO+MED PLANTBASE PREPARATION OF THE INITIAL CHECKLIST: DATA STANDARDS VERSION 2.8 JULY 5TH, 2002 This document replaces Version 2.7, dated May 16th, 2002 Compiled for the Euro+Med PlantBase Editorial Committee by: Euro+Med PlantBase Secretariat, Centre for Plant Diversity and Systematics, School of Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)118 9318160 Fax: +44 (0)118 975 3676 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Euro+Med Data Standards Version 2.8. July 5th, 2002 Modifications made in Version 2.0 (24/11/00) 1. Section 2.4 as been corrected to note that geography should be added for hybrids as well as species and subspecies. 2. Section 3 (Standard Floras) has been modified to reflect the presently accepted list. This may be subject to further modification as the project proceeds. 3. Section 4 (Family Blocks) – genera have been listed where this clarifies the circumscription of blocks. 4. Section 5 (Accented Characters) – now included in the document with examples. 5. Section 6 (Geographical Standard) – Macedonia (Mc) is now listed as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Modification made in Version 2.1 (10/01/01) Page 26: Liliaceae in Block 21 has been corrected to Lilaeaceae. Modifications made in Version 2.2 (4/5/01) Geographical Standards. Changes made as discussed at Palermo General meeting (Executive Committee): Treatment of Belgium and Luxembourg as separate areas Shetland not Zetland Moldova not Moldavia Czech Republic
  • Taxonomic Revision of Blumeria Based on Multi-Gene DNA Sequences, Host Preferences and Morphology

    Taxonomic Revision of Blumeria Based on Multi-Gene DNA Sequences, Host Preferences and Morphology

    Mycoscience: Advance Publication doi: 10.47371/mycosci.2020.12.003 Full Paper (Received July 3, 2020; Accepted December 9, 2020) J-STAGE Advance Published Date: March 13, 2021 Full paper Taxonomic revision of Blumeria based on multi-gene DNA sequences, host preferences and morphology Miao Liua,d,*, Uwe Braunb,d, Susumu Takamatsuc, Sarah Hambletona, Parivash Shoukouhia, Kassandra R. Bissona, Keith Hubbarda a Biodiversity and Bioresources, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada. b Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany, Herbarium, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany. c Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan. d First two authors should be considered as havingPublication equal contribution. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Text: 61 pages; tables: 1; figures: 9 Supplemental materials: 4 Supplementary Figures, 1 Supplementary Appendix text Advance - 1 - Mycoscience: Advance Publication ABSTRACT A taxonomic revision of the hitherto monotypic genus Blumeria was conducted incorporating multi-gene sequence analyses, host preference data and morphological criteria. The sequenced loci included rDNA ITS, partial chitin synthase gene (CHS1), as well as fragments of two unnamed orthologous genes (Bgt-1929, Bgt-4572). The combined evidence led to a reassessment and a new neotypification of B. graminis s. str. (emend.), and the description of seven additional species, viz. B. americana sp. nov. (mainly on hosts of the Triticeae), B. avenae sp. nov. (on Avena spp.), B. bromi-cathartici sp. nov. (on Bromus catharticus), B. bulbigera comb. nov. (on Bromus spp.), B. dactylidis sp. nov. (on Dactylis glomerata as the main host, but also on various other hosts), B.