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Total Coverage of Cambodia in Eight Major Western Newspapers, 1975-80*

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Total Coverage of Cambodia in Eight Major Western Newspapers, 1975-80* Appendix: Total coverage of Cambodia in eight major western newspapers, 1975-80* 192 * .... r \.,) lJ> -.J 00 g 'l'Z .,,0 0 (5 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 0 8 April -~ u. H~ .. ~r October ~~. ~ January . ~ a. April ------------- - ~ J:l July ~ 0< October * ~ January !"r April !"r July ~ October -~ ~ ~ January 00 ~ April l July ....2 October ~ :0 January ~ -.J ~ '" April §' July ~ October 5" :0 January r gg !" April ~ <::> July ~ S October Total number ofarticles * r w ~ ..." ~~ 0 § 8 8 8 8 8 ..... April ~ ..." June Mayaguez incident H August f\" '1l~ October OQ'r- December ~ 00' :0 , S -...J February :s 0\ "tI April ------------------ 2 :- June Bjork visit/Japanese captured ~ August Q< October .... December * j February I April June !'"r August ~ October -~ December ~ .... --~- - --------- ~ February ~ 00 I:: April ~ June August ~1'\' ~ October C) .... December ------ \0 ~ -...J February VN invasion \0 ~ April ~ June August ~ October ---------- ~ Famine reports .... December r gg\0 February !'" April ~ ---------------- C VN cross Thai border ::t August ~ October December Notes Notes to the Introduction I. Kimmo Kiljunen (ed.), Kampuchea: Decade of Genocide, Report ofa Finn­ ish Inquiry Commission (London, 1984), p. 33. 2. For in-depth examinations of the effects of the Second Indo-China War in Cambodia and Vietnam and Western responses to it, see, for example, William Shawcross, Sideshow (London, 1986); Richard A. Falk (ed.), The Vietnam War and International Law (Princeton, NJ, 4 vols, 1969-76); Clarence R. Wyatt, Paper Soldiers: The American Press and the Vietnam War (New York, 1993); R. B. Smith, An International History ofthe Vietnam War (London, 3 vols, 1983-91); George C. Herring, America's Longest War (New York, 1986). 3. R. J. Vincent, "Human Rights in Foreign Policy", in Dilys M. Hill (ed.), Human Rights and Foreign Policy: Principles and Practice (London, 1989), p.54. 4. See Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Geno­ cide (New Haven, CT, 1990). 5. "Charter of the United Nations", Article 55, Paragraph c, in Everyone's United Nations (New York, 10th edn, 1986), p. 440. 6. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2, in Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments (New York, 1988), p. 2. 7. Helsinki Final Act, Principle VII, International Legal Materials, vol. XIV, no. 4 (Iuly 1975), p. 1295. 8. See Louis B. Sohn, "The Human Rights Law of the Charter", Texas Inter­ national Law Journal, vol. 12, nos 2 and 3 (December 1989), pp. 283-312. 9. See Richard Falk, Human Rights and State Sovereignty (New York, 1981), passim; Eric Lane, "Mass Killings by Governments: Lawful in the World Legal Order?", New York University Journal of International Law and Pol­ itics, vol. 21, no. 2 (Fall 1979), pp. 239-80. 10. "Charter of the United Nations", Article 2. 11. Helsinki Final Act, Principle VI. 12. Henry Shue, "Morality, Politics, and Humanitarian Assistance", in Bruce Nichols and Gil Loescher (eds), The Moral Nation: Humanitarianism and US Foreign Policy Today (Notre Dame, IN, 1989), pp. 16-17; David Owen, Human Rights (London, 1978), p. 15. 13. Kavan, "Human Rights", p. 128; Christopher Brewin, "Europe", in R. J. Vincent, Foreign Policy and Human Rights (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 190-2; Evan Luard, Human Rights and Foreign Policy (Oxford, 1981); Owen, Human Rights, pp. 14-34. 14. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (London, 1982), p. 144. 15. "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", Article n, in Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments, pp. 143-4. Cambodia acceeded to the Genocide Convention in 1950 and this 195 196 Notes accession was not denounced by later governments. The United States ratified in 1988. Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary General, Status as at 31 December 1981, UN doc ST/LEG/SER.FJl (New York, 1982), p. 89. 16. Leo Kuper, International Action Against Genocide (London, 1984), pp. 3, 7-8. 17. Michael Vickery, Cambodia 1975-1982 (Boston, MA, 1984), p. 144; Richard Falk, "Responding to Severe Violations", in Jorge I. Dominguez, Nigel S. Rodley, Bryce Wood and Richard Falk (eds), Enhancing Global Human Rights (New York, 1979), pp. 219-23. 18. Ben Kiernan, "Orphans of Genocide: The Cham Muslims of Kampu­ chea Under Pol Pot", Bulletin of Concerned A3ian Scholars, vol. 21, no. 4 (October-December 1988), pp. 2-33; Ben Kiernan, ''The Genocide in Cam­ bodia, 1975-1979", Bulletin of Concerned A3lan Scholars, vol. 22, no. 2 (April-June 1990), pp. 35-40; David Hawk, ''The Norms and Standards of International Human Rights and Khmer Rouge Rule in Democratic Kam­ puchea 1975-1979: A Preliminary Analysis", paper presented at the Kampu­ chea Conference, Princeton University, 12-14 November 1982; David Hawk, "International Human Rights Law and Democratic Kampuchea", International Journal of Politics, vol. XXI, no. 3 (Fall 1986), pp. 3-38; Hurst Hannum, "International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence", Human Rights Quarterly, vol. II, no. 1 (February 1989), pp. 82-138; Chalk and Jonassohn, History and Sociology, pp. 402-5. 19. In something of a parallel, the International Herald Tribune reported on 15 February 1994 that the United States Government was refraining from using the term "genocide" in referring to the events in Bosnia ''because an ex­ plicit, unequivocal determination that genocide is under way ... would pro­ duce more political pressure to take effective action, including the use of force, to end and punish the genocide". Richard Johnson, "Is It Genocide or Isn't It? Senior US Officials Are Loath to Say", International Herald Tribune, 15 February 1994. 20. Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 184-8; Michael Vickery, "Cambodia (Kampu­ chea): History, Tragedy, and Uncertain Future", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 21, nos 2-4 (April-December 1989), pp. 35-58; Kiljunen, pp. 31-3; R. A. Burgler, The Eyes of the Pineapple: Revolutionary Intel­ lectuals and Terror in Democratic Kampuchea (Saarbrtlcken, 1990), pp. 161- 9; Judith Banister and Paige Johnson, "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia", in Ben Kiernan (ed.), Genocide and Democracy in Cambo­ dia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Commun­ ity (New Haven, cr, 1993), p. 67. Notes to Chapter 1: Historical Background: March 1970-AprU 1975 1. Elizabeth Becker, When the War was Over (New York, 1986), p. 153; David Chandler, The Tragedy of Cambodian History (New Haven, CT, 1991), pp. 199-202; The Times, 28 March 1970; New York Times, 22 March 1970, 24 March 1970, 25 March 1970,6 May 1970. 2. Ben Kiernan, How Pol Pot Came to Power (London, 1985), p. 302; Hal Kosut (ed.), Cambodia and the Vietnam War (New York, 1971), pp. 66-7. Notes 197 3. New York Times, 6 May 1970. 4. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 284-303; New York Times, 1 November 1972. 5. Ibid., pp. 8-9; Ben Kiernan, "Origins of Khmer Communism", Southeast Asian Affairs (1981), pp. 161-2. 6. Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990 (London, 1991), pp. 20-36; Raymond F. Betts, France and Decolonir.ation 1900-1960 (London, 1991), pp. 89-91. 7. "Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference, 21 July 1954", The Pentagon Papers (London, 1971), pp. 50-3. 8. Phnom Penh Home Setvice, 28 September 1977, BBC. Summary of World Broadcasts (SWB), FE/5629/C2/6. 1 October 1977. 9. David Joel Steinberg (ed.), In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modem History (Honolulu, 2nd edn, 1987), pp. 375-6; Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 156-61; David P. Chandler, The Land and People of Cambodia (New York, 1972), pp. 125-6; Milton Osborne, Politics and Power in Cambodia: The Sihanouk Years (Victoria, Australia, 1973), pp. 55-69; David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia (Boulder, CO, 1983), pp. 185-8. 10. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 118-24; Shawcross, Sideshow, pp. 239-43; Chandler, Tragedy, pp. 51-6; David P. Chandler, Brother Number One (Boulder, 1992), pp. 27-31. 34-42. 11. Khieu Samphan, Cambodia's Economy and Industrial Development, trans­ lated by Laura Summers (Ithaca, NY, 1979), passim. 12. Burchett, China, p. 56; Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 243. 13. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 190-8; Kiernan, "Origins", p. 177; R. A. Burgler, Eyes of the Pineapple: Revolutionary Intellectuals and Terror in Democratic Kampuchea (SaarbrUcken, 1990), pp. 14-15; Chandler, Brother, pp. 61-4. 14. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 189; Burgler, Eyes, pp. 14-15. 15. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 244; Timothy Carney, Communist Party Power in Kampuchea (Ithaca, NY, 1977), p. 3. The US airlift had supplied ap­ proximately 80 per cent of Phnom Penh's total food supply, and the State Department estimated that rice stocks available at the time of the US depar­ ture would feed the population of Phnom Penh for at most three months. See Assistant Secretary McClosky to Representative Robert Edgar, 13 August 1975, FOIA P750132-0308, declassified 2 May 1995. 16. See "Telegram from the Embassy in Cambodia to the Department of State", 29 April 1955, Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. XXI, East Asian Security: Cambodia. Laos (Washington, 1990), p. 444. 17. Kosut, Cambodia, pp. 17-18. 18. Osborne, Power and Politics, p. 110; Abdulgaffar Peang Meth, "Cambodia and the United Nations: Comparative Policies under Four Regimes" (Uni­ versity of Michigan PhD thesis, 1980), pp. 211-13; New York Times, 20 May 1964; Chandler, Tragedy. p. 143. 19. Ralph Smith, "The Negotiation oO?eace Versus Expansion of the War: North Vietnam, China and Cambodia, 1969-71", paper delivered at the International Conference convened by the Department of War Studies, King's College, London, 20-21 January 1994, p. 9. 20. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 228. 21. Hanne Sophie Greve, Kampuchean Refugees "Between the Tiger and the Crocodile," International Law and the Overall Scope of One Refugee 198 Notes Situation (unpublished manuscript, 1988), p.
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