Appendix: Total coverage of in eight major western newspapers, 1975-80*

192 * .... r \.,) lJ> -.J 00 g 'l'Z .,,0 0 (5 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 0 8 April -~ u.

H~ .. ~r October ~~. ~ January . ~ a. April ------~ J:l July ~ 0< October * ~ January !"r April

!"r July ~ October -~ ~ ~ January 00 ~ April l July ....2 October ~ :0 January ~ -.J ~ '" April §' July

~ October 5" :0 January r gg !" April ~ <::> July ~ S October Total number ofarticles * r w ~ ..." ~~ 0 § 8 8 8 8 8 ..... April ~ ..." June H August f\" '1l~ October OQ'r- December ~ 00' :0 , S -...J February :s 0\ "tI April ------2 :- June Bjork visit/Japanese captured ~ August Q< October .... December * j February I April June !'"r August ~ October -~ December ~ .... --~------~ February ~ 00 I:: April ~ June August ~1'\' ~ October C) .... December ------\0 ~ -...J February VN invasion \0 ~ April ~ June August ~ October ------~ Famine reports .... December r gg\0 February !'" April ~ ------C VN cross Thai border ::t August ~ October December Notes

Notes to the Introduction

I. Kimmo Kiljunen (ed.), Kampuchea: Decade of Genocide, Report ofa Finn­ ish Inquiry Commission (London, 1984), p. 33. 2. For in-depth examinations of the effects of the Second Indo-China War in Cambodia and and Western responses to it, see, for example, William Shawcross, Sideshow (London, 1986); Richard A. Falk (ed.), The and International Law (Princeton, NJ, 4 vols, 1969-76); Clarence R. Wyatt, Paper Soldiers: The American Press and the Vietnam War (New York, 1993); R. B. Smith, An International History ofthe Vietnam War (London, 3 vols, 1983-91); George C. Herring, America's Longest War (New York, 1986). 3. R. J. Vincent, "Human Rights in Foreign Policy", in Dilys M. Hill (ed.), Human Rights and Foreign Policy: Principles and Practice (London, 1989), p.54. 4. See Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Geno­ cide (New Haven, CT, 1990). 5. "Charter of the United Nations", Article 55, Paragraph c, in Everyone's United Nations (New York, 10th edn, 1986), p. 440. 6. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2, in Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments (New York, 1988), p. 2. 7. Helsinki Final Act, Principle VII, International Legal Materials, vol. XIV, no. 4 (Iuly 1975), p. 1295. 8. See Louis B. Sohn, "The Human Rights Law of the Charter", Texas Inter­ national Law Journal, vol. 12, nos 2 and 3 (December 1989), pp. 283-312. 9. See Richard Falk, Human Rights and State Sovereignty (New York, 1981), passim; Eric Lane, "Mass Killings by Governments: Lawful in the World Legal Order?", New York University Journal of International Law and Pol­ itics, vol. 21, no. 2 (Fall 1979), pp. 239-80. 10. "Charter of the United Nations", Article 2. 11. Helsinki Final Act, Principle VI. 12. Henry Shue, "Morality, Politics, and Humanitarian Assistance", in Bruce Nichols and Gil Loescher (eds), The Moral Nation: Humanitarianism and US Foreign Policy Today (Notre Dame, IN, 1989), pp. 16-17; David Owen, Human Rights (London, 1978), p. 15. 13. Kavan, "Human Rights", p. 128; Christopher Brewin, "Europe", in R. J. Vincent, Foreign Policy and Human Rights (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 190-2; Evan Luard, Human Rights and Foreign Policy (Oxford, 1981); Owen, Human Rights, pp. 14-34. 14. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (London, 1982), p. 144. 15. "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", Article n, in Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments, pp. 143-4. Cambodia acceeded to the Genocide Convention in 1950 and this

195 196 Notes

accession was not denounced by later governments. The ratified in 1988. Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary General, Status as at 31 December 1981, UN doc ST/LEG/SER.FJl (New York, 1982), p. 89. 16. Leo Kuper, International Action Against Genocide (London, 1984), pp. 3, 7-8. 17. Michael Vickery, Cambodia 1975-1982 (Boston, MA, 1984), p. 144; Richard Falk, "Responding to Severe Violations", in Jorge I. Dominguez, Nigel S. Rodley, Bryce Wood and Richard Falk (eds), Enhancing Global Human Rights (New York, 1979), pp. 219-23. 18. Ben Kiernan, "Orphans of Genocide: The Cham Muslims of Kampu­ chea Under ", Bulletin of Concerned A3ian Scholars, vol. 21, no. 4 (October-December 1988), pp. 2-33; Ben Kiernan, ''The Genocide in Cam­ bodia, 1975-1979", Bulletin of Concerned A3lan Scholars, vol. 22, no. 2 (April-June 1990), pp. 35-40; David Hawk, ''The Norms and Standards of International Human Rights and Rule in Democratic Kam­ puchea 1975-1979: A Preliminary Analysis", paper presented at the Kampu­ chea Conference, Princeton University, 12-14 November 1982; David Hawk, "International Human Rights Law and ", International Journal of Politics, vol. XXI, no. 3 (Fall 1986), pp. 3-38; Hurst Hannum, "International Law and : The Sounds of Silence", Human Rights Quarterly, vol. II, no. 1 (February 1989), pp. 82-138; Chalk and Jonassohn, History and Sociology, pp. 402-5. 19. In something of a parallel, the International Herald Tribune reported on 15 February 1994 that the United States Government was refraining from using the term "genocide" in referring to the events in Bosnia ''because an ex­ plicit, unequivocal determination that genocide is under way ... would pro­ duce more political pressure to take effective action, including the use of force, to end and punish the genocide". Richard Johnson, "Is It Genocide or Isn't It? Senior US Officials Are Loath to Say", International Herald Tribune, 15 February 1994. 20. Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 184-8; Michael Vickery, "Cambodia (Kampu­ chea): History, Tragedy, and Uncertain Future", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 21, nos 2-4 (April-December 1989), pp. 35-58; Kiljunen, pp. 31-3; R. A. Burgler, The Eyes of the Pineapple: Revolutionary Intel­ lectuals and Terror in Democratic Kampuchea (Saarbrtlcken, 1990), pp. 161- 9; Judith Banister and Paige Johnson, "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia", in Ben Kiernan (ed.), Genocide and Democracy in Cambo­ dia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Commun­ ity (New Haven, cr, 1993), p. 67.

Notes to Chapter 1: Historical Background: March 1970-AprU 1975

1. Elizabeth Becker, When the War was Over (New York, 1986), p. 153; David Chandler, The Tragedy of Cambodian History (New Haven, CT, 1991), pp. 199-202; The Times, 28 March 1970; New York Times, 22 March 1970, 24 March 1970, 25 March 1970,6 May 1970. 2. Ben Kiernan, How Pol Pot Came to Power (London, 1985), p. 302; Hal Kosut (ed.), Cambodia and the Vietnam War (New York, 1971), pp. 66-7. Notes 197

3. New York Times, 6 May 1970. 4. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 284-303; New York Times, 1 November 1972. 5. Ibid., pp. 8-9; Ben Kiernan, "Origins of Khmer Communism", Southeast Asian Affairs (1981), pp. 161-2. 6. Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990 (London, 1991), pp. 20-36; Raymond F. Betts, France and Decolonir.ation 1900-1960 (London, 1991), pp. 89-91. 7. "Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference, 21 July 1954", The Pentagon Papers (London, 1971), pp. 50-3. 8. Home Setvice, 28 September 1977, BBC. Summary of World Broadcasts (SWB), FE/5629/C2/6. 1 October 1977. 9. David Joel Steinberg (ed.), In Search of : A Modem History (Honolulu, 2nd edn, 1987), pp. 375-6; Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 156-61; David P. Chandler, The Land and People of Cambodia (New York, 1972), pp. 125-6; Milton Osborne, Politics and Power in Cambodia: The Sihanouk Years (Victoria, Australia, 1973), pp. 55-69; David P. Chandler, A (Boulder, CO, 1983), pp. 185-8. 10. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 118-24; Shawcross, Sideshow, pp. 239-43; Chandler, Tragedy, pp. 51-6; David P. Chandler, Brother Number One (Boulder, 1992), pp. 27-31. 34-42. 11. , Cambodia's Economy and Industrial Development, trans­ lated by Laura Summers (Ithaca, NY, 1979), passim. 12. Burchett, China, p. 56; Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 243. 13. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 190-8; Kiernan, "Origins", p. 177; R. A. Burgler, Eyes of the Pineapple: Revolutionary Intellectuals and Terror in Democratic Kampuchea (SaarbrUcken, 1990), pp. 14-15; Chandler, Brother, pp. 61-4. 14. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 189; Burgler, Eyes, pp. 14-15. 15. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 244; Timothy Carney, Communist Party Power in Kampuchea (Ithaca, NY, 1977), p. 3. The US airlift had supplied ap­ proximately 80 per cent of Phnom Penh's total food supply, and the State Department estimated that rice stocks available at the time of the US depar­ ture would feed the population of Phnom Penh for at most three months. See Assistant Secretary McClosky to Representative Robert Edgar, 13 August 1975, FOIA P750132-0308, declassified 2 May 1995. 16. See "Telegram from the Embassy in Cambodia to the Department of State", 29 April 1955, Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. XXI, East Asian Security: Cambodia. (Washington, 1990), p. 444. 17. Kosut, Cambodia, pp. 17-18. 18. Osborne, Power and Politics, p. 110; Abdulgaffar Peang Meth, "Cambodia and the United Nations: Comparative Policies under Four Regimes" (Uni­ versity of Michigan PhD thesis, 1980), pp. 211-13; New York Times, 20 May 1964; Chandler, Tragedy. p. 143. 19. Ralph Smith, "The Negotiation oO?eace Versus Expansion of the War: , China and Cambodia, 1969-71", paper delivered at the International Conference convened by the Department of War Studies, King's College, London, 20-21 January 1994, p. 9. 20. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 228. 21. Hanne Sophie Greve, Kampuchean Refugees "Between the Tiger and the Crocodile," International Law and the Overall Scope of One Refugee 198 Notes

Situation (unpublished manuscript, 1988), p. 20; , and , My War with the CIA: Cambodia's Fight for Survival (London, 1973), p. 139. 22. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 228. 23. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 251. 24. Ben Kiernan, The Samlaut Rebellion and its Aftermath, 1967-1970: The Origins of Cambodia's Liberation Movement (Melbourne, 1975), passim; Chandler, Tragedy, pp. 163-7; Chandler, Brother, pp. 81-4. 25. Kiernan, Samlaut, pp. 2-25; Burchett, China, p. 62. 26. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 63; Chandler, Brother, pp. 84-6. 27. , Wider War: The Struggle for Cambodia, , and lAos (London, 1971), pp. 83-92. 28. Keesing's, 21-28 February 1970, p. 23844. 29. Ibid., 9-16 June 1969, p. 23506. 30. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 424; Kosut, Cambodia, p. 57. 31. For a useful depiction of the various pressures which led to Sihanouk's ouster, see Kirk, Wider War, pp. 68-102. 32. The Guardian, 26 June 1970; New York Times, 31 March 1970,6 May 1970. 33. The Guardian, 10 October 1970; The Telegraph, 10 October 1970, Le Monde, 22 October 1970. 34. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 151. 35. George Hildebrand and , Cambodia: Starvation and Revolu­ tion (New York, 1976), p. 20. 36. Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 September 1974. 37. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 413; New York Times, 21 August 1970, 12 Novem­ ber 1974. 38. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 220. 39. New York Times, 26 November 1971, 14 December 1971, 28 December 1971, 17 June 1973. 40. Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 October 1974; The Telegraph, 22 April 1973; New York Times, 7 January 1973, 8 January 1973. 41. Craig Btcheson, The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea (Boulder, 1984), p. 106. 42. The Guardian estimated that there were 1200 political prisoners in Cambo­ dian jails in 1971. The Guardian, 7 September 1971. 43. The Times, 18 October 1971, 21 October 1971; International Herald Trib­ une, 23-24 October 1971; New York Times, 22 March 1972. 44. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 248. 45. Cited in Gavan McConnack, "The Kampuchean Revolution 1975-1978", Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 10, no. 112 (1980), p. 78. 46. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 200. 47. Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 249. The New York Times estimated that there were 30,000 Khmer Rouge soldiers by the end of 1972. New York Times, 1 Novem­ ber 1972. 48. Etcheson, Rise and Demise, pp. 164-5. 49. Donald Kirk, "Revolution and Political Violence in Cambodia, 1970-1974", in Joseph Zasloff and MacAlister Brown, Communism in Indo-China (Lexington, MA, 1975), p. 216; Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 310-11. See also "Thailand Laos and Cambodia: January 1972", Staff Report prepared for Notes 199

the Subcommission on US Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad of the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 8 May 1972, 92nd Con­ gress, 2nd Session (Washington, 1972), p. 26. 50. Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy: The War After the War (New York, 1986), p.67. 51. Kiernan, How Pol Pot, pp. 328-9. 52. Kenneth M. Quinn, "Political Change in Wartime: The Khmer Krahom Revolution in Southern Cambodia, 1970-1974", Naval War College Review (Spring 1976), pp. 5-9. 53. Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 April 1978; Chang Pao-Min, Kampuchea, p.34. 54. TM Guardian, 1 June 1973.2 July 1973, 3 July 1973; TM Times, 27 June 1973,29 June 1973; Grant Bvans and Kelvin Rowley, Red Brotherhood at War (London, 1984) p. 102. 55. Black Paper: Facts and Evidences of Vietnam's Acts of Aggression and Annuation Against Democratic Kampuchea, OK, Minisby of Foreign Af­ fairs, 1978. 56. New York Times, 9 September 1973; Kiernan, How Pol Pot, p. 357; Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 72; Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 320; Quinn, "Political Change", p. 11. 57. Shawcross, Sideshow, pp. 315-17; Kiljunen, Kampuchea, pp. 6-7; Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 September 1974; New York Times, 8 Sep­ tember 1971, 28 November 1974. 58. Donald Kirk, "Revolutions", p. 225; Sheldon Smith, ''The Khmer Resistance: External Relations, 1973-1974", in Zasloff and Brown, Communism, p. 199. 59. Los Angeles Times, 4 December 1973, 24 March 1975; Office of the Inspector-General of Foreign As~istance, Inspection report, "Cambodia: An Assessment of Humanitarian Needs and Relief Efforts", 12 March 1975, reprinted in Congressional Record, 20 March 1975, p. S4619, cited in Hildebrand and Porter, Camboditl, p. 25. 60. New York Times, 26 February 1975. 61. "Cooperative Documents", Comrade Preap, 22 April 1973, Stephen Heder private collection. 62. Kirk, "Revolution", pp. 222-3. 63. Ibid., 223; Quinn, "Political Change", pp. 12-13. 64. Interview with , Phnom Penh, 18 November 1991; interview with James Pringle, Phnom Penh, 19 November 1991; interview with Dennis Gray, Phnom Penh, 26 November 1991; interview with , Phnom Penh, 26 November 1991; New York Times, 1 April 1970, 23 April 1970, 17 May 1970, 17 April 1970, 2 June 1970, 13 September 1970, 2 May 1971, 6 January 1974, 11 June 1974; Clarence R. Wyatt, Paper Sol­ diers: TM American Press and the Vietnam War (New York, 1993), p. 201. A large number of Were killed in Cambodia. Henry Kamm of the New York Times wrote that "compared to Cambodia, covering the war in Viet­ nam is like touring with American Express". New York Times, 7 June 1970. 65. The Observer, 19 April 1970. 66. Sunday Times, 19 April 1970; The Guarditln, 17 April 1970, 18 April 1970; The Telegraph, 16 April 1970, 18 April 1970; The Times, 11 April 1970, 16 April 1970, 18 April 1970. 200 Notes

67. Sunday Telegraph, 19 April 1970. 68. The Times, 18 October 1971, 21 October 1971; International Herald Tribune, 23-24 October 1971, 11-12 March 1972; Peace News, 2 June 1972, p. 3, 20 April 1973, p. 7. 69. International Commission of Jurists Review, no. 8 (June 1972), pp. 10-11. 70. Amnesty International Annual Report, 1972-1973 (London, 1973), pp. 73, 87; New York Times, 14 April 1973. 71. The Financial Times, 28 April 1970,21 January 1971; The Telegraph, 30 March 1970, 17 April 1970,29 April 1970,27 April 1970, 16 May 1970, 21 August 1970: The Sunday Times, 26 April 1970; The Times, 25 April 1970,28 August 1970, 16 September 1970, 8 October 1970, 11 November 1970, 24 November 1970, 27 January 1971, 28 May 1971, 15 November 1971; The Guardian, 30 March 1970,3 April 1970, 23 May 1970,30 May 1970, 10 September 1970; International Herald Tribune, 18-19 December 1971. 72. The Guardian, 19 October 1972. 73. New York Times, 1 November 1973, 3 October 1974,28 November 1974; Douc Rasy, La Question de la Reprlsentation Khm~re a I'O.N.U. (paris, 1974), passim. 74. The Telegraph, 10 July 1970. 75. The Times, 29 July 1970. 76. The Guardian, 20 August 1970; New York Times, 1 November 1972. 77. Le Monde, 15 September 1971. 78. Greve, Kampuchean Refugees. p. 28. 79. The Guardian (USA), 12 March 1975, p. 20. See also The Guardian, 18 March 1975; Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 March 1975. 80. Shawcross, Sides/lOW, p. 350; Washington Post, 16 . 81. Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1974. 82. Far Eastern Economic Review, 7 January 1974; Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 5, no. 1 (1975), pp. 84-6. 83. The Telegraph, 25 March 1974. 84. Christian Science Monitor, 15 March 1974. 85. See Daniel C. Hallin, The "Uncensored War": The Media and Vietnam (New York, 1986), pp. 1S5-8. 86. The Guardian, 26 February 1973; The Times, 6 April 1973, 9 August 1973, 8 January 1974,7 December 1974,9 March 1975; The Telegraph, 14 April 1973: The Observer, 15 April 1973, 17 February 1974; Le Monde, 4 Feb­ ruary 1974, 13 March 1975, 20 March 1975. 87. Le Monde, 27 October 1973. 88. The Times, 5 April 1974. 89. Le Monde, 27 March 1974, 3 April 1974; The Telegraph, 27 March 1974; The Guardian, 4 June 1974; The Times, 5 April 1974. 90. Washington Post, 10 March 1974. 91. Washington Post, 24 November 1974. See also New York Times, 9 March 1974. 92. , "About the Khmer Rouge", New Statesman, vol. 87, no. 2244 (22 March 1974), p. 288. 93. "President's News Conference, March 6, 1975", in Public Papers ofthe Pre­ sidents of the United St(Jtes, Gerald R. Ford, Book I, 1975 (Washington, Notes 201

DC. 1977). pp. 322-5; New York Times. 7 March 1975; The Telegraph. 27 February 1975; The Financial Times. 7 March 1975; The Times. 12 March 1975; The Guardian. 14 March 1975; Wall Street Journal. 7 March 1975. 94. "Cambodia Fact Sheets". National Security Council. Sven Kraemer to Bill Kendall. 17 March 1975. Box no. 5. Vietnam (1) File. Gerald Ford Library. Ann Arbor. MI. 95. Ibid. 96. The Observer. 16 March 1975. 97. Shawcross. Sideshow, p. 353. See also Congressional Record of the United States. 94th Congress. 26 March 1975 (Washington. 1975). p. 8796. 98. Washington Post. 19 April 1975. 99. New York Times. 14 March 1975. 100. The Guardian. 2 April 1975. 101. Time. 10 March 1975. 102. Wall Street Journal. 26 March 1975. This assessment was based on predic­ tions by Stephen Hosmer. an American analyst who had written a book accusing the Vietnamese communists of massive human rights violations and repression. See Stephen Hosmer. Viet Cong Repression and Its Implica­ tions for the Future (Lexington. MA. 1970). passim. 103. Sunday Times. 16 March 1975. 104. For reports on the terrible human cost of the war. see The Telegraph. 15 March 1975 and Le MOl/de. 16-17 March 1975. 105. Dave DeJlenger. "Unmasking Genocide". Liberation (December 19671 January 1968). pp. 3-13. 106. Kieth Buchanan. "The American Way of Death: Genocide in Indo-China". Journal of Contemporary Asia. vol. 1. no. 3 (1971). p. 104. See also The Progressive. vol. 37. no. 9. (September 1973). 107. Noam Chomsky. "Human Rights: A New Excuse for US interventions". Seven Days. vol. 1. no. 8. (23 May 1977). pp. 21-2; Barry Weisberg. Ecocide in Indo-China (San Francisco. 1970). p. 33. 108. In a 1971 article in the New York Times Book Review, the American reviewed collectively 30 different books alleging that the US Government was gUilty of such crimes. Neil Sheehan, "Should We Have War Crimes Trials?" New York Times Book Review, 28 March 1971. 109. New York Times. 12 April 1975. 110. New York Times. 17 March 1975. 111. Time. 31 March 1975. 112. Congressional Record. 17 March 1975. p. 6970. 113. Hearings before the Committee on International Relations. House of Rep­ resentatives. 94th Congress. First Session (Washington. 1976). 11 March 1976. p. 298. 114. John Swain. "Introduction". in John Barron and Anthony Paul, Peace with Horror: The Untold Story of Communist Genocide in Cambodia (London. 1977), introduction (unpaginated). 115. The Guardian. 6 September 1977. 116. New York Times, 16 March 1975. 117. Time. 31 March 1975. 202 Notes

118. New York Times, 13 March 1975. 119. New York Times, 5 April 1975. 120. The Guardian, 18 March 1975. 121. Sunday Telegraph, 18 March 1978. 122. Times, 8 March 1975; Le Monde, 20 March 1975; Washington Post, 1 April 1975. 123. Newsweek, 21 April 1975; Washington Post, 12 April 1975.

Notes to Chapter 2: April 1975-December 1975

1. "You Used to be HIlPPY, Now It's Our tum: Srey Pich Chnay", in Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua, Peasants and Politics in Kampuchea. 1942- J981 (New York, 1982), p. 345; Sorneth May, Cambodian Witness: The Autobiography of Someth May (London, 1986), p. 104; Haing Ngor and Roger Warner, The Cambodian Odyssey of Haing S. Ngor (London, 1987), p. 82; Pin Yathay and John May, Stay Alive. My Son (London, 1987), p. 20. 2. Becker, When the War, p. 205. 3. , The Death and Ufe of Dith Pran (New York, 1982), pp.26-7. 4. Ibid., pp. 31-3. 5. Post, 22 April 1975; Washington Post, 21 April 1975. 6. Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 71, 83; Becker, When the War, p. 187. 7. Burgler. Eyes, p. 73. 8. KeMeth M. Quinn, "Pattern and Scope of the Violence", in Jackson, p. 185; "Khmer Refugee Walks out from Phnom Penh", extracts from a cable report from the American Embassy In Bangkok, 5 June 1975, Submission of the United States to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 6 July 1978; May, Cambodian, p. 107; Yathay, Stay Alive, p. 73. 9. May, Cambodian, p. 107. 10. See "We weren't Even Allowed to Speak Chinese: Tac Hui Lang", in Kiernan and Boua, Peasants and Politics, p. 358, for a testimony of the evacuation of Pursat. 11. Etcheson, Rise and Demise, p. 145; Becker, When the War, p. 207. 12. Chandler, Tragedy, p. 247. 13. "Interview of Comrade Pol Pot to the Delegation ofYug08lav Journalists vis­ iting Democratic Kampuchea. Department of Press and Information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Democratic Kampuchea, 17 March 1978. 14. New York Times, 18 March 1975; Los Angeles Times, 3 March 1975; News- week, 10 March 1975. See also Chapter 1. 15. Cited in Shawcross, Sideshow, p. 375. 16. Bangkok Post, 8 May 1975. 17. Interview with William Colby, Washington. DC, 26 August 1991. 18. Ben Kiernan, "Pol Pot and the Kampuchean Communist Movement", in Kiernan and Boua, Peasants and Politics, p. 244; Timothy Carney, '''The Unexpected Victory", in Karl D. Jackson (ed.), Cambodia 1975-1978: Rendezv(lus with Death (Princeton, 1989), p. 33. 19. Phnom Penh Domestic Service. FBIS, IS April 1975, p. h4. 20. May, Cambodian, pp. Ill, 142; Yathay, Stay Alive, p. 73; Burgler, Eyes, p. 73. Notes 203

21. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, FBIS, 14 May 1975, p. hi, 22. Burgler, Eyes, pp. 69, 94; Ngor, Cambodiah Odyssey, p. 144. 23. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 11 April 1978, cited in Pran~ois Ponchaud, Cambodia: Year Zero (New York, 1978), pp. 109-10. 24. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, FBIS, 25 July 1975, p. h3. 25. See, for example, Roderick Macfarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Re­ volution (Oxford, 1974); Samir Amin, Independence and Unequal Develop­ ment (London, 1977). 26. Author's interviews in Cambodia, 1991-93. 27. Etcheson, Rise and Demise, p. 178; Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua, "Bur­ eaucracy of Death", New Statesman, 2 May 1980, p. 671; Vickery, Cambodia, p. 151. 28. Author's interviews in Cambodia; Ngor, Cambodian Odyssey, pp. 171-2; May, Cambodian, p. 185; May Ebihara, "A Cambodian Village Under the Khmer Rouge", in Kiernan, Genocide and Democracy, pp. 56-7. 29. Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 66-7; Becker, When the War, p. 187. 30. Chandler, Tragedy, pp. 269-70; Burgler, Eyes, p. 91; Michael Vickery, Kam- puchea: Politics, Economics, and Society (London, 1986), p. 91. 31. Burgler, Eyes, p. 94. 32. New York Times, 21 April 1975, 22 April 1975. 33. New York Times, April 22, 1975; Washington Post, 21 April 1975; The Times, 3 May 1975; Far &stem Economic Review, 2 May 1975; France Soir, 27 April 1975. 34. L'Aurore, 25 April 1975. 35. New York Times, 9 May 1975. 36. Washington Post, 19 April 1975. 37. New York Times, 9 May 1975; Daily Telegraph. 7 May 1975; Le Monde, 11/ 12 May 1975. 38. Newsweek, 12 May 1975. 39. New York Times, 14 May 1975. 40. Newsweek, 19 May 1975. 41. Newsweek, 5 May 1975. 42. Washington Post, 11 May 1975. 43. New York Times, 6 May 1975. 44. New York Times, 9 May 1975. 45. Sunday Times, II May 1975. 46. Washington Post, 8 May 1975. 47. Bangkok Post, 9 May 1975; Washington Post, 9 May 1975; Le Figaro, 9 May 1975; The Times, 910 May 1975; Daily Telegraph, 10 May 1975; New York Times, 10 May 1975. 48. Bangkok Post, 10 May 1975; Lt Monde, 11-12 May 1975; The Times, 12 May 1975. 49. Daily Telegraph, 12 May 1975. 50. Washington Post Index; New York Times Index; Wall Street loumallndex; Chicago Tribune Index; Los Angeles Times Index. Of the 370 total articles on Cambodia in these four newspapers during this month, 198 were on the Mayaguez incident. 51. Daily Telegraph, 16 June 1975. 52. Daily Telegraph, 20 July 1975. 204 Notes

53. Sunday Times, 22 June 1975. 54. Washington Post, 23 June 1975. 55. New York Times, 24 June 1975. 56. New York Times, 9 July 1975. 57. Congressional Record, Porty-founh Congress, Pirst Session (Washington, DC, 1975) pp. 13096, 13269, 13951, 14795, 21704, 21951. 58. Ibid., pp. 21951-2. 59. Le Monde, 17 April 1975, 20 April 1975, 11-12 May 1975. 60. L'Humaniti, 24 April 1975,7 May 1975. 61. New York Times, 14 July 1975. 62. Washington Post, 30 September 1975. 63. Guardian (USA), 28 May 1975; Portland Scribe, 31 May 1975; Ann Arbor Sun, 6 June 1975. 64. Interview with Phillip Jones Griffiths, Phnom Penh, 18 November 1991; interview with Gareth Porter, Washington, DC, 9 August 1991; interview with Tiziano Terzani; Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty (New York, 1975), pp. 374-400. 65. New York Times, 2 June 1975. 66. New York Times, 25 May 1975. 67. Kathy Knight, "Letter to the Editor", Peacework, January 1988, p. 12. 68. New York Times, 16 May 1975, 25 May 1975. 69. "Conditions in Cambodia - US Attitude", Department of State, Briefing Memorandum, Philip C. Habib to Henry Kissinger, 22 July 1975, POIA no. 10011, released 24 June 1992. 70. Interview with Nayan Chanda, New York, 9 July 1991, Phnom Penh, 14 November 1991; interview with Tim Page, Phnom Penh, 26 November 1991; interview with Dennis Gray, Phnom Penh, 26 November 1991. 71. James Penton, All the Wrong Places: Adrift in the Politics ofAsia (London, 1990), p. 4; Vickery, Cambodia, p. x. 72. Far Eastern Economic Review, 18 July 1975. 73. Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 May 1975. 74. Congressional Record, Porty-founh Congress, First Session, p. 13097. 75. Interview with Tiziano Terzani; Tiziano Terzani, Glai Phongl The Fall and Uberation of Saigon (New York, 1976), passim. 76. David Elder, "Letter to the Editor", Peacework, February 1988, p. 12. 77. Daily Telegraph, 17 May 1975. 78. Vickery, Cambodia, p. 28; Bangkok Post, 16 May 1975. 79. Interview with Prank Tatu, Washington, DC, 9 August 1991; interview with Tiziano Terzani. 80. Amnesty International Annual Report, 1974-1975 (London, 1975), p. 86. 81. Interview with Nayan Chanda; Far Eastern Econamlc Review, 2 May 1975, 18 July 1975. 82. Le Monde, 19 April 1975. 83. Washington Post, 23 April 1975. 84. Amnesty International Report: 1975-1976 (London, 1976). 85. Becker, When the War, p. 218. 86. New York Times, 10 May 1975. 87. Bangkok Post, 18 April 1975. 88. Washington Post, 18 April 1975. Notes 205

89. New York Times, 10 September 1975; Washington Post, 10 September 1975; Sihanouk, War and Hope: The Case for Cambodia (London, 1980), p. xxxviii. 90. Newsweek,S May 1993. 91. Congressional Record, Forty-fourth Congress, First Session, 13 June 1975, p. 18923. 92. Cited in Bernard Hamel and Soth Polin, Testimonies on Genocide in Cam­ bodia (unpublished manuscript, July/August 1976), pp. 183-203. 93. Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (London, 1980), pp. 171-2. 94. Interview with Philip Jones Griffiths, Phnom Penh, 18 November 1991. 95. Washington Post Index; New York Times Index; Times Index; Wall Street Journal Index; Chicago Tribune Index; Los Angeles Times Index; New Orleans Times Picayune Index; Le Figaro unpublished archival records, Paris. 96. William C. Adams and Michael loblove, ''The Unnewsworthy Holocaust: TV News and Terror in Cambodia", in William C. Adams (ed.), Television Coverage of International Affairs (Norwood, NJ, 1982), p. 218. 97. Interview with Gareth Porter, Washington, DC, 9 August 1991. 98. Interview with Kenneth Quinn, Washington, DC, 6 August 1991. 99. Cited in Herring, America's, p. 273. 100. "President's News Conference, May 6,1975", in Public Papers, 1975, Book I, p. 641. 101. Falk, Human Rights, pp. 12-14; Arthur Schlessinger, Jr, "Human Rights and the Humanitarian Tradition", Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 3, (Spring 1979), pp. 511-12; Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "The Politics of Human Rights", Com­ mentary, vol. 64, no. 2, (August 1977), p. 19; Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (London, 1992), pp. 653-72. 102. Chi-Kin Lo, China's Policy Towards Territorial Disputes: The Case of the South China Sea Islands (London, 1989), p. 91. 103. Sihanouk, War and Hope, p. 37; Author's interviews in Cambodia, 1991-93. 104. Becker, When the War, p. 207; Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 85; Sihanouk, War and Hope, pp. 53-6. 105. Min Chen, The Strategic Triangle and Regional Conflicts: Lessonsfrom the Indo-China Wars (Boulder, 1992), p. 135; Stephen Heder, ''The Kampuchean­ Vietnamese Conflict", in David W. P. Elliott (ed.), The Third Indo-China Conflict (Essex, 1981), pp. 28-9; Zasloff and Brown, Communism in Indo­ China, p. 11; Robert Ross, The Indo-China Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979 (New York, 1988), p. 41. 106. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, FBIS, 4 August 1975, p. hi; Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 15; Heder, "Kampuchean-Vietnamese", p. 29. 107. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 19; Ross,Indo-China, pp. 26-33; Lo, China's, pp.90-8. 108. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 17 May 1975, FBIS, 19 May 1975, p. h8. 109. Phnom Penh Home Service,S May 1975, BBC, SWB, FFJ4897/A3110-11, 7 May 1975. 110. Anne Gilks, The Breakdown of the Sino-Vietnamese Alliance, 1970-1979 (Berkeley, CA. 1992). p. 159; Chanda. Brother Enemy. pp. 31-2. Ill. Bangkok Post, 13 June 1975, 17 June 1975, 24 July 1975, 19 November 1975, 27 November 1975. 206 Notes

112. Interview with A. C. M. Siddhi Savetsila, Bangkok, 21 July 1993. 113. K. K. Nair, Words and Bayonets: ASEAN and Indo-China (Selangor, Malay­ sia, 1986), pp. 9, 27; Tim Huxley,Indo-China and Insurgency in the ASEAN States, 1975-1981 (Canberra, 1983), p. 6; Far Eastern Economic Review, 8 June 1979. 114. Bangkok Domestic Service, 14 April 1975, BBC, SWB, FB/4883/A3/17, 21 April 1975; Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 May 1975, p. 31. lIS. Aide Memoire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Democratic Kampuchea, 4 February 1977. 116. Leuek Buszynski, Soviet Foreign Policy and Southeast Asia (London, 1986), pp.97-8. 117. Ibid., pp. IS0-78. 118. "President's News Conference, 17 March 1975", Public Papers, Gerald R. Ford, 1975, Book I, p. 362; New York Times, 27 April 1975, 6 May 1975; Herring, America's, p. 269. 119. Isaacson, Kissinger, p. 164; Herring, America's, p. 141; Young, Vietnam Wars, pp. 24-9, 58-9; Karnow, Vietnam, p. 264. 120. Chang, United States-China, pp. 30-1; Gilks, pp. 39-41; Peter Jones and Sian Kevill (eds), China and the Soviet Union: 1949-84 (London, 1985), pp. 17-97. 121. Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (London, 1979), pp. 502, 707-8; Isaacson, Kissinger, pp. 333-54; Jaw-Ling Joanne Chang, United States­ China Normalization: An Evaluation of Foreign Policy Decision Making (Denver, CO, 1986), pp. 32-4; New York Times, 8 December 1975. 122. "Joint Statement Following Discussions with. Leaders of the People's Re­ public of China, February 22, 1972", Public Papers, Richard Nixon, 1972, p.378. 123. Peking Revie.w, vol. 18, no. 29,18 July 1975, p. 4. See also Peking Review, vol. 18, no. 33, IS August 1975, p. 20. 124. Ross, Indo-China, pp. 3, 28-32. 125. People's Daily, 26 July 1975, BBC SWB, FE 4968/A211, cited in Gilks, Breakdown, p. 129; Peking Review, vol. 18, no. 32, 18 August 1975, p. 11. 126. Ross, Indo-China, pp. 28-31,48-53. 127. Ben Kiernan, "Maoism and Cambodia", unpublished manuscript, 1991. 128. Le Monde, 13 May 1975. 129. Washington Post, 16 August 1975, 19 August 1975. See also Peking Review, vol. 18, no. 33, (22 August 1975), p. 3. 130. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 17. 131. "Statistics of Logistics from China to Cambodia, 1975 to February 1976", Documents of the Business Department of Democratic Kampuchea, File no. I, National Archive of Cambodia, Phnom Penh; ''Total List for all logist­ ics from China from 30 April 1975 to 30 December 1975", National Archive file no. 2, Phnom Penh. The amount and nature of this aid indicates clearly that Cambodian statements rejecting foreign aid and asserting that "We have no need of the help of foreigners" (Bangkok Post, 8 May 1975) while fitting in to the ideology of total revolution, did not match the pragmatic steps being taken to deal with the problems at hand. 132. Y. Yurtsev, ''The Cambodian Patriots Score Success",lntemational Affairs (Moscow), 5 May 1975, pp. 71-3. Notes 207

133. Keesing's, 9 August 1976, p. 28809. 134. Cited in Washington Post. 9 May 1975; Chen. Strategic. p. 132. 135. Washington Post. 20 August 1975; New York Times. 20 August 1975. 136. Young. Vietnam Wars. p. 301. 137. Gilks. Breakdown. pp. 150-3; Buszynski. Soviet. p. 156; Chen. China's War. p. 24; R. A. Longmire. Soviet Relations with Southeast Asia: An Historical Survey (London. 1989). pp. 120-1; Ross. pp. 59-60. 63-S. 138. Steven 1. Hood. Dragons Entangled: Indo-China and the China-Vietnam War (Armonk. NY. 1992). p. 34. 139. FBIS. 4 November 1975. pp. L3-L7. cited in Chen. Strategic. p. 129. 140. Gilks. Breakdown. p. 141; Nair. Words. p. 35. 141. "China-Thailand Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". 1 July 1975. in R. K. Jain. China and Thailand: 1949-1983 (Lon­ don. 1981). p. 204.

Notes to Chapter 3: January 1976-March 1977

1. Phnom Penh Domestic Service. 5 January 1976. FBIS. 6 January 1976. pp. h2-hS. 2. Ibid .• p. h2. 3. Phnom Penh Domestic Service. S January 1916. FBIS. 6 January 1976. pp. h3. hS. 4. Phnom Penh Domestic Service. 4 April 1916. FBIS. S April 1976. p. hI. By this time Sihanouk had been forced to step down as head of state. S. "Excerpted Report on the Leading Views of the Comrade Representing the Party Organization at a Zone Assembly". Tung Padevat. June 1916. in David P. Chandler. Ben Kiernan. and Chanthou Boua (cds). Pol Pot Plans the Future: Confidential Leadership Documents from Democratic Kampuchea, 1976-1977 (New Haven. cr. 1988). pp. 32-3. 6. Ibid .• p. 28. 7. Chandler. Pol Pot Plans. p. 37. 8. "Excerpted Report on the Leading Views ...... p. 31; see also "The Party's Four Year Plan to Build Socialism in All Fields. 1977-1980". in Chandler. Pol Pot Plans. p. S 1; "Report of Activities of the Party Center According to the General Political Tasks of 1976". in Chandler. Pol Pot Plans. p. 192. 9. Chandler. Pol Pot Plans. pp. 9-11. 10. ''The Party's Four Year Plan ...... pp. 4S-6. 11. Ibid .• p. 119. 12. Interview of Comrade Pol Pot to the Delegation of Yugoslav Journalists in visit to Democratic Kampuchea. 11 March 1978. 13. ''The Party's Four Year Plan ...... p. 49. 14. "Excerpted Report on the Leading Views ...... p. 15. 15. "Summary of the Results of the 1916 Study Session". undated. in Chandler. Pol Pot Plans. p. 172. 16. "Report of Activities of the Party Center According to the General Political Tasks of 1976". 20 December 1976. in Chandler. Pol Pot Plans. pp. 182-4. 11. Burgler. Eyes. pp. 108-13. 18. Kiernan and Boua. "Bureaucracy of Death ... p. 611. 208 Notes

19. Burgler, Eyes, p. 124. 20. "Decisions of the Central Committee on a Variety of Questions", 30 March 1976, in Chandler, Pol Pot Plans, p. 3. 21. Burgler, Eyes, p. 93. 22. Ibid., p. 95. 23. Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 82-138; Michael Vickery, "Democratic Kampuchea - Themes and Variations", in David P. Chandler, Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua (eds), Peasants and Politics in Kampuchea: Eight Essays (New Haven, CT, 1983), pp. 11-131; Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua (eds), Peasants and Politics in Kampuchea. 1942-1981 (London, 1982), pp. 295-6; Burgler, Eyes, pp. 90-3; Chandler, Tragedy, pp. 265-72. Since 1979 the debate over con­ ditions in the Eastern zone during the OK period has taken on political overtones. The regime installed by the Vietnamese in 1979 was headed by former OK officers from that zone who disassociated themselves with the policies of the centre and their disastrous results. 24. Burgler, Eyes, p. 97. 25. Vickery, Cambodia, p. 96; Ben Kiernan, "Pol Pot and the Kampuchean Communist Movement", in Kiernan, Peasants, p. 297; Becker, When the War, p.274. 26. "Preliminary Explanations", 21 August 1976, pp. 126, 161. 27. Ibid., p. 127. 28. Stephen Heder, "The Kampuchean-Vietnam Conflict", in Elliott, Third Indo- China, p. 22. 29. Ibid., pp. 29-30. 30. "Excerpted Report on the Leading Views", June 1976, p. 15. 31. Washington Post, 2 September 1978, cited in King C. Chen, China's War with Vietnam, 1979 (Stanford, CA, 1987), p. 33. 32. Le Courrier.du Vietnam, no. 45, February 1976, p. 3. 33. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 34. 34. New Times, no. 16, April 1976, p. 10. 35. American Embassy, Bangkok to Department of State, Department of State Airgram, 2 March 1976, FOIA no. 10012, released 24 June 1992. 36. Ibid. 37. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 16. 38. American Embassy Airgram, 2 March 1976. 39. American Embassy, Bangkok to Secretary of State, Department of State Telegram, 17 March 1977, FOIA no. 10028, released 24 June 1992. 40. See Chapters 4 and 5. 41. KeesiTlg's, 4 June 1976, pp. 22758-9. 42. Ibid., p. 28511; Bangkok Post, 19 June 1976, 30 August 1976; Bangkok World, 18 June 1976. While the Thais offered engine oil, flour, beans, various seeds, nylon bags, tires, chemicals, DDT, typewriters, diamond cutters, drills, needles, movie film, soddering machines, leather, metal and puppets, the Cambodians traded gold, coffee, deer's hom, snake skin, crocodile skin, roasted fish, live crocodiles, lotus, various types of wood and, most surpris­ ingly, 63,000 Baht (US$2,500.00) worth of opium with the Thais. Accord­ ing to Cambodian documentation, the total cost of goods imported by this time was US$I,901,690, compared to US$I,206,944 worth of exports. List of Goods Imported/Exported from/to Thai Market - 30 November 1976, Notes 209

Documents of the Business Department of Democratic Kampuchea, 1975- 1979, National Archive of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, File 8. 43. William Shawcross, The Quality 0/ Mercy (New York, 1984), p. 59. 44. Bangkok Post, 5 November 1976, 24 November 1976, 25 November 1976. 45: Bangkok Post, 30 January 1971, 1 March 1977; see also Information Depart­ ment, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Thai Government, The Massacre on 28 January 1977: Relations Between Thailand and Democratic Kampu­ chea (Bangkok, 1971). 46. Aide Memoire, Minisrere des Affaires Etranglres, Kampuchea Demo­ cratique, 4 February 1917, Library of Congress, Cambodian Documents (1976-1980). 47. "Peddlers of 'Asian Collective Security System' draw in their horns", Xinhua, 2 April 1976, in R. K. Jain (ed.), China and Thailand, 1949-1983 (docu­ ments), (London, 1987), p. 209; Peking Review, vol. 19, no. 2, (9 January 1976), p. 20. 48. Aide Memoire, 4 February 1971. 49. Keesing's Contemporary Archive, 4 June 1976, p. 27758. 50. American Embassy, Bangkok to Secretary of State, Department of State Tele­ gram, 26 November 1977, FOIA no. 10027, released 24 June 1992; UNHCR, Letter to the Thai Government, 3 December 1976, File 600 THA, UNHCR Archive, Geneva. 51. Vietnam News Agency, 26 February 1976, cited in Gilks, Breakdown, p. 155. 52. Stockholm Home Service, 6 July 1976, BBC, SWB, FE 5254/A31l, 8 July 1976. 53. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 239. 54. Hood, Dragons, p. 36; Chen, China's War, p. 24. 55. Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 183-4; Buszynski, Soviet, p. 157. 56. "The Party's Four Year Plan", p. 47. 57. Jones, China and Soviet, pp. 127-8: Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 74-80. 58. Peking Review, vol. 20, no. 3, 14 January 1977, p. 7; vol. 19, no. 17, 13 April 1976, p. 7. 59. International Herald Tribune, 4-5 March 1978. 60. Ross, Indo-China, pp. 81-108. 61. Le Mantle, 17 February 1976. 62. Le Monde, 18 February 1976. 63. See Le Point, 8 March 1976. 64. The Telegraph, 18 April 1976; The Guardian, 23 April 1976. 65. Bangkok Post, 8 March 1976; New York Times, 7 March 1976. 66. New York Times, 8 March 1976. 67. The Guardian, 29 April 1976; Bangkok Post, 20 April 1976, 27 April 1976; Washington Post, 28 April 1976. 68. Le Monde, 23 April 76, The Guardian, 23 April 76; Le Figaro, 22 April 1976; Times, 23 April 1976. 69. The Telegraph, 19 April 1976. 70. The Guardian, 23 April 1976. 71. The Times, 18 April 1976. 72. The Times, 23 April 1976. 73. Time, 26 April 1976. 210 Notes

74. Newsweek, 19 April 1976. 75. New York Times, 12 April 1976; Wall Street Journal, 16 April 1976. See also Australian, 13 April 1976, 27 April 1976. 76. Washington Post, 23 April 1976. 77. L'Express, 19 April 1976; Paris-Match, 24 April 1976. 78. Le Monde, 29 April 1976. 79. Le Monde, 18-19 April 1976. 80. The SUruWy Telegraph, 15 August 1976. 81. The Telegraph, 25 August 1976. 82. Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 January 1976, 7 May 1976. 83. Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 October 1976. See also The Times, 13 February 1976, 14 September 1976; Bangkok Post, 25 June 1975. 84. Interview with John McAuliff, Phnom Penh, 23 November 1991. 8S. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. S. 86. Lettre D'lnfonnation, Association G6n6rale des Khmers 11 l'Etranger, Paris, 29 November 1976. This request was reported in The Guardian, 9 October 1976 and The Telegraph, 9 October 1976. 87. Sereika, La Voix du Cambodge libre, Paris, no. 4, (November 1976), Echols Collection, Olin Library, Ithaca, New York. 88. See Douglas Allen, "Scholars of Asia and the War", in Douglas Allen and Ng6 Vinh Long (eds), Coming to Tenns: Indo-China, the United States, and the War (Boulder, 1991), p. 212. 89. Michael Vickery, "Looking Back at Cambodia", Westerly, no. 4, (December 1976), p. 14. 90. Laura Summers, "Defining the Revolutionary State in Cambodia", Current History (December 1976), p. 217. See also Ben Kiernan, "Social Cohesion in Revolutionary Cambodia", Australian Outlook, vol. 30, no. 3, (December 1976), p. 371. 91. Le Monde, 12-13 December 1976. 92. Bangkok Post, 29 January 1976. 93. Le Monde, 18 September 1976. 94. Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 October 1976. 95. Le Monde, 29 April 1976; also, interview with Tiziano Tenani. 96. George Hildebrand, "Cambodian Military Seeks Repatriation", USRndo­ China Report, 20 February 1976, p. S. 97. George Hildebrand, "Cambodia 'Terror' Reports Unfounded", US/lndo-China Report, 20 March 1976, p. 2; Hildebrand, "Letter to the Editor", Washington Post, 24 April 1976. Many of these returnees died or were killed after return­ ing to Cambodia, including over 100 in S-21. 98. L'Humanite, 19 April 1976. 99. Australian, 13 April 1976, 27 April 1976. 100. Ben Kiernan, "Cambodia and the News, 197511976", Melbourne Journal of Politics (December 1976/January 1977), p. 6. 101. "Cambodia One Year On", Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 6, no. 2, (1976), p. 213. 102. Bangkok Post, 19 April 1976; Washington Post, 8 April 1976, 9 April 1976; Kiernan, "Cambodia and News", p. 8; Us/Indo-China Report, vol. I, no. 7, (July 1976). 103. Summers, "Defining", p. 216. Notes 211

104. Interview with Tiziano Terzani; interview with Ben Kiernan, Phnom Penh, 26 November 1991. 105. The Telegraph, 19 April 1976. 106. The Telegraph, 15 August 1976. 107. Jerome Steinbach and Jocelyn Steinbach, Phnom Penh Liberee (paris, 1976), passim. 108. The Guardian (USA), 25 February 1976, p. 20, 28 April 1976, p. 17. 109. Unite, 30 April 1976; Le Monde, 2-3 May 1976. 110. "The Early Stages of Liberation: Peang Sophi", in Kiernan and Boua, Peasants, pp. 318-29; see also Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indo-Chi1UJ and the Reconstruction o/Imper­ ialldeology (Nottingham, 1979), p. 211. Ill. George Hildebrand and Gareth Porter, Cambodia: Starvation and Revolu­ tion (London, 1976), pp. 47-9, 56. 112. Ibid., pp. 15, 40. 113. Gareth Porter, ''The Myth of the Bloodbath: North Vietnam's Land Reform Reconsidered", Bulletin 0/ Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 5, no. 2, (Sep­ tember 1973), pp. 2-15. 114. Interview with John McAuliff; interview with Kenneth Quinn, Washington, DC, 6 August 1991. In the foreword to the book, the eminent American Southeast Asia specialist George McT. Kahin, for example, accused the US Government of attempting "to suppress much of the pertinent information" and called Hildebrand and Porter's account ''the best informed and clearest picture yet to emerge". Hildebrand and Porter, Cambodia, p. 7. 115. Fran90is Ponchaud, Cambodia Year Zero, Nancy Allen, trans. (London, 1978), p. 38. These citations are taken from the 1978 British version, which is essentially the same as the French version. 116. Ibid., passim. 117. Bernard Hamel, De Sang et de fArmes: fA Grande Deportation du Cambodge (paris, 1977), passim. 118. John Barron and Anthony Paul, Peace with Horror: The Untold Story 0/ Communist Genocide in Cambodia (London, 1977). 119. John Barron and Anthony Paul, "Murder of a Gentle Land", Reader's Digest, February 1977, p. 228. 120. Ibid., passim. 121. Ibid., pp. 260-1. 122. Ibid., pp. 237-8. 123. Ibid., p. 261. 124. Wall Street Journal, 22 November 1976. 125. Bernard Hamel and Soth Polin, Testimonies on Genocide in Cambodia (unpublished manuscript, July/August 1976), p. 2. 126. Interview with Tiziano Terzani. 127. Chomsky and Herman, After the Cataclysm, p. 173. 128. Washington Post, 30 July 1978; see also New York Times, 31 August 1977. 129. Michael Vickery, "Democratic Kampuchea - CIA to the Rescue", Bulletin o/Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 14, no. 4, 1982, pp. 52-3. See also St Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 April 1976. 130. The Times, 29 March 1977; see also New York Review 0/ Books, 6 April 1976. 212 Notes

131. Jean Lacouture, "The Bloodiest Revolution", New York Review of Books, 31 March 1977, p. 9. This article was also published in Nouvel Observateur on 20 November 1978. 132. Ibid., p. 10. 133. New York Times, 21 March 1977. 134. Edward S. Herman, Atrocities in Vietnam: Myths and Realities (Philadelphia, 1970); Noam Chomsky, Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact and Propaganda (Andover, 1973). 135. Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, "Distortions at Fourth Hand", The Nation, 25 June 1977, pp. 789-94. 136. Ibid., p. 791. 137. Letter from Noam Chomsky to author, 3 February 1991. 138. Interviews with Elizabeth Becker, Washington, DC, 30 July 1991; Frank Tatu, Washington, DC, 9 August 1991; Charles Twining, Washington, DC, 21 August 1991; Tim Carney, Washington, DC, 6 August 1991; Evan Luard (letter), 18 December 1990. 139. Hansard, House of Commons, 19 May 1976, Columns 1398-9. 140. Ibid., 7 July 1976, Columns 1255-6. 141. Letter from former senior official of British Foreign Office to author, name withheld upon request, 3 May 1994. 142. Keesing's, 3 February 1978, p. 28809. 143. Journal Officiel de la Rtpublique Francaise, Dtbats Parlementaires, AssembUe Nationale, 28 April 1976, p. 2255. 144. Keesing's, 3 February 1978, p. 28809. 145. I.e Monde, 31 July 1976, The Times, 31 July 1976. 146. Congressional Record, Ninety-fourth Congress, Second Session, 3 February 1976, p. 2056; 18 February 1976, p. 3697; 13 April 1976, p. 10681; 6 May 1976, p. 12937. 147. Ibid., 16 June 1976, pp. 18617-18. 148. Brent Scowcroft to Representative John J. Rhodes, The White House, 29 May 1976, Central Files, Gerald Ford Library, Ann Arbor, MI. 149. According to Twining's testimony to Congress, only the US, Australia, and assigned "Cambodia watchers" in their Bangkok embassies. "Hu­ man Rights in Cambodia", Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, US House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, 26 July 1977, (Washington, 1977), p. S. ISO. American Embassy, Bangkok to Department of State, Department of State Airgram, 10 March 1976, FOIA no. 10013, released 24 June 1992. 151. American Embassy, Bangkok to Department of State, 27 August 1976, FOIA no. 10013, released 24 June 1992. 152. American Embassy, Bangkok to Department of State, Department of State Airgram, 26 October 1976, FOIA no. 10023, released 24 June 1992. See also Kenneth Quinn, "Cambodia 1976: Internal Consolidation and External Expansion", Asian Survey, vol. XVII, no. I, (January 1977), pp. 43-54. 153. American Embassy, Bangkok to Department of State, Department of State Airgram, 3 November 1976, FOIA no. 10024, released 24 June 1992. 154. Secretary of State to All East Asian and Pacific Diplomatic Posts, Paris, Lon­ don, New York, Bonn, Copenhagen, Geneva, Moscow, Brussels, Department Notes 213

of State Telegram, 8 June 1976, FOIA no. IOC)J5, released 24 June 1992. The Secretary's statements refer to Kissinger's condemnation of the Cambodian communists immediately following the takeover in April 1975. 155. Ibid. 156. Interview with Charles Twining, Washington, DC, 21 August 1991. 157. Amnesty International Report: 1975-1976 (London, 1976), pp. 137-8. 1S8. Asia Research Department to National Sections Coordination Groups on East and South-East Asia, Amnesty International, ASAJ23101n7, 3 March 1977. 159. Ibid. 160. Interview with Hans Thoolen, Oeneva, 19 April 1991; Uganda and Human Rights: Reports to the UN Commission on HumtJn Rights (Oeneva, 1977), passim. 161. New York Times, 21 January 1977.

Notes to Chapter 4: March 1m-March 1978

1. "Interview of Comrade Pol Pot to the Delegation of Yugoslav Journalists visiting Democratic Kampuchea", 17 March 1978. 2. Hannah Arendt, The Origins o/Totalitarianism (Orlando, FL. 2nd cdn, 1973), p. 424. See also Rosemary H. T. O'Kane, ''Cambodia in the Zero Years: Rudi­ mentary Totalitarianism", Third World Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4 (November 1993), pp. 735-48. 3. FBIS, 27 September 1977, p. h28, cited in Quinn, "Pattern and Scope", p.204. 4. Vickery, Cambodia, p. 148. 5. Finnish Inquiry Commission, Kampuchea in the Seventies (Helsinki, 1982), p.27. 6. Quinn, "Pattern and Scope", p. 197; Thai Deputy Supreme Commander Kriangsak Chanmanan told US officials that Thai military intelligence had learned of a failed coup plot in April 1977. High-level military and political leaders were allegedly executed for their involvement in the attempt. American Embassy, Bangkok, to Secretary of State, Department of State telegram, 22 August 1979, FOIA no. 91030064, released 18 January 1995. 7. Kiernan and Boua, "Bureaucracy of Death", p. 671. 8. Daily Report on Prisoners, 25 April 1977, 7 May 1977, 17 July 1977, "Khmer Rouge Prison Documents from the S-21 (Tuol Sleng) Extermination Center in Phnom Penh", unpublished document compiled by David Hawk, 1982 and 1984. 9. See, for example, "Planning the Past: The Forced Confession of Hu Nim", in Chandler, Pol Pot Plans, pp. 227-317; Kiernan and Boua, "Bureaucracy of Death", p. 670. 10. Burgler, Eyes, pp. 123-5; Quinn, "Pattern and Scope", p. 198; Becker, When the War, p. 307; Vickery, Cambodia, p. 96; Daily Report on Prisoners, 25 April 1977, 7 May 1977, 17 July 1977. 11. Kiernan and Boua, Peasants, p. 241. 12. Quinn, "Pattern and Scope", p. 200. 13. Chandler, Tragedy, p. 270. 214 Notes

14. New York Times, 22 July 1977; Keesing's, 19 August 1977, p. 28511. 15. Bangkok Post, 3 August 1977. 16. Bangkok Post, 6 August 1977. 17. Bangkok Post, 14 September 1977. 18. Bangkok Post, 20 October 1977. 19. Bangkok Post, 17 December 1977, 18 December 1977. 20. Bangkok Post, 19 December 1977. 21. Peking Review, vol. 20, no. 48, 25 November 1977, p. 29; vol. 21, no. 7, 17 February 1978, p. 27. 22. Ben Kiernan, "Pol Pot and the Kampuchean Communist Movement", in Kiernan and Boua, Peasants, p. 303. 23. Peking Review, vol. 20, no. 17,22 April 1977, p. 42. 24. Burgler, Eyes, p. 129; Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 91~2, 229. 25. Stephen Heder, ''The Kampuchean-Vietnamese Conflict", in Elliott, Third Indo-China, p. 313; Rowley and Evans, Red Brotherhood, p. 118. 26. Bangkok Post, 9 August 1977, 15 August 1977; Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 August 1977. 27. Hanoi Home Service, 20 May 1977, BBC, SWB, FE5518/C/I-2. 28. Ross, Indo-China, p. 128. 29. "Huang Hua's 42,000 word Foreign Policy Address", 30 July 1977, in King C. Chen, China and the Three Worlds (London, 1979), p. 273. 30. Ibid., p. 271. 31. Ibid., pp. 271-2. 32. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 28 and 29 September 1977, FBIS, 29 Sep­ tember 1977, pp. hl-h5; PPDS, 28 September 1977, FBIS, 3 October 1977, p. hi; New York Times, 29 September 1977; The Times, 29 September 1977. 33. Peking Review, vol. 20, no. 41, 7 October 1977, p. 9; Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 100-1. 34. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Secur­ ity Adviser. 1977-1981 (London, 1983), p. 195. See also, "Reply by the President (Carter) to a Question Asked at a News Conference, May 12, 1977", Doc. 503, in American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980, p.964. 35. Michel Oksenberg, "A Decade of Sino-American Relations", Foreign Af­ fairs, vol. 61, no. 1 (Autumn 1982), p. 182; Jaw-ling Joanne Chang, United States-China Normalization: An Evaluation of Foreign Policy Decision Making (Denver, CO, 1986), p. 39. 36. Carter, Keeping, p. 194. 37. New York Times, 21 January 1977. 38. Gilks, Breakdown, p. 165; Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 136-41. The Wood­ cock delegation had requested to visit Cambodia, but their request was refused by the DK authorities. Keesing's, 3 February 1978, p. 28807. 39. "Replies by the Secretary of State (Vance) to Questions asked at a News Conference, May 4, 1977", Doc. 589, in American Foreign Policy Basic Documents. 1977-1980, pp. 1102-3; "Statement by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, May 4, 1977", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977- 1980, Doc. 590, p. 1103. 40. New York Times, 4 May 1977; Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 153. 41. Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 February 1978. Notes 215

42. New York Times, 4 May 1977. 43. Buszynski, Soviet, p. 157. 44. Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 156-7; Ross, Indo-China, p. 121. 45. Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 187-91; Gilks, Breakdown, p. 183. 46. Heder, "Kampuchean-Vietnamese", p. 33. 47. Peking Review, vol. 17, no. 25, 16 June 1977, p. 3; vol. 17, no. 30, 30 September 1977, pp. 4-5; vol. 17, no. 48, 25 November 1977, p. 3. 48. New Times, no. 44, October 1977, p. 21. 49. Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 206-7; Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 119. 50. "Declaration du Ministre des Affaires Etrang~res du Kampuchea Demo­ cratique". Phnom Penh, 31 December 1977. Library of Congress. Cambo­ dian Documents. 1976':"80. 51. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 31 December 1977, FBIS. 3 January 1978. pp. hl-h6; "Declaration du Gouvemement du Kampuchea Democratique aux Amis Proches et Lointains des 5 Continents at a L'Opinion Mondiale". Phnom Penh. 31 December 1977. Library of Congress. Cambodian Docu­ ments. 1976-80. 52. "Declaration ... aux Amis". pp. 2. 8. 53. Phnom Penh Domestic Service. 31 December 1977. p. h6; see also Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 23 January 1978. FBIS. 24 January 1978. p. h5. 54. Vietnam News Agency, 31 December 1977. FBIS. 3 January 1978. pp. k2- k3; Hanoi Domestic Service. 1 January 1978. FBIS, 3 January 1978. p. k4; Hanoi Domestic Service. 1 January 1978, FBIS. 3 January 1978. pp. kS-· k6; Hanoi International Service, 3 January 1978. FBIS. 3 January 1978. pp. k9-klO; Vietnam News Agency, 6 January 1978, FBIS, 6 January 1978. p. k4. 55. Hanoi Domestic Service, 6 January 1978, FBIS, 6 January 1978. p. kl; UJs Angeles Times. 2 January 1978; New York Times. 7 January 1978. 56. Hanoi Domestic Service, 7 January 1978, FBIS. 9 January 1978. p. kIl; Hanoi International Service. 12 January 1978, BBC. SWB. FE5713/A3/6, 14 January 1978. 57. Nhan Dan. 7 January 1978. cited in Far Eastern Economic Review. 27 January 1978. p. 10. 58. Hanoi International Service. 1 February 1978. FBIS. 2 February 1978. p. k2; Chanda. Brother Enemy. pp. 219-25. 59. Hanoi Home Service. 21 February 1978. BBC, SWB. FE 5747/A3/l. 23 February 1978; New York Times, 22 February 1978,23 February 1978; The Times. 22 February 1978. 60. New Times, no. 3, January 1978. p. 8; no. 7. February 1978. p. 12; no. 9. February 1978. p. 6. 61. Isvestia. 27 January 1978. cited in New York Times. 28 January 1978. 62. See Marian Kirsch Leighton. "Perspectives on the Vietnam-Cambodia Border Conflict". Asian Survey. vol. 18. no. 5 (May 1978). pp. 448-57. 63. "Why Does Moscow Resort to Lies and Slanders over Kampuchea-Vietnam Armed Conflict?", Peking Review, vol. 21. no. 4. 27 January 1978, pp. 24- 5. See also New York Times, 5 January 1978. 64. Geng Biao. "Report on the Situation in the Indochinese Peninsula, 16 Janu­ ary 1979". US Joint Publication Research Service. JPRS 77074 (1980). p. 9; 216 Notes

The Times, 15 February 1978; Los Angeles Times, 3 March 1978; Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 212; Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 156. 65. Vietnam News Agency, to January 1978, FBIS, 11 January 1978, p. kl; New China News Agency, 10 January 1978, BBC, SWB, FE S7111A319, 12 January 1978. 66. Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 1,6 January 1978, pp. 25-7; vol. 21, no. 2, 13 January 1978, pp. 23-5. 67. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 210; Ross, Indo-China, pp. 162-3. 68. New York Times, 18 January 1978,7 April 1977; Washington Post, 19 January 1978. 69. Chen, Strategic Triangle, p. 136. 70. "Vice Premier Teng Hsiao-ping's speech at the banquet given in honour of Thai Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan", 29 March 1978, in Jain, China, pp. 215-16; "Vice Premier Teng Hsiao-ping's speech at the return banquet", 31 March 1978, in Jain, pp. 218-19. 71. "Kriangsak Chamanan's speech at the banquet", 29 March 1978, in Jain, p. 217; "Kriangsak Chamanan's press conference in Peking", 31 March 1978, in Jain, China, p. 219. 72. "Teng Hsiao-ping's interview with visiting Thai journalists", 7 June 1978, in Jain, China, p. 220. 73. Keesing's, 3 February 1978, p. 28808. 74. Bangkok Post, 24 January 1978,31 January 1978. 75. New York Times, 3 February 1978. 76. Bangkok Post, 1 February 1978,2 February 1978,3 February 1978; Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 7, 17 February 1978, p. 27. 77. Keesing's, 3 February 1978, p. 28809. 78. Bangkok Post, 18 February 1978; Bangkok World, 17 February 1978. 79. Bangkok Home Service, 2 December 1977, BBC, SWB, FE 5683/A3/4, 3 December 1917; Nair, Words, pp. 83-4. 80. Nair, Words, p. 82; Gilks, Breakdown, p. 188. 81. Nair, Words, p. 83. 82. Le Courrier du Vietnam, no. 69, February 1978, pp. 3-4; Keesing's, 27 October 1978, p. 29273; New York Times, 5 February 1978; The Times, 7 February 1978. 83. Gilks, Breakdown, p. 190; Duiker, China, p. 74, Chen, Strategic Triangle, p.138. 84. Britain was, at this time, cutting its defence budget sharply and reducing the levels of its overseas commitments. According to Devillers, Asian affairs in general was considered "non-essential" under the Val~ry Giscard d'Estaing presidency in France. Michael Carver, Tightrope Walking: British Defense Policy Since 1945 (London, 1992), pp. 105-17; Philippe Devillers, "Val~ry Giscard d'Estaing et L' Asie", in Samy Cohen and Marie Claude Smouts, La Politique Exterieure de VaIery Giscard D'Estaing (paris, 1985), pp. 317- 401; letter from former senior official of British Foreign Office to author, name withheld upon request, 3 May 1994. Official US policy was that "the United States takes no position whatsoever with regard to the situation between Cambodia and Vietnam." Secretary of State (press guidance), Department of State telegram, 19 January 1978, FOIA (unnumbered), de­ classified 5 February 1995. Notes 217

85. Isaacson, Kissinger, p. 699. 86. Carter, Keeping, p. 194; Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 26-9, 120-2. 87. For a discussion of the often conflicting nature of these two interests, see Stanley Hoffman, ''The Hell of Good Intentions", Foreign Policy, no. 29 (Winter 1977-78), pp. 7-9; Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study 0/ Order in World Politics (London, 1977), pp. 88-9. 88. Stephane Groueff, ''The Nation as Concentration Camp", National Review, vol. 29, no. 34, 2 September 1977, p. 989. This article also appeared in France-Soir. 89. The Guardian, 6 September 1977. 90. Shawcross, Quality, p. 55. Such a point would be reached in 1979 when the Cambodian famine became a compelling popular concern in the West. 91. Letter to the Editor, Washington Post, 6 May 1977. 92. Washington Post, 21 July 1917. 93. Washington Post, 8 April 1977. 94. Newsweek, 30 May 1977. 95. Washington Post, 21 July 1917. 96. Interview with Roland Pierre Paringaux, Geneva, 22 April 1991; interview with Tiziano Terzani. 97. The Telegraph, 24 October 1977; Bangkok Post, 23 January 1978; The Observer, 30 October 1977. 98. The Telegraph, 24 October 1917. 99. The Observer, 30 October 1977. 100. The Telegraph, 31 October 1917. 101. Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 September 1977. This article, however, was written by Donald Wise, an editor, and not Nayan Chanda, the corres­ pondent responsible for Cambodia. 102. TirtU!, 21 November 1977; Newsweek, 30 May 1977; Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 September 1977. 103. US News and World Report, 8 August 1917. 104. The Economist, 10 September 1977. lOS. The Times literary SupplertU!nt, 7 October 1977; The Guardian, 6 Septem­ ber 1977: Christian Science Monitor, 26 April 1977; Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 September 1977: Chicago Tribune, 29 January 1977; New York Times, 31 August 1977, 11 September 1917. 106. Jean Morice, Du Sourire a L'Horreur (paris, 1977); Prasith Sam and Pierre Max, Cambodge du Silence (Paris, 1977). See also Bulletin D'ln/ormation Sur Ie Cambodge, July-5eptember 1985. 107. Journal 0/ Contemporary Asia, vol. 7, no. 4, 1977, pp. 549-54; see also Seven Days, May 1977; Journal o/Contemporary Asia, vol. 7, no. 4, 1977, pp.513-18. 108. The TirtU!s literary Supplement, 28 October 1977. 109. The Economist, IS October 1977. 110. Village Voice, 16 May 1977. 111. The Nation, 2S June 1977; USIIndo-China Report, July 1976,International Bulletin, 25 April 1917. 112. Paris Match, 24 April 1976; Sydney Morning Herald, 24 April 1976; The Observer, 30 October 1977; Time, 21 November 1977; Washington Post, 8 April 1977. See also Douglas Zoloth Foster, "Photos of 'Horror' in 218 Notes

Cambodia: Fake or Rea)']", Columbia Journalism Review (March/ApriI1978), pp. 46-7; Ben Kiernan, "Fake Photographs of Democratic Kampuchea", News From Kampuchea (Australia), vol. I, no. 5 (December 1977). 113. News/rom Kampuchea. vol. 1. no. 5. December 1977. p. 10; Pierre Rousset. "Background to the Revolution", Journal o/Contemporary Asia, vol. 7, no. 4, 1977. pp. 513-28, 548-54. "Massacre Stories a Big Lie: Refugee reports from Cambodia", The Guardian (USA), 30 March 1917; "Corrections", Washington Post, 9 April 1917; Shawcross, Quality, p. 56; Ben Kiernan, "Vietnam and the Governments and People of Kampuchea", Bulletin 0/ Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. n, no. 4 (October-December 1979), p. 19. 114. The Guardian, 20 July 1917; Rousset, p. 513; Newsfrom Kampuchea, vol. 1, no. 1, April 1977. pp. 1-13, vol. 1, no. 2, June 1977, p. 6. 115. The Telegraph, 23 December 1977; The Times, 30 December 1977; The Guardian, 31 December 1977; Sydney Morning Herald, 30 December 1978; Chomsky, After the Cataclysm, pp. 189-90. 116. Der Spiegel, 10 May 1917; David Boggett, "Democratic Kampuchea and Human Rights: Correcting the Record", Economic and Political Weekly, vol. XIV, no. 18 (5 May 1979), p. 817. 117. Asiaweek, 2 December 1977. 118. Washington Post, 19 February 1978. 119. "Amnesty International Concerned at Democratic Kampuchean Government's Lack of Response to Appeals", News Release, AI Index NWS 02131177, 8 May 1917. See also The Times. 9 May 1977. 120. Amnesty International Report. 1977 (London, 1917). pp. 190-1. 12.1. Telegram from Khmer Refugees in Paris to ICJ Secretary General, 12 May 1975, 10 June 1975, Letter from Anne Forbes, Chairman, Justice and Peace Commission to Niall McDermot, Secretary-General, 26 October 1977, ICJ Archive, Geneva. 122. ICJ Action Slip, 12 January 1917, ICJ Archive. 123. Interview with Steven Solarz, Phnom Penh. 2 January 1992. 124. "Human Rights in Cambodia", Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Interna­ tional Organisations of the Committee on International Relations. US House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, 3 May 1977 (Wash­ ington, 1917), pp. 2-5, 12-17. 125. Ibid., p. 12. 126. Ibid., p. 19. 127. Ibid., pp. 19-46. 128. Ibid., pp. 34-5. 129. Congressional Record. Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, 1977, 13 June 1977, p. 18667; 12 July 1917, p. 22420; 21 July 1977, p. 24497; 21 Sep­ tember 1977, p. 30251. 130. Ibid., 22 April 1917, p. 11933; 20 July 1977, p. 24028; 19 September 1977, p. 29904; 21 September 1977. p. 30251; 27 September 1977. p. 31045; 4 November 1977, p. 37093; 4 November 1977, p. 37299. 131. "Human Rights in Cambodia", Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Interna­ tional Organizations of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, 26 July 1917 (Wash­ ington, 1977), p. 2. Notes 219

132. New York Times, 27 July 1977; Washington Post, 27 July 1977; The Times, 27 July 1977; Los Angeles Times, 27 July 1977; Le Montle, 28 July 1977. 133. "Human Rights in Cambodia", Hearing ... , 26 July 1977, p. 2; see also Washington Post, 24 July 1977. The New York Times, however, reported that Holbrooke's testimony confirmed that up to 1.2 million people may have been killed since the takeover (New York Times, 27 July 1977). 134. "Human Rights in Cambodia", Hearing ... ,26 July 1977, p. 8. 135. Ibid., p. 15. 136. Ibid., p. 24; Congressional Record, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, 25 July 1977, p. 24795; 27 September 1977, pp. 31045-6. 137. Congressional Record, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Sessionl 4 November 1977, p. 37093. 138. Warren Christopher, Speech to National Media Conference, Washington, DC, 18 January 1978, in US Submission to UN Commission on Human Rights, 6 July 1978, New York Times, 19 January 1978. 139. Jimmy Carter, "Speech on Human Purposes in Foreign Policy (1977)", in Walter Lacquer and Barry Rubin (eds), The Human Rights Reader (New York, 1979), p. 307. 140. Jimmy Carter, "Speech on the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declara­ tion of Human Rights", in Lacquer and Rubin, Human Rights, p. 328. 141. Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986), p. 57. 142. Ibid., p. 57. 143. Jimmy Carter, "Speech on the Thirtieth ..• ," p. 326. 144. "Address by the Deputy Secretary of State (Christopher) Before the Amer­ ican Bar Association, New Orleans, February 13, 1978", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980 (Washington, 1983), Doc. 164, pp. 419- 23. 145. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal (London, 1979), p. 277. In a letter to Representative Solarz, Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Re­ lations Douglas Bennet claimed that the State Department had no reason to believe that even the "highest level approach" from the US to the PRC would convince the PRC that they should or could put pressure on the Cambodians to change their behavior. Douglas Bennet to Stephen Solarz, 22 March 1978, FOIA P180051-100, declassified 2 May 1995. 146. Chinese knowledge of executions in Cambodia was expressed unofficially by a PRC embassy official in Hanoi to a European journalist in May 1977 and relayed to the US Embassy in Bangkok by the journalist. Department of State Telegram, American Embassy Bangkok to Secretary of State, 26 May 1977, FOIA 10031, Released 24 June 1992. 147. See Adam Roberts, "Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Hu­ man Rights", International AI/airs, vol. 69, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 429-50; Vincent, Nonintervention, pp. 188-280. 148. New York Times, 17 May 1975. 149. "Address by the Secretary of State (Vance) Before the University of Vir­ ginia Law School, April 30, 1977", American Foreign Policy Basic Docu­ ments, 1977-1980, Doc. 160, p. 411. 150. "Statement by the Deputy Secretary of State (Christopher) Before the Senate 220 Notes

Subcommittee on Foreign Assistance, March 7, 1977", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980, Doc. 159, p. 407. 151. E/AC.7/SR.811, 6 May 1977, p. 7. 152. Interview with Chaim Herzog, Jerusalem, 7 January 1991. 153. A/32/PV.I0, 28 September 1977, pp. 152-3. 154. A/32/PV.11, 28 September 1977, pp. 177-8. 155. A/32/PV.13, 29 September 1977, p. 222. 1.56. The Times, 16 May 1977. 157. Owen, p. 17. See also The Times, 10 March 1977,24 June 1977. 158. Hansard, House of Commons, 30 March 1977, col. 379-80; 9 November 1977, col. 651-2. 159. Hansard, House of Commons, 30 March 1977, col. 379-80. 160. Ibid., 15 June 1977, col. 364. 161. Ibid., 9 November 1977, col. 651-2. 162. Keesing's, 1-7 December 1975, p. 27471. 163. Keesing's, 3 February 1978, p. 28809; Financial Times, 10 November 1988. 164. The Times, 13 December 1977; 21 December 1977. 165. Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 January 1978. 166. Far Eastern Economic Review, 27 January 1978. 167. Newsweek, 23 January 1978. 168. Ed Lazar, ''The Peace Movement and Cambodia", Peacework (December 1987), p. 4. 169. "Replies by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to Questions Asked on CBS's 'Face the Nation,' January 8, 1978", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980, Doc. 592. p.1104. 170. New York Times, 9 January 1978, 10 January 1978. 171. Christopher, "Address to the American Bar Association", 13 February 1978. 172. Charter of the United Nations, Chapter I, Article I, Section 3, in Everyone's United Nations, pp. 429-50. 173. Ibid., Chapter III, Article 13, Section I, Paragraph b. 174. Ibid., Chapter IX, Article 55, Paragraph c. 175. Ibid., Chapter I, Article 2, Section 4. 176. Ibid., Chapter I, Article 2. Section 7. 177. Ibid., Chapter VII, Article 39. 178. Ibid., Chapter VII, Article 42. 179. See Peter Baehr and Leon Gordenker, The United Nations: Reality and Ideal (New York, 1984); Tom A. Farer, ''The UN and Human Rights: More Than a Whimper, Less Than a Roar", in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, United Nations, Divided World (Oxford, 1st edn, 1988), pp. 95-138; FaIk, Human Rights, pp. 153-7; Vincent, Human Rights, pp. 113-18. 180. Charter of the United Nations, Chapter X, Article 62, Section 2. 181. Ibid., Chapter X, Article 68. 182. E/259(1947), Paragraphs 21-2, cited in Farer, ''The UN", p. 101. 183. Howard Tolley, "Decision-Making at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1979-82", Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 5, no. I, (February 1983), p. 28. Notes 221

184. ECOSOC Res. 1235(XLII), 6 June 1967,42 UN ESCOR, Suppl. (no. I) 17, E/4393(1967). 185. ECOSOC Res. 1503(XLVIII), 27 May 1970,48 UN ESCOR, Suppl. (no. IA) 8, E/4832/~d. I (1970). 186. Ibid. 187. Lane, "Mass Killings", p. 273. 188. Glenn A. Mower, Jr, The United States, The United Nations, and Human Rights: The Eleanor Roosevelt and Jimmy Carter Eras (Westport, cr, 1979), p. 162; Owen, Human Rights, pp. 24, 109; Tolley, UN Commission, p. 98. 189. Tom J. Farer and Felice Gaer, "The UN and Human Rights: At the End of the Beginning", in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury (eds), United Nations, Divided World (Oxford, 2nd edn, 1993), pp. 269-88; Howard Tolley, The UN Commission on Human Rights (Boulder, CO, 1987), p. 67. 190. Philip Alston, "Critical Appraisal of the UN Human Rights Regime", in Philip Alston (ed.), The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal (Oxford, 1992), p. 163. 19l. Ibid., p. 149; Farer and Gaer, "The UN", p. 280. 192. Richard L. Jackson, The Non-Aligned, the UN, and the Superpowers (New York, 1983), p. 106. 193. Tolley, UN Commission, p. 188. 194. Ibid., pp. 63-4. 195. Evan Luard, Speech Delivered at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Geneva, 3 March 1978, Foreign Policy Documents no. 25, Crown Copyright, 1978. See also ECOSOC, ElCNA/SR. 1466/ Add. I, 8 March 1978. 196. E/CNA/L.l404, 2 March 1978. 197. E/CNA/SR. 1469, pp. 8-9; ElCN.4/SR.l473, 15 March 1978, p. 9. 198. EIl978134, ElCN.41l292, ESCOR 1978, Suppl. no. 4, Res. 9(XXX1V).

Notes to Chapter 5: April 1978-December 1978

l. Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 121; Chen, Strategic Triangle, p.138. 2. HanoiIntemational Service, 3 April 1978, FBIS, 5 April 1978, pp. kl- k2. 3. Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 122. 4. Keesing's, 23 February 1978, p. 29471. 5. Pao-Min Chang, The Sino-Vietnamese Territorial Dispute (New York, 1986), p. 4; Longmire, Soviet, p. 122; Ross, Indo-China, p. 177. 6. King C. Chen, China's War with Vietnam, 1979 (Stanford, CA, 1987), pp. 39-68; Chang, Sino-Vietnamese, p. 4; Chen, Strategic Triangle, p. 141. 7. Dossier: Les Hoa au Vietnam II (Hanoi, 1978), pp. 34, 47-52; Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 247. 8. Hanoi Domestic Service, 28 May 1978, FBIS, 30 May 1978, p. k3. 9. Kampuchea Dossier II, (Hanoi, 1978), pp. 9-15. Interestingly, the book included the photographs whose authenticity had been disputed in the West. 222 Notes

10. Xinhua, 24 May 1978, FBIS, 24 May 1978, pp. A6-A8. Sec also Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 22, 2 June 1978, pp. 14-19; no. 23, 9 June 1978, pp. 16-19; no. 24,16 June 1978, pp. 13-16. The PRC made no such demands of the Cambodian regime, under whose rule the ethnic Chinese population of the country had received particularly harsh treatment. II. Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 24, 16 June 1978, p. 15; Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 27, 3 July 1978, p. 27; Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 July, 1978. 12. Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 245-58; Washington Post, 2 September 1978; Ross, Indo-China, pp. 204-8. 13. People's Daily, 11 July 1978, BBC, SWB, FE586/A31l-4; Reprinted in Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 29, 21 July 1978, p. 8. 14. Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 27, 14 July 1978, p. 28; no. 29, 21 July 1978, p.8. 15. Chen, Strategic Triangle, p. 145. 16. ''Toast by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski), Peking, May 20, 1978", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980, Doc. 505, p. 965. 17. Brzezinski, Power, pp. 207-20. 18. Gelman, Brezhnev, pp. 105-73; Herring, America's, p. 270; Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC, 1985), pp. 617-18,623-53. 19. Carter, Keeping, p. 230; Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 84-98. 20. Brzezinski, Power, p. 212. 21. American Embassy, Bangkok, to Secretary of State, Department of State telegram, 10 August 1978, FOIA 9030064, declassified 12 December 1994. Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 July 1978; Vance, Hard Choices, p. 122. 22. Carter, Keeping, pp. 194-5; Vance, Hard Choices, p. 122; Brzezinski, Power, p. 228. 23. ''Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation Between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", Vietnam Courier, December 1978. Article 1. p. 4. 24. Ibid., Article 6, p. 5. 25. According to a US State Department memorandum, ''The Vietnamese signed the treaty because they need Soviet support in the face of escalating ten­ sions with China, particularly over Cambodia". "Implications of the Soviet­ Vietnamese Treaty", US Department of State, Briefing Memorandum, David E. Mark to the Secretary, 11 November 1978, Released under FOIA-I0041, 24 June 1992. 26. International Affairs (Moscow), no. 1, January 1979, p. 3, cited in Chen, Strategic Triangle, p. 148. 27. Chen, Strategic Triangle, pp. 145-6; Gilks, Breakdown, p. 205; Peking Review, vol. 21, no. 25, 23 June 1978, p. 4. 28. Chen, Strategic Triangle; p. 144; Nair, Words, p. 85. 29. Chen, Strategic Triangle, pp. 144-5. 30. Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 March 1978; New York Times, 8 October 1978,23 November 1978, 3 December 1978; Far Eastern Economic Review, 12 January 1979. 31. Banning Garrett, ''The Strategic Triangle and the Indo-China Crisis", in Elliott, Third Indo-China, p. 204; Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 159. Notes 223

32. The Times. 14 December 1978. 21 December 1978. 33. Carter. Keeping Faith. p. 234. 34. Chanda. Brother Enemy. p. 262. 35. Vietnam Courier. October 1978. p. 13; Dossier: Les Hoa au Vietnam. p. 30. 36. Xinhua. 26 October 1978; FBIS. 26 October 1978. p. A19. 37. Review. vol. 22. no. 1. 5 January 1979. p. 2. 38. Far Eastern Economic Review. 19 January 1979; People's Daily. 16 Decem­ ber 1978. BBC. SWB. FE 5997/A3/1-4. 18 December 1978. 39. Xinhua. 5 November 1978. FBIS. 6 November 1978. pp. a17-al8; Xinhua. 16 December 1978. FBIS. 18 December 1978. p. a28. 40. New York Times. 16 July 1978; Far Eastern Economic Review. 17 February 1978; ''Teng Hsiao-ping's Interview with Visiting Thai Journalists". 7 June 1978, in Jain. China. p. 220. 41. Bangkok Post. 1 March 1978.6 March 1978. 10 April 1978. 11 Apri11978. 16 April 1978. 30 April 1978. 19 May 1978,25 May 1978, 14 June 1978, 14 July 1978. 17 July 1978, 13 September 1978. 42. Chang, United States-China Normalization, p. 40. 43. "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the United States of Amer­ ica and the People's Republic of China, December 15, 1979", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980, Doc. 507, pp. 967-8. 44. Keesing's, 1978, p. 29273. 45. Keesing's, 1978, p. 29273. 46. "Press Communique of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Propaganda and Infonnation of Democratic Kampuchea", Phnom Penh, 25 June 1975, Steven Heder personal file. 47. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 12 May 1978, FBIS, 12 May 1978, pp. h2- h3. 48. Black Paper: Facts and Evidences ofthe Acts ofAggression and Annexation of Vietnam Against Kampuchea, Department of Press and Infonnation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Democratic Kampuchea (September 1978), reprinted by Group of Kampuchean Residents in America, index. 49. Ibid., p. 60. 50. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 7 November 1978, FBIS, 8 November 1978, p. hI; Phnom Penh International Service, 8 December 1978, FBIS, 11 Decem­ ber 1978, p. h4. 51. Vietnam Courier. August 1978, p. 10. 52. Hanoi Domestic Service, 10 March 1978, FBIS, 15 March 1978, p. kl. 53. New York Times. 30 April 1978; Far Eastern Economic Review, 31 March 1978; Vietnam News Agency, 11 March 1978, FBIS, 13 March 1978, p. kS. 54. Vietnam Courier, November 1978, p. 12. See also Vietnam Courier, Decem- ber 1978, p. 12. 55. Pravda, 3 September 1978. Translated for author by Charles King. 56. New Times, no. 37, September 1978, p. 18. 57. Ibid .• p. 20. 58. New Times, no. 52, December 1978, pp. 14-15. 59. Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 October 1978; 22 September 1978. 60. Nair, Words, p. 90. 61. Ross. Indo-China, pp. 221-3; Nair. Words, p. 92; Bangkok Post, 14 July 1978. 224 Notes

62. Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia Yearbook, 1979 (Hong Kong, 1978), p. 160; Keesing's, 4 May 1979, p. 29581. 63. "Interview du Comarade Pol Pot lla delegation des Journalists Yugoslaves en visite au Kampuchea D6mocratique", 17 March 1978. 64. New York Times, 21 November 1978. This visit was also the cover in L'Humaniti Rouge, 26 May 1978, p. 7, 27 and 28 May 1978, p. 7; Univer­ sity of Washington Daily, 16 November 1978; Independent and Gazette, 11 November 1978. 65. Kampuchea Will Win, Canadian Communist League (Quebec. Second Tri­ mester 1979), pp. 8,29-30. 66. "Nouvelles Diffuses de Phnom Penh par la Voix de Kampuchea Demo­ cratique", Embassy of Democratic Kampuchea, Peking, 13 September 1978. 67. These articles were reproduced in a booklet. Kampuchea August 1978: Re­ cord.sfrom a Journey made by a Delegationfr'om the Swedl.sh-Kampuchean Friendship Association (Stockholm, 1978). 68. Arberjderavl.sen, FBIS, 6 October 1978, pp. hI4-h15. 69. Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 October 1978. 70. Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, After the Cataclysm; Postwar Indo­ China and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology (Nottingham, 1979), p.196. 71. "Nouvelles Diffuses", 23 September 1978; New York Times, 14 October 1978. 72. New York Times, 27 October 1978; Washington Post, 2 October 1978, 14 October 1978; The Times, 14 June 1978. 73. St Louis Post Dispatch, IS January 1979. For Becker's more negative depic­ tion, see Washington Post, 26 December, 27 December 1978, 28 December 1978, 29 December 1978. Caldwell was assassinated during the trip, al­ though the identity of his assailants has never been discovered. 74. "Statement of the Congress of the Standing Committee of the Kampuchean People's Representatives of the Democratic Kampuchea National Army and the Representatives of various Government Departments", Kampuchean Embassy, Peking, 18 December 1979. 75. Far Eastern Economic Review, 12 January 1979; Washington Post, 18 November 1978; Bangkok Post, 6 September 1978,27 December 1978, 29 December 1978. 76. Seven thousand, seven hundred and sixty-five people were brought to Tuol Sleng in the first 5 months of 1978, the same as for all of 1977. See Burgler, Eyes, pp. 149-50. 77. Becker, When the War, p. 326; Burgler, Eyes, pp. 144-5; Ngor, Cambodian Odyssey, p. 325. 78. "Press Communiqu6 of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Propaganda and Information of Democratic Kampuchea", 25 June 1978. 79. Timothy Carney, "Organization of Power", in Jackson, Cambodia, p. 93. 80. Becker, When the War, p. 320; Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 2S0-3. 81. Cited in Gavan McCormack, "The Kampuchean Revolution, 1975-1978", Journal of Contemporary Asia, no. 112 (1980), p. 103. 82. Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 254; Ben Kiernan, "Cambodia: The Eastern Zone Massacres", , Center for the Study of Human Rights, undated, passim; Ben Kiernan, "Wild Chickens, Farm Chickens and Notes 225

Connorants: Kampuchea's Eastern Zone under Pol Pot", in Chandler, Revolu­ tion, pp. 186-91. 83. Finnish Inquiry Commission, Kampuchea, p. 23. 84. Financial Times, 8 August 1978. 85. Hanoi International Service, 27 April 1978, FBIS, 1 June 1978, p. k8; Hanoi Domestic 'Service, 17 August 1978, FBIS, 18 August 1978, p. kl; Hanoi International Service, 21 October 1978, FBIS, 23 October 1978, p. klO. 86. Keesing's, 27 October 1978, p. 29272. Approximately 150,000 of these were ethnic Khmer and 170,000 ethnic Vietnamese who had lived in Cambodia. 87. Articles covering Vietnamese accusations against the Cambodians were featured in the New York Times on 30 April 1978 and 19 July 1978, and in the Far Eastern Economic Review on 1 September 1978. 88. Daily Telegraph, 3 May 1978. 89. Washington Post, 2 May 1978. See also Washington Post on 3 May 1978, 4 May 1978, and I June 1978. 90. Wall Street Journal, 10 May 1978. 91. Wall Street Journal, 22 November 1978. 92. New York Times, 22 April 1978, 23 April 1978, 26 April 1978; See also Christianity Today, 17 November 1978. 93. Daily Telegraph, 21 April 1978; Le Monde, 25 April 1978; The Times, 24 April 1978. Interestingly, the United States government paid an honorarium to Barron for participating in the Conference. Secretary of State to American Embassy, Oslo, Department of State telegram, FOIA D780142-0589, de­ classified 2 May 1995. 94. "Statement by Jimmy Carter, President of the United States, on Cambodia, 21 April 1978", US submission to UN Commission on Human Rights, 6 July 1978; also Department of State Bulletin (June 1978), p. 38. 95. The Guardian, 22 April 1978; Le Monde, 23-24 April 1978, The Times, 24 April 1978, New York Times, 23 April 1978; Washington Post, 22 April 1978; "Inside Cambodia", CBS Evening News, 20 and 21 April 1978, printed b'anscript produced by CBS News; Washington Post, 7 June 1978; New York Times, 7 June 1978. 96. Secretary of State to All East Asian and Pacific Diplomatic Posts, Department of State telegram, 8 June 1978, FOIA (unnumbered), declassified 2 May 1995. 97. John Barron and Paul, Anthony, "Cambodia: The Killing Goes On", Reader's Digest, vol. 113 (July 1978), pp. 167-74. 98. Time. 31 July 1978. 99. New York Times, 22 April 1978,23 April 1978, 26 April 1978. 100. New York Times, 13 May 1978. 101. CBS, 20 April 1978, 21 August 1978; NBC 2 June 1978,21 September 1978; cited in Adams and Abelove, Television Coverage, pp. 217-25. 102. Le Monde. 21-22 December 1978,23 December 1978, 24 December 1978. 103. Le Monde. 23 September 1978; Time, 2 October 1978. This document was included in the British submission to the UN Commission on Human Rights in July 1978. Other French articles on atrocities appeared in Le Figaro, 22 March 1978; L'Aurore, 22 March 1978,28-29 October 1978; Quotidien de Paris, 13 March 1978, Ublration, 22 March 1978, Le Montle, 22 March 1978. 226 Notes

104. The Guardian, 15 March 1978. 105. Far Eastern Economic Review, 12 May 1978. 106. The Guardian, 8 May 1978. 107. The Revolution in Kampuchea, The Swedish-Kampuchean Friendship Asso­ ciation and the Norwegian-Kampuchean Friendship Association (no place of publication listed, 1978). The Chomsky article was also reprinted in The Nation and in Southeast Asia Chronicle, no. 58 (December 1977), p. 17. 108. The Times, 10 June 1978. 109. New York Times, 8 December 1978. 1I0. Jean Lacouture, Survive Ie Peuple Cambodgien! (Paris, 1978), p. 5. lIi. Ibid., pp. 6-7. 112. Ibid., pp. 135-6. 113. See Karl D. Jackson, "Cambodia 1978: War, Pillage and Purge in Demo­ cratic Kampuchea", Asian Survey, vol. XIX, no. 1 (January 1979), p. 82fn; Jackson, Cambodia, p. ix. 114. L'Humaniti, 4 Jan. 1978, 9 January 1978, 14 January 1978, 21 January 1978,23 January 1978, 24 January 1978. 115. L'Humaniti, 8 February 1978,25 February 1978. 1I6. L'Humaniti, 25 September 1978. 117. Roberta LynCh, "Blacking out the Mind: Cambodia and the American Left", In These Times, vol. 2, no. 31, 21-27 June 1978, p. 16. 1I8. See R. J. Vincent, "Human Rights in Foreign Policy", in Dilys Hill (ed.), Human Rights and Foreign Policy: Principles and Practise (London, 1989), pp.54-66. 119. Congressional Record ofthe United States, vol. 124, pt.9 (Washington, 1978), pp.218-19. 120. Ibid., 25 April 1978, p. 11337; New York Times, 26 April 1978. 121. Ibid., 22 March 1978, p. 8119, Letter to the editor, Washington Post, 29 April 1978. 122. Congressional Record, 18 April 1978, p. 10590; 19 April 1978, p. 10853; New York Times, 20 April 1978. 123. Congressional Record, 25 April 1978, p. 11337. 124. Ibid., 2 May 1978, p. 12251. Senator Hatch made another reference to the Holocaust on 10 May 1978, p. 13203. 125. Ibid., 9 May 1978, p. 13019. 126. Ibid., 12 May 1978, p. 14193. Further references to the Holocaust were made by Representatives Solarz (1 June 1978, p. 16021) and Mattox (23 May 1978, p. 1513), as well as by Senator McGovern (25 August 1978, p. 27755). 127. "Condemning Human Rights Violations in Cambodia", US Senate, Sub­ committee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session, Report no. 95-1166, 25 August 1978. (Senate Resolution S.323). See also Washington Post, 22 August 1978. 128. New York Times, 27 October 1978; Washington Post, 13 October 1978. 129. New York Times, 22 August 1978; Washington Post, 22 August 1978, 26 August 1978, 27 August 1978; Wall Street Journal, 23 August 1978; ABC "Good Morning America", 22 August 1978; CBS "Morning News", 22 August 1978. Otller US politicians did not express significant support for McGovern's proposal. Notes 227

130. Letter from Douglas J. Bennet, Jr, Assistant Secretary for Congressional Relations, to Senator John Sparkman, Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, 12 July 1978, "Condemning Human Rights", US Senate, pp. 3- 4. 131. See United States Mission to the UN to the Secretary of State, 12 October 1978, FOIA (unnumbered), declassified 2 May 1995. The Secretary's order referred to here and in other responses, but not released under POIA is EO 11652. 132. US Mission to the UN to the Secretary of State, Department of State tele­ gram 78USUN N004325, FOIA (unnumbered), declassified 2 May 1995. 133. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Humanitarian Affairs Frank Sieverts to Secretary of State, Department of State telegram, 4 July 1978, FOIA (unnumbered), declassified 2 May 1995. 134. Washington Post, 13 May 1978. 135. The Cambodian Government issued an open letter to Senator McGovern which claimed that "As a fanatic and inveterate imperialist, you continue to shamelessly interfere in the internal affairs of the other countries in con­ tempt of the most elementary international laws which rule the relations between states." "Open Letter to Mr. Senator George McGovern", Demo­ cratic Kampuchea Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Press and Information, 26 August 1978, Steven Heder private file. 136. New York Times, 22 August 1978; 23 August 1978. 137. United States Department of State, Submission to UN Commission on Human Rights, 6 July 1978 (FJCN.4/Sub.21414/Add.4, 14 August 1978). 138. Ibid., Section 1. 139. Ibid., Section I, Report no. 4. Excerpts from this document were printed in the New York Times on 30 August 1978. 140. "Human Rights Violations in Democratic Kampuchea", United Kingdom Government, Foreign Policy Documents no. 25 (London, 14 July 1978), Annex 2, page 13. 141. Ibid., Annex I, page 5. 142. Ibid., Introduction, p. 1. 143 .. Ibid., Introduction, pp. 1-9. 144. Ibid., Introduction, page 9. This document was released by the British gov­ ernment in September and received significant attention in the press. See The Times, 22 September 1978; U Monde, 23 December 1978: Washington Post, 21 September 1978, Time, 2 October 1978. 145. Cited in UN Document FJCN. 4lSub. 214141Add. I, 14 August 1978; also cited in E/CN. 4/1335 (ECOSOC, 30 January 1979). 146. B/CN. 4/Sub. 214l4/Add. 7, 8 September 1978. 147. B/CN. 4/Sub. 2/414/Add. 2, 18 July 1978. 148. Secretary of State to American Bmbassy, London, Department of State telegram, 16 January 1978, FOIA D780023-0601, released 2 May 1995. The French statement in the General Assembly is quoted on p. 88. 149. See J. R. Frears, France in the Giscard Presidency (London, 1981), p. 99. Similarly, the Swedish Ambassador to the Commission told a State De­ partment official that Sweden "would not want to damage its potential good office's role by making a complaint against Kampuchea at this time" (Sieverts to Secretary of State, 4 July 1978). 228 Notes

150. Frears, pp. 97-8; Devillers, "Val6ry Giscard d'Bstaing et I' Asie", in Cohen and Smouts, La Politique, p. 376. 151. Toinet, "Val6ry Giscard d'Bstaing et les Elats Unis", in Cohen and Smouts, La Politique, p. 55. 152. Journal Officiel de la R4pub/ique Francaise, Debats Parlementaires, Assemblee Nationale (2 November 1978), p. 6917. 153. International Commission of Jurists Review, no. 20 (June 1918), pp. 6-9. 154. Amnesty International Report. 1918 (London, 1918). p. 161. ISS. Ibid., 1918, pp. 161-9. 156. E/CN. 4/Sub. 2/Add. 5. 15 August 1918; also Amnesty International. AI Index ASA/23101n8. 31 August 1978. IS7. Ibid; Amnesty International Report, 1978, p. 168. 158. E/CN. 4ISub. 214141 Add 6. 16 August 1918. Ponchaud assisted the ICJ in compiling this information. Interview with Hans Thoolen. Geneva, 19 April 1991. 159. E/CN. 4/Sub. 21414, 14 August 1918. 160. E/CN. 4/Sub. 21418, 3 June 1918, p. 1. 161. Ibid., pp. 2-4. 162. Ibid., pp. 6-7. 163. Chomsky and Herman, "Distortions", p. 193. 164. Ed Lazar, ''The Peace Movement and Cambodia", Peacework (December 1981). pp. 4-5. 165. Ibid. 166. Shawcross, Quality, p. 241. 161. Interview with Hans Thoolen; interview with Martin Ennals, London, 20 February 1991. 168. Interview with Chaim Herzog; interview with Stephen Solarz. 169. Confidential interview, London. 1991, name withheld upon request; letter from Evan Luard to author, 18 December 1990. 110. American Embassy, Bangkok, to Secretary of State, Department of State telegram. 18 August 1978, FOIA 91030064, released 12 December 1994. 111. Secretary of State to American Embassy, Bangkok. 21 September 1918, Department of State telegram 18 State 241056, FOIA (unnumbered), de­ classified 2 May 1995. 112. Asia Yearboolc, 1979, p. 164. 113. Far Eastern Economic Review, 10 November 1918. 114. Ross, Indo-China Tangle. p. 222. 115. Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 November 1918. 116. Hanoi International Service, 8 September 1978; FBIS, 12 September 1918, p. KI. 111. "Declaration of the National United Front for the Salvation of Kampuchea", The Vietnam-Kampuchea Conflict: A Historical Record, Foreign Languages Publishing House, (Hanoi, 1919), pp. 42-3, 46; Le Monde, 5 December 1918; New York Times. 4 December 1978; Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 Decem­ ber 1918. 118. "Composition of the Central Committee of the National United Front for the Salvation of Kampuchea", The Vietnam-Kampuchea Conflict, pp. 39-40. 119. ''The Future in the Hands of Patriots", New Times, no. 52, December 1978, p. 15. Notes 229

180. Far Eastern Economic Review. 3 December 1978. 181. Beijing Review. vol. 21. no. 52. 28 December 1978. pp. 24-5 (Peking Review became Beijing Review starting with this issue). 182. Far Eastern Economic Review. 22 December 1978. 183. Far Ealtern Economic Review. 9 January 1979; Evans and Rowley. Red Brotherhood, p. 123.

Notes to Chapter 6: January 1979-September 1979

1. Vietnam Courier. vol. IS. no. 2. February 1979. pp. 3-4; UN Security Council. General Distribution. S/13006. 4 January 1979. 2. Ben Kiernan. ''Vietnam and the Govemments and People of Kampuchea". Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. vol. 11, no. 4 (October-December 1979), pp. 19-25. 3. Interviews by author throughout Cambodia, 1991-93; Newsweek, 9 April 1979. 4. Vickery, Cambodia. p. 220; May, Cambodian, p. 243. S. Vickery. Cambodia. p. 214; Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 April 1979. 6. Finnish Inquiry Commission, Kampuchea, p. 37. 7. Vietnam Courier, vol. IS, no. 2, February 1979, p. S. 8. ''Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation Between the Socialist Repub­ lic of Vietnam and the People's Republic of Kampuchea", Vietnam Courier, vol. IS, no. 3, March 1979. p. 5; Keesing's, 25 May 1979, p. 29619. 9. Nhan Dan, 23 February 1979, cited in Chen, Strategic Triangle, p. 149. 10. Sarpordarmean Kampuchea, 11 January 1979, FBIS, 12 January 1979, p. hI; The Guardian, 10 January 1979; Pravda, 10 January 1979. 11. Cited in Keeling'I, 2S May 1979, p. 29616. 12. New Times, no. 7, April 1979, p. 6. According to NATO estimates, the total amount of Soviet economic and military aid to Vietnam amounted to approx­ imately US$2.2S billion in 1979. Buszynski, Soviet, p. 181. 13. Beijing Review, vol. 22. no. 2, 12 January 1979, p. 3. 14. Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 2, 12 January 1979, p. 12. IS. Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 3, 19 January 1979, p. 3. 16. Interview with Siddhi Savetsila, Bangkok, 21 July 1993; Robert O. Tilman, Southeast Alia and the Enemy Beyond: MEAN Perceptions of External Threatl (Boulder, CO, 1987), pp. 82-3. 17. Intemationallnstitute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (1978-79), pp.68-9. 18. Bangkok World, 21 January 1979; Bangkok Post, 22 June 1979; Sukhumb­ hand Paribatra, "Dictates of Security: Thailand's Relations with the PRC Since the Vietnam War", in Joyce Kallgren, Noordin Sopiee and Soedjati Djiwandono (cds), MEAN and China: An Evolving Relationship (Berkeley, 1988), pp. 294-316. 19. Chanda, Brotl,er Enemy, pp. 348-9; Bvans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 247; Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security ofSouth-East Asia (London, 1989), p. 91; Bangkok Post, 1 February 1979; Agence Prance Presse, 28 February 1979. FBIS. 28 February 1979, p. 01; Newsweek, 23 April 1979. Por US knowledge of Chinese military support to the Khmer resistance, see 230 Notes

Assistant Secretary Holbrooke to Deputy Secretary of State, Briefing Memo­ randum, 12 July 1979, FOIA 79012501727, declassified 2 May 1995. 20. Banglwk Post, 15 January 1979, 8 March 1979. 21. Shawcross, Quality, p. 79. 22. "Report of General Geng Biao, Politburo Member and Secretary-General of the Military Commission on the Situation in the Indochinese Peninsula, 16 January 1978", in Jain, China, p. 237. 23. New York Times, 7 February 1979; Keesing's, 6 January 1979, p. 29615; Bangkok Domestic Service, 11 January 1979, FBIS, 12 January 1979, p. j3. See also "Sunthorn Hongladarom's Speech at the Banquet, 11 January 1979", in Jain, China, p. 232. 24. SPK, 27 February 1979, FBIS, 28 February 1979, p. hI; Hanoi International Service, 10 February 1979, FBIS, 12 February 1979, p. k14. 25. Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of South-East Asia (London, 1989), pp. vii-83. 26. Nair, Words, p. 103; Chan Heng Chee, "The Interests and Role of ASEAN in the Indo-China Conflict", in Khien Theeravit and MacAlister Brown (eds), Indo-China and Problems of Security and Stability in Southeast Asia (Bangkok, 1983), pp. 184-91; Leifer,ASEAN and Security, pp. 12-13; Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 207. 27. "Joint Statement, Special Meeting of ASEAN Foreign Ministers on the Current Political Development in the Southeast Asian Region, Bangkok, 12 January 1979", in Documents on the Kampuchean Problem (Bangkok, 1985), p.74. 28. Interview with Richard Holbrooke, New York, 9 July 1991. 29. New York Times, 4 January 1979, 5 January 1979. 30. Interview with Richard Holbrooke; Vance, Hard Choices, p. 124. 31. UN Security Council, S/13019, 11 January 1979; S/1320, 11 January 1979. 32. S/PV. 2108, 11 January 1979, p. 2. 33. Ibid., p. 2. 34. Ibid., pp. 5-6. 35. Ibid., pp. 17-20. 36. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, p. 11. 37. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, p. 12; S/PV.2110, 13 January 1979, p. 8. 38. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, p. 12. 39. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, p. 13. 40. S/PV.2110, 13 January 1979, p. 9. 41. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, p. 13. 42. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, pp. 13-14. 43. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, pp. 15-16. 44. S/PV.2108, 11 January 1979, p. 13. 45. S/PV.2109, 12 January 1979, p. 2. 46. S/PV.2110, 13 January 1979, pp. 2-3. 47. S/PV.2110, 13 January 1979, pp. 5-6. 48. S/PV.21 09, 12 January 1979, pp. 4-5. 49. S/PV.2110, 13 January 1979, p. 7. 50. Interview with Richard Holbrooke. The British Government, which proposed the resolution, had a similar opinion. See conclusion. Notes 231

51. American Embassy. . to Department of State. Department of State airgram. 16 October 1979. FOIA (unnumbered). declassified 2 May 1995. 52. International Herald Tribune. 18 January 1979. 53. See Chapter 4. 54. S/PV.2110. 13 January 1979. p. 6. 55. See S/PV.2110. 13 January 1979. pp. 6-7. 56. "Statement by the Deputy Legal Adviser (Aldrich) before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the House International Relations Com­ mittee. July 17. 1977". in American Foreign Policy Basic Documents. 1977- 1980 (Washington. DC. 1983). Doc. 538. p. 1018; Robert Pringle. Indonesia and the Philippines: American Interests in Island Southeast Asia (New York. 1980). pp. 102-7; Alexander George. East Timor and the Shaming of the West (London. 1985). pp. 28-40. 57. US House of Representatives. Human Rights in East Timor. Hearings before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on Inter­ national Relations. 23 March and 28 June-l0 Iuly 1977. Ninety-fifth Con­ gress. First Session. p. 80. cited in Pringle. Indonesia and Philippines. p. 107. 58. New York Times. 12 April 1979. 8 May 1979; Keesing·s. 22 June 1979. p. 29669; Ed Hooper and Louise Pirouet. Uganda (London. 1989). passim; S. K. ChatteJjee. "Some Legal Problems of the Support Role in International Law: Tanzania and Uganda". International and Comparative lAw Quarterly, vol. 30 (1981). pp. 755-68. 59. Interview with Kenneth Quinn. Washington, DC, 6 August 1991. 60. Garthoff. Dttente. p. 715. 61. S/PV.2110. 13 January 1979, p. 6. See also "Statement by the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Holhrooke) Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, June 13. 1979". American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980. Doc. 600. p. 1114. Secretary of State Vance instructed Presi­ dent Carter to tell Deng that the US could not support Chinese activities against Vietnam which could widen or escalate the fighting. Secretary of State Vance to President Carter. Scope Paper for the visit of Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping of the PRC. 26 January 1979. FOIA P060132-1478. de­ classified 2 May 1995. 62. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 124-7. 63. S113027. 15 January 1979. 64. See Chapter 5 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/41S. 3 June 1978. pp. 1-4). 65. S/PV.2112, 15 January 1979, p. 27. 66. Brzezinski, Power, p. 409; New York Times, 1 February 1979. 67. Brzezinski, Power, pp. 410-11; Carter, Keeping, p. 206; Chen, Strategic Triangle, p. 152; Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 350-4; Ross, Indo-China, p. 228; "Reply by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to an Interviewer's Question", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 597, p. 1109. 68. Ross. Indo-China. pp. 225-9; Chen. Strategic Triangle. pp. 150-2. 69. Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 8. 23 February 1979, p. 3; vol. 22, no. 9, 2 March 1979, pp. 21-5. 70. Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 February 1979. p. 10; Evans and Rowley. Red Brotherhood. pp. 129-30; Chanda. Brother Ene.my. pp. 356-8. 232 Notes

71. International Herald Tribune, 19 February 1979; Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 8, 23 February 1979, pp. 3, 10. 72. Far Eastern Ecollomic Review, 2 March 1979. 73. New York Times, 18 February 1979; Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 360. 74. S113111, 22 February 1979. 75. S/PV.2114, 23 February 1979, p. 2. 76. S/PV.2129, 16 March 1979, p. 2. 77. S/PV.2114, 23 February 1979, p. 7. 78. S/PV.2114, 23 February 1979, p. 1. 79. S/PV.2114, 23 February 1979, pp. 7-8; S/PV.211S, 24 February 1979, pp. 1-3; UN Security Council, Summary of Debates, vol. 16, March 1979, pp.7-13. 80. S/13162, 13 March 1979. 81. S/PV.2129, 16 March 1979, pp. 3-8. 82. S/PV.2129, 16 March 1979, p. 2. The Chinese withdrew once they had taken and destroyed four provincial capitals of Northern Vietnam. See Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 March 1979; Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 10, 9 March 1979, p. 13. 83. S/PV. 2114,23 February 1979, p. 4. 84. New York Times, 7 January 1979. 85. Hansard, House of Commons, 6 December 1979, Col. 721. 86. New Times, no. 4, January 1979, p. 6. 87. IlVestia, 17 January 1979, cited in Kampuchea: From Tragedy to Rebirth (Moscow, 1979). 88. Kampuchea: From Tragedy to Rebirth (Moscow, 1979). 89. Vladimir Simonov, Kampuchea: les crimes et la faillite du maofsme, Le point de vue Sovi4tique (Moscow, 1979), pp. 12, 37. 90. Ibid., pp' 40.-3. 91. Ibid., p. 33. 92. Ibid., p. 71. 93. Ibid., p. 70. 94. War Crimes of the Pol Pot and Chinese Troops in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1979): The Vietnam-Kampuchea ConJIict: A Historical Record (Hanoi, 1979). 95. Dossier Kampuchea III: Les Annies Noires (Hanoi, 1979), p. 7. 96. SPK/031, 8 May 1979; SPK/l01, 29 May 1979; SPKlOI3, 4 June 1979; SPKI 044,11 June 1979: SPK/94, 23 June 1979, SPKI75, 18 July 1979; SPK191, 18 July 1979: SPK/86, 20 July 1979; SPKIl07, 2S July 1979; SPK/114, 27 July 1979. 97. SPK, .26 January 1979, FBIS, 29 January 1979, p. h3: SPK, 23 February 1979, FBIS, 27 February 1979, p. h4. 98. SPK, 23 February 1979, FBIS, 27 February 1979, p. h4: SPK, 11 June 1979, BBC, SWB, FB/61421A3/6, 15 June 1979: The GuardiDn, 11 May 1979; New Times, no. 6, February 1979; interview with Ung Pech, Phnom Penh, 24 June 1993. 99. SPK, 30 August 1979, FBIS, 17 September 1979, p. h9. 100. People's Revolutionary Tribunal Held in Phnom Penh for the Trial of the Genocide Crime of the Pol Pot-Ieng Sary Clique, Documents (phnom Penh, 1990), p. 301. 101. Ibid., p. 301. Notes 233

102. Ibid .• pp. 302-3. 103. Ibid .• p. 311. See also UN General Assembly. General Distribution. A/341 491.20 September 1979; Far Eastern Economic Review. 31 August 1979; New Times. no. 37. September 1979. 104. The Guardian. 22 January 1979.3 April 1979. II Apri11979. II May 1979. 27 July 1979. 30 July 1979. 17 August 1979; The Telegraph. 23 January 1979. 3 April 1979. 16 August 1979; The Times. 28 January 1979. 16 February 1979. 3 April 1979; Intematio1Ul/ Herald Tribune. 28 February 1979; Washington Post. 11 May 1979; U Monde. 17 January 1979. 105. Far Eastern Economic Review. 20 July 1979. 106. E/CN.41l335. 30 January 1979. p. 10. 107. Ibid .• pp. 6-19. 108. Ibid .• p. 23. 109. Ibid .• p. 23. 110. E/CN.4/SR.151O. 9 March 1979. p. 6. Ill. Ibid .• p. 7 112. Ibid .• p. 7. 113. E/CN.4ISR.1516. 14 March 1979. pp. 3-4. Decision was ElI979/36 (E/CN.4I 1347). Decision 6(XXXV). 114. E/CN.4/SR.1519. p. 6. It should be remembered that Western states. particu­ larly the USA were criticising the Soviet Union over its internal human rights record at this time. Carter. Keeping. pp. 144-50; Vance. Hard Choices. p.l03. 115. New York Times. 7 April 1979; Bangkok Post. IS April 1979. 116. Bangkok Post. 20 April 1979. 21 April 1979. 10 May 1979. 11 May 1979. 21 May 1979. 23 May 1979; New York Times. 23 April 1979; u Monde. 24 April 1979. 117. New York Times. 10 June 1979.12 June 1979; The Telegraph. 19 June 1979. The Guardian. 12 June 1979; Inter1Ultio1Ul1 Herald Tribune. 25 June 1979. 118. New York Times. 12 June 1979. 13 June 1979. 119. William Shawcross. The Quality of Mercy (New York. 1984). pp. 88-92; Evans and Rowley. Red Brotherhood. p. 223. 120. Inter1Ultio1Ul/ Herald Tribune. 23 April 1979. 121. The Guardian. 26 April 1979. 122. The Guardian. 6 July 1979. 123. New York Times. 22 April 1979. See also Far Eastern Economic Review. 13 April 1979; Washington Post. 28 April 1979: New York Times. 6 May 1979. 25 June 1979: The Telegraph. 12 May 1979.29 May 1979: The Observer. 20 May 1979; Bangkok Post. 22 May 1979: The Times. 29 May 1979; Internatio1Ul1 Herald Tribune. 5 July 1979. 124. Shawcross. Quality. p. 99. Shawcross points out that the figure of 1.8 mil­ lion hectares is an impossible one given that before war broke out in 1970. only 2.2 million hectares had been planted in the year. 125. Ibid .• p. 108. 126. Ibid .• pp. 460-1; Kiljunen. Kampuchea. p. 30. 127. Maggie Black. The Children and the Nations: The Story of UNICEF (Sydney. Australia. 1986). p. 15. 128. ICRC Press Release. no. 1348.4 January 1979. 129. Ibid .• pp. 379-80. 234 Notes

130. Linda Mason and Roger Brown. Rice. Rivalry, and Politics: Managing Cam­ bodian Relief (Notre Dame. 1983), p. 13. 131. Justin Cornfield, A History of the Cambodian Non-communist Resistance. 1975-1983 (Clayton, Australia, 1991), pp. 15-17; Shawcross. Quality, pp.224-8. 132. International Herald Tribune, 14 August 1979; Mason and Brown. Rice, p. 16. 133. Interview with Fran~ois Bugnion, Geneva, 23 April 1991; interview with Jacques Beaumont, New York, 20 July 1991. 134. SPK176. 18 July 1979. 135. SPK. 19 July 1979. FBIS. 20 July 1979, p. hI. 136. On the ICRC mandate. see "Statutes of the International Red Cross". Article VI. Section 5. in International Red Cross Handbook (Geneva. 1983), pp. 410. 641. 137. SPK171, 17 July 1979; Black. Children, p. 389; Mason and Brown, Rice, p. 14; interview with Fran~ois Bugnion; interview with Jacques Beaumont. 138. The Guardian. 11 August 1979. 139. Financial Times. 23 August 1979. 140. New York Times. 8 August 1979.9 August 1979; Le Monde. 10 August 1979; International Herald Tribune, 15 August 1979. 141. Jim Howard Visit [to Kampuchea]. 24 August 1979-7 September 1979. OXFAM archive. KAMIl/JH. 142. Bangkok Post, 15 September 1979; 25 September 1979; Bangkok World, 21 September 1979; New York Times, 27 September 1979; The Guardian, 22 September 1979; The Telegraph. 26 September 1979; The Times. 2S Sep­ tember 1979. 26 September 1979; Le Monde. 16-17 September 1979; Washington Post, 26 September 1979,28 September 1979; Daily Mirror, 11. September 1979. 12 September 1979. 143. New Statesman. 21 September 1979, p. 410; Daily Record (Scotland), 12 September 1979. 144. Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 1 January 1979. FBIS, 2 January 1979. p. hI. 145. Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 23 May 1979, FBIS, 25 May 1979, p. h4; Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 16 March 1979, FBIS, 20 March 1979. p. h6. 146. P.V.lOO (vol. 111.A/33/PV.77-80), 24 May 1979. p. 1724. 147. See Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 6 June 1979, FBIS, 14 June 1979. p. h8; Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 2 August 1979, FBIS, 13 August 1979, p. h4; Beijing Review. vol. 22, no. 37, 14 September 1979. p. 19. 148. Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 28, 13 July 1979, p. 24. 149. Evans and Rowley. Red Brotherhood. p. 150. 150. "Draft Political Programme of the Patriotic and Democratic Front of Great National Union of Kampuchea". press release, Permanent Mission of OK to the UN, September 1979. lSI. Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 3 August 1979, FBIS, 8 August 1979, p. h5. 152. Congressional Record. 25 July 1979, p. 2062. 1S3. Far Eastern Economic Review, 7 September 1979; Tengku Ahmad Rith­ auddeen. "The Kampuchean Problem and the Non-Aligned Movement", Notes 235

Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. I, no. 3, December 1979, p. 206; Jackson, Non-Aligned, p. 32. 154. SPK170, IS July 1979; Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 17 July 1979, FBIS, IS July 1979, p. h3; "Memorandum from the President", 4 Septem­ ber 1979,11 September 1979, 7 November 1979, League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies archive, Geneva; interview with Jean-Pierre Hock6, Geneva, 29 April 1991. 155. Al341500, IS September 1979. 156. Al34/PV.3, 21 September 1979, pp. 29-30. 157. Ibid., p. 30. 15S. Al341PV.ll, 25 September 1979, p. 211. 159. A/34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, p. 40. See also Al34/PV.3, 21 September 1979, p. 20; Al34/PV.12, 25 September 1979, p. 247; Al341PV.3, 21 September 1979, p. 30. 160. Al34/PV.3, 21 September 1979, p. 22. Also Al34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, pp. 3S-39, 49. 161. A/34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, p. 42. 162. Al34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, p. 50. 163. Ibid., p. 50. 164. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 124-7. 165. Ibid., p. 126. 166. Ibid., pp. 126-7. 167. Brzezinski, Power, p. 420; Far Eastern Economic Review, 18 May 1979; Buszynski, Soviet, p. 203; "Statement by the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Holbrooke) Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 13 19S0",American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 600, p.l124. 168. Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 3, 19 January 1979, p. 13. 169. Brzezinski, Power, pp. 420-2; Chen, Strategic Triangle, pp. 153-9. 170. ''Television Address by the Vice President (Mondale) at Beijing University, August 27, 1~79", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 526, p. 99S. 171. "Statement by the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Holbrooke) Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, March 24, 19S0", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 615, p. 1126. 172. A/34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, p. 50; Department of State Bulletin, vol. 79, December 1979, pp. 57-5S. 173. Al34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, p. 52. 174. Interview with Desaix Anderson, Washington, DC, 26 August 1991; Assist­ ant Secretary Maynes and Assistant Secretary Holbrooke to the Secretary of State, Department of State Action Memorandum, 14 September 1979, FOIA P790149125S, declassified 2 May 1995. The Americans also feared that allowing for an empty seat might create a precedent which could be used against Israel. 175. Al35/PV.39, 16 October 19S0, p. 755. 176. Al34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, p. 56. 177. A/34/PV.4, 21 September 1979, p. 60. 236 Notes

178. 'Thomas L. Galloway, Recognizing Foreign Governments: The Practice of the United States (Washington, DC, 1978), p. 136.

Notes to Chapter 7: September 1979-December 1980

1. Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 216-20; Chanthou Boua, "Observations of the Heng Samrin Government, 1980-1982", in Chandler, Revolution, pp. 259-85; Ben Kiernan, "Kampuchea 1979-1981: National Rehabilitation in the Eyes of an International Storm", Southeast Asian Affairs (1982), pp. 167-95. 2. William G. Bowdlerto Cyrus Vance, Briefing Memorandum, "Military Activ­ ity, Refugees, and Population Distribution in Kampuchea", 31 October 1979, US Department of State, FOI 10073, Released 24 June 1992. 3. Interview with Fran~ois Bugnion. 4. Washington Post, 18 November 1979; Far Eastern Economic Review Asia Yearbook. 1980, p. 208. 5. Report of Tim Lusty, 12 October 1979, 1979 Field Reports, OXFAM archive. 6. International Disaster Institute, "Kampuchea: An Assessment of Current Information",5 November 1979, OXFAM archive, KAMlAl5. 7. Report of Malcolm Harper, 16 November 1979, OXFAM archive, KAM 121 MH. 8. Report of Malcolm Harper, 15 December 1979, OXFAM archive, 'KAM 221 MH. 9. ICRC, KAMRBP IX, 7 December 1979. 10. OXFAM/NGO Medical Sitrep no. A; "Report no. 2 from Guy Stringer, Phnom Penh", 25 December 1979, KAM127/GS, OXFAM archive. 11. See "Famine". in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (London. 1968), pp. 322-5. 12. Shawcross, Quality, pp. 375-6; Black, Children, p. 398. 13. Victor H. Palmieri, "Famine, Media, and Geopolitics: 'The Khmer Relief Effort, 1980", in Kevin M. Cahill (ed.), Famine (Maryknoll, NY. 1982), p. 22. 14. "Kampuchean Emergency Progress Report - no. 7", UNICEF, E/ICEFI Misc.338, 12 March 1980; The Observer, 21 October 1979; Quintin Bach, Soviet Economic Assistance to the Less Developed Countries: A Statistical Analysis (Oxford, 1987), pp. 89-90. 15. Al34/L.l3/Rev.l, 7 November 1979. 16. Al341L.7/Rev.l, 9 November 1979. 17. Ibid. 18. A/34/PV.63, 12 November 1979, pp. 1212-15; Al34/PV.64, 13 November 1979, pp. 1229, 1232; A/34/PV.65, 13 November 1979, pp. 1238, 1242, 1247, 1249; Al34/PV.66, 14 November 1979, pp. 1261-2, 1264; Al341 PV.67, 14 November 1979, p. 1273. 19. A/34/PV.62, 12 November 1979, pp. 1193-4. Al34/PV.63, 12 Novem­ ber 1979, pp. 1212, 1217, 1218, 1221; Al34/PV.64, 13 November 1979, pp. 1228, 1234; Al34/PV.62, 12 November 1979, pp. 1237, 1250; A/341 PV.62, 12 November 1979, pp. 1256, 1266. 20. Al34/PV.63, 12 November 1979, p. 1221; Al34/PV.66, 14 November 1979, p. 1256. Notes 237

21. Al34/PV.64, 13 November 1979, p. 1227. 22. Al34/PV.65, 12 November 1979, p. 1237. 23. Al34/PV.62, 12 November 1979, p. 1195. 24. A/34/PV.62, 12 November 1979, p. 1204. 25. Al341PV.67, 14 November 1979, p. 1287. The draft resolution accepted, A/34/L.13/Rev.2, was different from the initial resolution mentioned above in that it also called for the Secretary-General to "explore the possibility" of holding an international conference on Cambodia. It became Resolution 34/22. 26. Al34/PV.67, 14 November 1979, p. 1282. 27. Al34/PV.67, 14 November 1979, p. 1289. 28. A/34/PV.67, 14 November 1979, p. 1290. 29. Hanoi Domestic Service, 19 December 1979, FBIS, 19 December 1979, p. k20. 30. New Times, no. 41, October 1979. 31. Le Monde, 13 February 1979. 32. Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 February 1979; Girling, "Crisis", p. 748. 33. The Telegraph, 29 July 1980. 34. "Statement by the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Holbrooke) Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, March 24, 1980", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 605, p. 1126. 35. New York Times, 29 December 1979, 30 December 1979, 31 December 1979; Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 384-97; Carter, Keeping, pp. 473-6; Brzezinski, Power, p. 429. 36. Brzezinski, Power, pp. 430-7. Carter called the invasion "the greatest threat to world peace since World War Ir'. Some of Washington's European allies, however, expressed concerns that the US was taking an overly confronta­ tional approach to the Soviet invasion. See Brzezinski, Power, p. 462; Vance, Hard Choices, p. 393. 37. Beijing Review, vol. 23, no. I, 7 January 1979, p. 3. 38. New York Times, 8 March 1980. 39. New York Times, 3 January 1980. 40. "Statement by Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (Ross), January 24, 1980", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980, Doc. 530, p. 1002. 41. Brzezinski, Power, p. 424. 42. Brzezinski, Power, p. 425. See also Jimmy Carter, "Question and Answer Session with Foreign Correspondents, April 12, 1980", Public Papers o/the Presidents o/the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1980-81 (Washington, DC, 1982), p. 674. 43. New Statesman, 1 August 1980, pp. 11-12. 44. Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 44, 2 November 1979, p. 3. 45. The Times, 9 December 1979. 46. Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 November 1979. 47. New York Times, 6 January 1980. 48. Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 October 1980. 49. Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 February 1980. 238 Notes

50. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore, From Phnom Penh to Kabul (Singa- pore, 1980), passim. 51. Shawcross, Quality, p. 373. 52. The Guardian, 19 October 1979. 53. Shawcross, Quality, p. 373. 54. The Observer, 4 October 1979. 55. Bangkok Post, 20 October 1979; New York Times, 20 October 1979. 56. Time, 22 October 1979; Newsweek, 22 October 1979. 57. Time, 5 November 1979. 58. Time, 12 November 1979. 59. Washington Post, 24 October 1979. 60. Washington Post, 6 November 1979. 61. The Telegraph, 31 October 1979. 62. The Times,S November 1979,23 December 1979. 63. New York Times, 31 December 1979; Le Montle, 23 October 1979. 64. New York Times, 25 October 1979; Time, 22 October 1979. 65. Shawcross, Quality, p. 184. 66. New York Times, 25 November 1979. 67. "Remarks by the President (Carter), Washington, D.C. October 24, 1979", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 553, p. 1051. 68. Ibid. 69. Palmieri, "Famine", p. 23. 70. See Time, 19 November 1979; New York Times, 10 November 1979, 11 November 1979; Washington Post, 11 November 1979; The Guardian, 10 November 1979. 71. AFP, 12 December 1979, FBIS, 13 December 1979, p. j2; New York Times, 3 January 1980; Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 January 1980. 72. Bangkok Post, 20 October 1979. 73. Bangkok Post, 10 October 1979, 11 October 1979, 12 October 1979, 13 October 1979. 74. "Briefing Material From the Office of the Khmer Emergency Group As of February 1980", US Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand; "Periodic Report for UNICEF Northwest Border Operation, 31 October 1979-31 December 1980", UNICEF Aranyaprathet, February 1981, pp. 1-4, AI-AI0; Bangkok Post, 8 October 1979, 28 October 1979; New York Times, 13 October 1979; Far Eastern Economic Review, 12 October 1979; Cornfield, History, pp. 28-30; Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 257. 75. "New from the UNHCR", no. 5/6, December 1979/January 1980, pp. 16-17; Far Eastern Economic Review, 7 December 1979; Mason and Brown, Rice, pp. 34-5. Thailand was not a signatory of the 1951 refugee convention. 76. Interview with Siddhi Savetsila. 77. Mason and Brown, Rice, p. 19. 78. Ibid., p. 136. 79. JCRC Press Release no. 1376, 26 September 1979. 80. A/35/PV.36, 15 October 1980, p. 725. 81. K. Christensen, UNICEF telegram, 22 March 1980. 82. Mason and Brown, Rice, p. 67. 83. UNICEF Monitoring Report, 5 February 1980, cited in Mason and Brown, Notes 239

Rice, pp. 138-9; See also The Guardian, 24 November 1979, 10 April 1980; The Observer, 7 September 1980. 84. UNICEF Progress Report, 24 March-7 April 1980, cited in Mason and Brown, Rice, p. 58. 85. UNICEF Progress Report, 8-21 April 1980, cited in Mason and Brown, pp.143-4. 86. ICRC Kamrep XIV, 8 January 1980; Bangkok Post, 16 January 1980; Bangkok World, 25 January 1980; New York Times, 5 January 1980; The Guardian, 4 January 1980. 87. Mason and Brown, Rice, p. 141; Shawcross, Quality, p. 229. 88. Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 23 September 1979, BBC, SWB, FE/62301 A3/5, 27 September 1979. 89. SPK, 22 September 1979, BBC, SWB, FFl62301A3/5, 27 September 1979. 90. SPK, 30 September 1979, BBC, SWB, FFl62341A3117-18, 2 October 1979. 91. Report of Brian Walker, 19 October 1979, OXFAM archive, KAM/3/BW. 92. Interview with Jean-Pierre Hock6; interview with Jacques Beaumont; Far Eastern Economic Review, ZS January 1980. 93. New York Times, 13 October 1979; The Times, 14 October 1979. 94. New York Times, 3 December 1979, 7 December 1979. 95. UNICEF, E/ICEF/Misc.339, 26 March 1980; ICRC News, KAMREP XXIV, 20 March 1980; Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 March 1980, p. 9; Washington Post, 19 December 1979; New York Times, 14 December 1979. 96. "Statement issued by the White House, December 6, 1979", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 555, p. 1053. See also The Eco­ nomist, 22 December 1979; Department of State Bulletin, vol. 80, no. 2037, April 1980; New York Times, 7 December 1979; I.e Monde, 8 December 1979; The Telegraph, 10 December 1979. 97. "Statement by the Deputy Secretary of State (Christopher) Before the Con­ ference on Kampuchean Relief, Geneva, May 26, 1980", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents /977-1980, Doc. 556, p. 1055. 98. Congressional Record, 28 September 1979, p. 26738; 10 October 1979, p. 27716; 12 October 1979, p. 28192; 22 October 1979, p. 29070; 24 Octo­ ber 1979, p. 29328; 7 November 1979, pp. 30739-40. 99. New Yom Times, 22 April 1980; Time, 5 November 1979; Wall Street Journal, 3 January 1980; Washington Post, 12 October 1979; The Telegraph, 29 December 1979; International Herald Tribune, 28 September 1979; William Shawcross, "The End of Cambodia", New York Review ofBooles, 24 January 1980, p. ZS. 100. Washington Post, 24 October 1979. 101. Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 January 1980; Washington Post, 27 Octo­ ber 1979. 102. Cambodian Famine and US Contingency Plans, Hcaring Before the Sub­ committee on Arms Control, Oceans, International Operations, and Envir­ onment of the Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session, "Cambodian [Kampuchean) Government Attitudes Towards Relief Efforts and United States Contingency Plans", 1980, pp. 1- 10. 103. Ibid., p. 28. 240 Notes

104. "Periodic Report for UNICEF Northwest Border Operation", pp. 16-20. 105. "On the Crimes of Genocide Committed by the Vietnamese Aggressors Against the People of Kampuchea", Permanent Mission of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations, Press Release, no. 076/80, 25 September 1980. 106. Ibid. See also DK Press Release no. 071180, 16 September 1980; no. 0921 80, 25 November 1980. 107. Beijing Review, vol. 22, no. 50, 14 December 1979, p. 16. 108. Beijing Review, vol. 23, no. 40, 6 October 1980, pp. 10-11. 109. See The Introduction. 110. The Guardian, 12 November 1979. 111. "Bleak Prospects for Meeting Kampuchea's Food Needs", CIA, National Foreign Assessment Centre, GC80-10034, April 1980, p. 2. As always, it is difficult to evaluate such figures with complete accuracy. It is generally accepted, however, that this figure is highly exaggerated and that the total number of deaths by starvation, including that at the Thai border meas­ ured at a maximum in the few tens of thousands. See Kiljunen, Kampuchea, p. 33; Michael Vickery, "Democratic Kampuchea - CIA to the Rescue", Bulletin 0/ Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 14, no. 4 (October-December 1982), pp. 45-54. 112. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices lor 1979 (Washington, DC, 1980), pp. 463-6. 113. "Resolution on the Tragic Situation and the Threat of Starvation in Cam­ bodia", 15 February 1980, Official Journal o/the European Parliament, 10 March 1980, no. C59/65. 114. New York Times, 7 February 1980; Times, 6 February 1980. 115. Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 29 January 1980, FBlS, 31 January 1980, p. M. 116. Bangkok Post, 29 October 1979; New York Times, 25 October 1979; Bangkok Post, 1 November 1979. 117. Hanoi Domestic Service, 1 February 1980, FBlS, 4 February 1980, pp. k2- k3; The Times, 28 September 1979. 118. Bangkok Post, 29 October 1979. 119. SPK/036, 6 February 1980. 120. New York Times, 1 December 1980. 121. Beijing Review, vol. 23, no. 38,22 September 1980; New York Times, 1 March 1980; Far Eastern Economic Review, 18 Apri11980, p. 19; Bangkok Post, 2 March 1980. 122. Far Eastern Economic Review, 5 December 1980, p. 14. 123. The Times, 21 August 1980. 124. New York Times, 17 October 1980; Voice of Democratic Kampuchea, 23 October 1980, FBlS, 24 October 1980, p. h5. 125. US Mission to the United Nations to the Secretary of State, Department of State telegram 78USUN N004483, FOIA (unnumbered), declassified 2 May 1995. 126. Le Courrier du Vietnam, no. 7, July 1980; VNA, 9 September 1980, FBlS, 12 September 1980, p. h3; SPK, 12 September 1980, FBlS, 16 September 1980, p. h4; SPK, 18 September 1980, FBlS, 18 September 1980, p. h5; The Telegraph, 1 June 1980; International Herald Tribune, 30-31 August 1980; NOles 241

Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 April 1980, pp. 17-18; Bangkok Post, 30 November 1979. 127. Time, 22 October 1979, 12 November 1979; Newsweek, 8 September 1980; Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 June 1980; The Observer, 20 January 1980. 128. Nhan Dan, 30 September 1979, BBC, SWB, FFl62341A3/1S-16, 2 October 1979. 129. Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 975, 6 December 1979, Col. 723. 130. Resolution 29(XXXVI), Commission on Human Rights Report on the Thirty-sixth Session (4 February-14 March 1980), FJ1980/13, FJCN.41 1408, pp. 190-191. 131. E/1980113, E/CN.4.1408, 1575th meeting, 10 March 1980, p. 297. 132. EI1980113, E/CN.4.1408, 1574th meeting, 10 March 1980, p. 286. 133. Resolution 29(XXXVI), Commission on Human Rights Report on the Thirty-sixth Session (4 February-14 March 1980), FJ1980113, FJCN.41 1408, pp. 190-1. 134. Ibid. 135. B/CN.41L.1524, 4 March 1980. 136. EI1980/13, FJCN.4.1408, 1574th meeting, 10 March 1980, p. 284. 137. BI1980113, FJCN.4.1408, 1575th meeting, 10 March 1980, p. 288. 138. EI1980/13, FJCN.4.1408, 1575th meeting, 10 March 1980, p. 290. 139. E/1980113, FJCN.4.1408, pp. 86, 191. 140. E/1980113, FJCN.4.1408, 157Sth meeting, 10 March 1980, p. 307. See also E/1980/C.21SR.20, 7 May 1980. 141. SPKI094, 18 March 1980. See also VNA, 17 March 1980, FBIS, 17 March 1980, p. kl. 142. Richard Holbrooke, "Conscience and Catastrophe", New Republic, 30 July 1984, p. 36; interview with Richard Holbrooke; interview with Morton Abramowitz, Washington, DC, 15 August 1991. 143. People's Revolutionary Tribunal . .. ,Submitted to UN as Doc. FJCN.411389, 14 February 1980, A/C.3134/1. p. 13. 144. Ian Brownlie, Principles 0/ Public International Law (Oxford, 4th edn, 1990), p.72. 145. Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 November 1979; Mason and Brown, Rice, p. 35. The US paid nearly one third of the total cost of the intemational relief effort. 146. "Remarks on [First Lady's] Departure from the White House, November 7, 1979", Public Papers 0/ the President 0/ the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1979 (Washington, DC, 1980), p. 209. 147. See Douglas Dacy, Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development: , 1955-1975 (New York, 1986), p. 27. 148. See Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 November 1979, p. 14; "Statement by the Assistant Secretary of State for Bast Asian and Pacific Affairs (Holbrooke) Before the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, April 2, 1980", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980, Doc. 557, pp. 1056-61. 149. Becker, When the War, p. 440; ISO. Interview with Blizabeth Becker, Washington, DC, 30 July 1991. 151. Kampuchea Emergency Group, intemal document, 6 November 1979, cited in Mason and Brown, Rice, p. 101. 242 Notes

152. Interview with Richard Holbrooke. Holbrooke was with Mondale in Beijing. 153. Ibid. A similar claim, although not referring to Mondale's visit, was made by the former head of the Kampuchea Emergency Group, Lionel Rosenblatt. Interview with Lionel Rosenblatt, Washington, DC,S August 1991. 154. SPK/177, 30 March 1980. ISS. SPK/231, 1 August 1980. See also SPK, 3 October 1979, FBIS, 5 Octo­ ber 1979, p. h4; New Times, no. 39, August 1980; Le Courrier du Vietnam, no. 9, September 1980, pp. 2-4; Hanoi International Service, 4 March 1980, FBIS, 5 March 1980, p. k4; Truong Chinh, On Kampuchea (Hanoi, 1980), pp.34-5. 156. "Declaration de la Conference des Ministres des Affaires Etrangeres des Pays d'Indochine", Ministry of Information, Culture, and the Press, Phnom Penh, July 1980, p. 16. 157. B/ICBF/CRP/80-33, 29 May 1980; B/ICBF/Misc. 342, 20 June 1980, The Guardian, 26 May 1980. 158. SPKIl48, 25 May 1980; SPK/177, 29 May 1980; A/35/219, 9 May 1980. 159. A/35/169 (S/13881), 9 April 1980. 160. "Kampuchea Relief Operation", UNICBF/ICRC Statement, ICRC, 23 May 1980; InternatiotUll Herald Tribune, 27 May 1980; Washington Post, 28 May 1980; "Statement by ... Christopher ... May 26, 1980", American Foreign Policy Basic Documents 1977-1980. Doc. 556. pp. 1054-5. 161. UNICEF Telegram, Sitrep 11, 25 June 1980; SPK/141, 20 July 1980; New York Times, 24 June 1980; Far Eastern Economic Review, 27 June 1980; Mason and Brown, Rice, pp. 76-7, 151: Shawcross, Quality, pp. 314-23. 162. "Joint Statement by the ASBAN Foreign Ministers on the Situation on the Thai-Kampuchean Border, Bangkok, 25 June 1980", ASEAN Document Series 1967-1988 (Jakarta, 1988), p. 589. 163. Bangkok World, 24 June 1980: New York Times, 1 July 1980; Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 July 1980. 164. Beijing Review, vol. 23, no. 27, 7 July 1980, p. 7; Far Eastern Economic Review, 8 August 1980. 165. SPKIl49, 22 July 1980; Bangkok Post, 7 October 1980. 166. Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 975, 6 December 1979, Col. 709-21, 727- 8,741. 167. Ibid., Col. 723: The Times, 7 December 1979. 168. Ibid., Col. 724. 169. Congressional Record, 10 September 1980. p. 25121: 15 September 1980, p. 25306; 16 September 1980, p. 25562: 22 September 1980, p. 26638; 23 September 1980, p. 26691: Bangkok Post, 14 September 1980. 170. Washington Post, 14 September 1980. 171. Bangkok Post, 28 July 1980. See also Gareth Porter, "Kampuchea's UN Seat: Cutting the Pol Pot Connection",lndo-China Issues, vol. 8 (July 1980), pp. 1-7. 172. Le Monde, 4 October 1979. 173. AssembIee Nationale, Debats Parlementalres, 7 November 1979, p. 9537. 174. Ibid. See also Le Monde, 30 November 1979. 175. Ibid., 28 November 1979, pp. 10815-17; 15 October 1980, p. 2727. The only non-communist state to recognise the Heng Samrin regime was India, which did so in July 1980, a decision which was criticised by ASEAN, China, and Notes 243

the US. See International Herald Tribune, 9 July 1980; New York Times, 8 July 1980. 176. Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 December 1979. 177. Al35/PV.34, 13 October 1980, pp. 686-7, 689-93; Al35/PV.35, 13 Octo­ ber 1980, pp. 697-9, 700-10, 703-5, 710-16. 178. A/35/PV.34, 13 October 1980, pp. 686-9, 694-5; Al35/PV.35, 13 October 1980, pp. 7-2, 705-6, 708-11, 717. Despite the apparent consistency of the 1979 and 1980 US votes on the representation of the OK, policy debate continued in the State Department throughout 1980. Key factors which were considered in making this decision were promoting good relations with ASEAN, maintaining incentives for a negotiated settlement, allowing the border operation to continue, forestalling major criticism of US human rights policy, and not creating precedents which might be used against US allies such as Israel. Assistant Secretary McCall, Assistant Secretary Holbrooke, Acting Assistant Secretary Palmer to Secretary of State, Briefing Memo­ randum, 25 July 1980, FOIA P800122-0188, declassified 2 May 1995. 179. Al35/PV.35, 13 October 1980, pp. 718-19. 180. Al35/PV.35, 13 October 1980, p. 718. The 1979 vote had been 71 to 35 with 34 abstentions in favour of accepting the OK credentials. The figures are reversed for the 1980 vote because it was on the exclusion of OK, a neg­ ative statement whose rejection supported the recognition of the OK. 181. A/35/L.21REV.1. 182. A/35/PV.37, 15 October 1980, p. 739. 183. Al35/PV.37, 15 October 1980, p. 741. 184. Al35/PV.38, 16 October 1980. p. 750. 185. A/35/PV.36, 15 October 1980, p. 728. 186. Al35/PV.44, 22 October 1980, p. 811. 187. E/ICEF/669, 19 February 1980; I.e Monde, 6 February 1980; Washington Post, 7 February 1980; New York Times, 11 February 1980; The Times, 18 March 1980,26 May 1980; The Guardian, 26 March 1980; Financial Times, 28 March 1980; Newsweek, 8 September 1980; International Herald Tribune, 28 November 1980; SPK/9. 2 October 1980; SPKI176, 24 November 1980; IN/801l8, 20 November 1980. 188. Joint Press Release. UNICEF/ICRC no. 1408,29 December 1980; The Times, 8 November 1980, 13 November 1980.

Notes to the Conclusion

1. Hans Morgenthau, "A Political Theory of Foreign Aid", American Political Science Review, vol. 56, no. 2 (June 1962), p. 301. 2. Palmieri, "Famine", in Cahill, Famine, pp. 22-3. 3. Ibid., p. 25. 4. Letter from former senior official of British foreign office to author, name withheld upon request, 3 May 1994. 5. Vincent, Nonintervention, pp. 202-6. Bibliography of Primary Sources

As some o/the books and articles written in the 1975-80 period and examined/or this study are used to understand perceptions 0/ events in Cambodia at that time, these works are treated as primary sources in this bibliography.

I MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

Echols Collection, Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Gerald R. Ford Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan. leng Sary Personal File, Private Collection, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Internatic;mal Commission of Jurists Archive, Geneva, Switzerland. Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, Georgia. League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Files, Geneva, Switzerland. Library of Congress, Washington, DC: Cambodia: 1976-1980 Documents. National Archive of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. OXFAM Archive, Oxford, England. Stephen Heder Private Collection, London, England. Tuol Sleng Archive, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. UNHCR Archive, Geneva, Switzerland. UNICEF files, New York, NY. US Department of State, documents released under the Freedom of Infonnation Act.

II PRINTED SOURCES 1. Magazines/Newspapers (excluding Government PubHcatlons)

Amnesty International Newsletter Bangkok Post Bangkok World Bulletin D'lnformation sur Ie Cambodge Cambodian Appeal Chicago Tribune Christian Science Monitor The Economist Far Eastern Economic Review Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia Yearbook Le Figaro Financial Times The Guardian

244 Bibliography of Primary Sources 245

Guardian (New York) In These Times International Conunission 0/ Jurists Review International Herald Tribune International Review 0/ the Red Cross Kampuchea Bulletin Keesing's Contemporary Archives Los Angeles Times Le Monde New Orleans Times/Picayune New York Review 0/ Booles The New York Times News from Kampuchea Newsweek The Observer Peace News Sereika - 1A Vou du Cambodge Ubre Sunday Telegraph Sunday Times The Telegraph Time The Times (London) US/lndo-China Report US News and World Report Wall Street Journal Washington Post WIN: Peace and Freedom through Non-violent Action

2. Government PubUcatfons i. ASEAN ASEAN Document Series, 1967-88 (Jakarta: ASBAN Secretariat, 1988). ii. Democratic Kampuchea Aide Memoire. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 1977. Black Paper: Facts and Evidences 0/ Vietnam's Act' 0/ AggrelSion and Annexa­ tion Against Democratic Kampuchea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1978. Interview 0/ Comrade Pol Pot, Secretary 0/ the Central Comminee of the Com­ munist Party 0/ Kampuchea, Prime Minister 0/ the Government 0/ Democratic Kampuchea to the Delegation of Yugoslav Journalists in Visit to Democratic Kampuchea. March 17, 1978. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Department of Press and Infonnation. Interview o/Comrade Pol Pot. Secretary o/the Central Comminee o/the Conunun­ ist Party 0/ Kampuchea, Prime Minister of the Government of Democratic Kampu­ chea to the Democratic Kampuchea Press Agency, 12 Aprl11978. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Department of Press and Infonnation. Pol Pot: Continuon, a Tenir Fierement Haut Uve Ie Drapeau de Ia Victoire du Glorieux Parti Communist du Kampuchea pour Dqendre Ie Kampuchea 246 Bibliography of Primary Sources

Dtmocratique pour Suivre la Rtvolution Socialiste et Edifter Ie Socialisme, Phnom Penh, September 1978. Pol Pot: Les Grandioses Victoires de la Revolution du Kampuchea sur la Direc­ tion Juste et Clairvoyante du Parti Communist du Kampuchea, Phnom Penh, 27 September 1977. Pol Pot, Secretary o/the Central Committee o/the Communist Party 0/ Kampuchea, Prime Minister 0/ the Govemment 0/ Democratic Kampuchea, Interview with Mr Jan Myrdal, Member 0/ the Delegation 0/ Friendship Sweden-Kampuchea lor the Swedish Television, 24 August 1978, Phnom Penh, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Press and Information. "Press Communique of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Propaganda and Informa­ tion of Democratic Kampuchea", Phnom Penh, 25 June 1978.

iii. European Community Official Joumal 0/ the European Community (Brussels)

iv. France Joumal Officiel de la Rtpublique Franfaise, Debats Parlementaires. Assemblte Nationale (1975-80).

v. People's Republic of China Beijing Review (Peking Review, 1975-78). Great Victory for the Cambodian People (peking: Foreign Language Press. 1975).

vi. People's Republic of Kampuchea Communiqut Commun de la Conltrence des Ministres des Affaires Etrangeres du Kampuchea. du Laos, et du Vietnam, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 5 January 1980. Conltrenee des Ministres des Affaires Etrangeres, Laos-Kampuchea-Vietnam. Vien­ tiane du 17 au 18 Juillet 1980, Ministry of Information, Culture, and the Press. Phnom Penh, July 1980. People's Revolutionary Tribunal Held in Phnom Penh for the Trial 0/ the Geno­ cide Crime o/the Pol Pot-Ieng Sary Clique. Documents. August 1979 (phnom Penh: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1990). Sapordarmean Kampuchea (SPK) vii. Singapore From Phnom Penh to Kabul, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. September 1980. vm. Soviet Union "Information Concerning the Nature and Volume of Assistance Provided by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the People's Republic of Kampuchea in 1980", USSR Mission to the United Nations, Press Release no. 127, 10 Decem­ ber 1980. Intemational Affairs New Times Bibliography 0/ Primary Sources 247 ix. Thailand Documents on the Kampuchean Problem, 1979-1985 (Bangkok: Ministry of For­ eign Affairs, Department of Political Affairs, 1985). The Massacre on 28 January 1977: Relations between Thailand and Democratic Kampuchea (Bangkok: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Infonnation Department, 1977). x. United Kingdom Hansard, House of Commons, Official Report, Parliamentary Debates (London: HMSO, 197.5-80). Human Rights Violations in Democratic Kampuchea: A Report Prepared by the United Kingdom Govemment (London: Foreign Policy Documents no. 25, 14 July 1978). xi. United States American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977-1980 (Washington: Department of State, USOPO, 1983). "Briefing Material from the Office of Khmer Emergency Group of February 1980", documents released by US Embassy, Bangkok. "Call for an International Conference on Cambodia", US Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session, Committee on Foreign Relations, Report no. 96-505, 29 November 1979. "The Cambodia-Vietnam Debate", Hearing, US House of Representatives, Ninety­ fourth Congress, First Session, Committee on International Relations, 6 March 1975. "Cambodian Famine and US Contingency Relief Plans", Hearing, US Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session, Subcommittee on Arms Control, Oceans, International Operations, and Environment, Committee on Foreign Relations, 1980. CIA, National Foreign Assessment Center, Bleak Prospects for Meeting Kampu­ chea's Food Needs, April 1980. "Condemning Human Rights Violations in Cambodia", Hearing, US Senate, Ninety­ fifth Congress, Second Session, Subcommittee on Bast Asian and Pacific Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, Report no. 95-1166, 21 August 1978. Congressional Record (Washington: USGPO, 1975-80). Department 0/ State Bulletin Department of State; Country Reports on Human Rights Practices lor 1979, Sub­ mitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives, and Committee on Foreign Relations. US Senate. 2 February 1980. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices lor 1980, Sub­ mitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives, and Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate, 2 February 1981. Department of State, Human Rights Situation in Democratic Kampuchea, Sub­ mission to UN Commission on Human Rights, 6 July 1978. "Food Aid to Cambodia", Hearing, US Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Ses­ sion, Subcommittee on Foreign Agricultural Policy, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, 19 November 1979. 248 Bibliography of Primary Sources

Foreign Relations o/the United States 1955-1957. vol. XXI. East Asian Security; Cambodia. lAos (Washington: USGPO, 1990). "Human Rights in Asia: Communist Countries", Hearing, US House of Repres­ entatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, Second Session, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs and International Organizations. Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1 October 1980. "Human Rights in Cambodia", Hearing, US House of Representatives. Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, Subcommittee on International Organizations. Commit­ tee on International Relations. 3 May 1977. "Human Rights in Cambodia", Hearing, US House of Representatives. Ninety-fifth Congress. First Session, Subcommittee on International Organizations. Commit­ tee on International Relations. 26 Iuly 1977. Kampuchea: A Demographic Catastrophe (Washington: National Foreign Assess­ ment Center. May 1980). "Khmer Refugee Watks out from Phnom Penh", Extracts from a Cabled Report from the American Embassy in Bangkok. 5Iune 1975. Submitted to UN Com­ mission on Human Rights. 6 Iuly 1978. Public Papers o/the Presidents o/the United States. Gerald R. Ford, 1979 (Wash­ ington: USGPO. 1977). Public Papers 0/ the Presidents 0/ the United States. Jimmy Carter 1979 (Wash­ ington: USGPO. 1980). Public Papers o/the Presidents o/the United States. Jimmy Carter. 1980-81 (Wash­ ington: USGPO. 1982). "Refugee Crisis in Cambodia". Hearing. US Senate. Ninety-sixth Congress. First Session. Committee on the Iudiciary, 31 October 1980. ThailtJnd, lAos, and Cambodia, January 1972, Staff Report prepared for US Sen­ ate, 92nd Congress. 2nd Session. Subcommittee on US Security, Agreements and Commitments Abroad, Committee on Foreign Relations, 8 May 1972. "Vietnam-Cambodia Conflict", report prepared for US House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, Committee on International Relations, 4 October 1978.

xii. Vietnam Le Courrier du Vietnam Dossier: Les Hoa au Vietnam II (Hanoi, Vietnam Courier, 1978). Kampuchea Dossier I (Hanoi, Vietnam Courier, 1978). Kampuchea Dossier II (Hanoi, Viemam Courier, 1978). Kampuchea Dossier III: The Dark Years (Hanoi, Vietnam Courier, 1979). "Official Friendship Visit of the Government Delegation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to the People's Republic of Kampuchea", Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press and Infonnation Department, March 1979. Truong-Chinh, On Kampuchea (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1980). Viemam Courier (English version) The Viemam-Kampuchea Conflict: A Historical Record (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1979). War Crimes of the Pol Pot and the Chinese Troops in Viemam, Commission of Inquiry into the Chinese Expansionists' and Hegemonists' Crime of War of Aggression (Hanoi, 1979). Bibliography of Primary Sources 249

XIII. Translations of Official Broadcasts and Articles BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. US Joint Publications Research Service.

3. United Nations Documents Cambodian Hunranitarian Assistance and the United Nations, 1979-1991, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General (Bangkok: United Nations, 1992). . Everyone's United Nations (New York: United Nations, 1986). Hunuln Rights: A Compilation of Intemationallnstl'Unlents (New York: United Nations, 1988). Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary General, Status as at 31 Decem­ ber 1981, UN Doc. STILEGlSBR.FJI (New York: United Nations, 1982). News from the UNHCR "Periodic Reports for UNICEF Northwest Border Operation, 31 October 1979-31 December 1980", UNICEF Aranyaprathet, February 1981. References in text as indicated from Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council. General Assembly, Security Council, UNICEF, etc. UNHCR Executive Comminee Reports (A/AC.96). United Nations Action in the Field of Hunran Rights (Geneva: Centre for Human Rights, 1988). The United Nations and Hunran Rights (New York: United Nations, 1984). Yearbook on Hunran Rights for 1975-1976 (New York: United Nations, 1981). Yearbook on Hunran Rights for 1977-1978 (New York: United Nations, 1982). Yearbook on Hunran Rights for 1979 (New York: United Nations, 1986). Yearbook on Hunran Rights for 1980 (New York: United Nations, 1988).

4. Books: Memoirs/Non-Governmental Official PubUcations Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969). Amnesty International Report (London: Amnesty International, 1975~76, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980). Association Belgique-Kampuchea, Kampuchea Dlmocratique - nous y Itions (Antwerp, February 1979). Barron, John and Anthony Paul, Peace with Horror: The Untold Story of Com­ munist Genocide in Cambodia (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1977). Barth, Ariane and Tiziano Terzani, Holocaust in Kambodscha (Rowohlt: Spiegel­ Buch, 1980). Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser 1977-1981 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983). Canadian Communist League, Kampuchea Will Win (Quebec: The Forge, 1979). Carter, Jimmy, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (London: Collins, 1982). Chandler, David P., Ben Kiernan and Chantou Boua, Pol Pot Plans the Future: Confidential Leadership Documents from Democratic Kampuchea, 1976-1977 250 Bibliography of Primary Sources

(New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. Monograph Series 33. 1988). Chen. King C. (ed.). China and the Three Worlds (London: Macmillan. 1979). Chomsky. Noam. At War with Asia (New York: Pantheon Books. 1970). CIA Research Reports, Vietnam and Southeast Asia, 1946-1979 (Lanham. MD: University Publications of America, 1982). Documents from the Kampuchea Conference. Stockholm. 17-18 November 1979. Dudman. Richard. Forty Days with the Enemy (New York: Liveright, 1971). Fenton. James. All the Wrong Places: Adrift in the Politics ofAsia (London: Penguin Books, 1990). Ford, Gerald R.. A Time to Heal (London: W. H. Allen. 1979). Hamel. Bernard, De Sang et de La17MS: La Grand Deportation du Cambodge (paris: Ablin Michel. 1977). Hamel, Bernard and Soth Polin, "Temoinages sur Ie Genocide du Cambodge" (unpublished manuscript, July/August 1976). Herzog, Chaim, Who Stands Accused: Israel Answers its Critics (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978). Hildebrand. George and Gareth Porter, Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976). Hosmer. Stephen. Viet Cong Repression and its Implications for the Future (Lexington, MA: Heath Lexington Books, 1970). ICRC Annual Report (Geneva: JCRC, 1975-80). International Commission of Jurists. Uganda and Human Rights: Report to the UN Commission on Human Rights (1977). International Legal Materials, American Society of International Law, vol. XIV. no. 4 (1975). International Red Cross Handbook, 12th edn (Geneva: JCRC/League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 1983). Jain, R. K. (ed.), China and TluJiland, 1949-1983 (London: Sangam Books, 1987). Kampuchea, August 1978: ,Records from a Journey Made by a Delegate from the Swedish-Kampuchea Friendship Association (Stockholm: Swedish-Kampuchea Friendship Association. 1978). Kampuchea: From Tragedy to Rebirth (Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1979). Kampuchea: Sortis du Gouffre (Geneva: JCRC, 1981). Kampuchea Support Committee. Kampuchea: Invasion and Resistance (Boston: 1979). Kampuchea Will Win (Quebec: Canadian Communist League. 1979). Kissinger, Henry, The White House Years (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1979). Lacouture, Jean, Survive Ie Peuple Cambodgien! (paris: Editions du Seuil. 1978). Laqueur, Walter, and Barry Rubin (eds). The Human Rights Reader (New York: New American Library. 1979). May, Someth and James Fenton. Cambodian Witness: The Autobiography of Someth May (London: Faber and Faber. 1986). Morice, Jean. Cambodge, Du Sourire aL'Horreur (paris: Editions France-Empire, 1977). Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, with Suzanne Weaver, A Dangerous Place (London: Seeker and Warhurg, 1979). Ngor, Haing S. and Roger Warner, Surviving the Killing Fields: The Cambodian Odyssey of Haing S. Ngor (London: Chatto and Windus, 1987). Bibliography of Primary Sources 251

Orientation Manual: The UN Commission on Human Rights, its Subcommission, and Related Procedures (Minneapolis: Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights, 1993). Owen, David, Human Rights (London, Jonathan Cape, 1978). Pentagon Papers (London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1971). Ponchaud, Fran~ois, Cambodia Year Zero, translated by Nancy Amphoux (London: Allen Lane, 1978). Rasy, Douc, La Question de la Reprisentation Khm~re a l'O.N.U. (Paris: Editions A. Pedone, 1974). Red Cross and Red Crescent: Portrait ofan International Movement (Geneva: ICRC, 1989). Ret~U, Torben, Kampuchea og den Verstlige Presse 1975-1978 (Viborg: Forlaget Oktober, 1979). Sam, Prasith and Pierre Max, Cambodge du Silence (Paris: Editions de L'Echiquier, 1977). Samphan, Khieu, Cambodia's Economy and International Development, translated by Laura Summers (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Department of Asian Stud­ ies, Data Paper no. 111, March 1979). Sihanouk, Norodom, War and Hope: The Case for Cambodia (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1980). Simonov, Vladimir, Kampuchea: les Crimes et la FailUte du Mamsme: Le Point de Vue Sovietique (Moscow: Editions de l'Agence de Presse Novosti, 1979). Snepp, Frank, Decent Interval (New York: Random House, 1977). Solcha, Bun, Cambodge: La Massue de I'Ang1car (paris: Atelier Marcel Julian 1979). Steinbach, Jerome and Jocelyn Steinbach, Phnom Penh Libirie (paris: ~itions Sociales, 1976). Swedish-Kampuchean Friendship Association, and Norwegian-Kampuchean Friendship Association, The Revolution in Kampuchea (1978). Szymusiak, Molyda, The Stones Cry Out: A Cambodian Childhood, translated by Linda Coverdale (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986). Terzani, Tiziano, Giai Phongl The Fall and liberation ofSaigon, translated by John Shapley (New York: St. Martin's, 1967). Vance, Cyrus, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983). Vats, Baghat, The Kampuchea Holocaust and its Aftermath (Helsinki: World Peace Council, undated (based on 1979 visit». The Vietnamese Occupation of Cambodia (Bangkok: United Front for the Libera- tion and Independence of Cambodia, 1987). Weisberg, Barry, Ecocide in Indo·China (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1970). What Does Amnesty International DO? (Surrey: Amnesty International, 1985). Yathay, Pin and John May, Stay Alive, My Son (London: Bloomsbury, 1987).

S. Articles

Barron, John and Anthony Paul, "Cambodia: The Killing Goes On", Reader's Digest (July 1978), pp. 167-74. Barron, John and Anthony Paul, "Murder of a Gentle Land", Reader's Digest (February 1977), pp. 227-61. 252 Bibliography of Primary Sources

Becker, Elizabeth, "Cambodia: Voices from the Silenced", Guardian Weekly (30 July 1978). Boggett, David, "Democratic Kampuchea and Human Rights: Correcting the Record", Economic and Political Weekly, vol. XIV, no. 18 (5 May 1979), pp.813-21. Buchanan, Kieth, "'lbe American Way of Death: Genocide in Indo-China", Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. I, no. 3 (1971), pp. 100-5. Bulletin D'information Sur Le Cambodge, no. 4 (July-August-September 1978). Caldwell, Malcolm, "Cambodia Can You Spare a Dime", Undercurrents, no. 20 (February-March 1977), pp. 20-2. "Cambodia: Fall of Phnom Penh and New Leadership", Asia Research Bulletin (30 April 1975), pp. 72-4. "Cambodia One Year On", Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 6, no. 2 (1976), pp.213-14. "Cambodian Counterpoint", National Review (1975), p. 810. Chandler, David P., ''Transformation in Cambodia", Commonweal, vol. CIV, no. 7 (1 April 1977), pp. 207-10. Chomsky, Noam, "Human Rights: A New Excuse for US Interventions", Seven Days, vol. I, no. 8, (23 May 1977), pp. 21-2. Chomsky, Noam, "Letter to the Editor", Encounter, vol. LIll, no. 4 (October 1979), pp.90-1. Chomsky, Noam, ''Two Essays on Cambodia", Spokesman, pamphlet no. 5 (1970). Chomsky, Noam and Edward S. Herman, "Distortions at Fourth Hand", The Nation (25 June 1977), pp. 789-94. Chomsky, Noam, Hans J. Morgenthau and Michael Walzer, "Vietnam and Cam­ bodia", Dissent, vol. 2S (Fall 1978), pp. 386-91. Dellinger, Dave, "Unmasking Genocide", Liberation (December 1967/January 1968), pp. 3-13. Fenton, James, "About the Khmer Rouge", New Statesman, vol. 87, no. 2244 (22 March 1974), pp. 388-90. Finley, Lowell, ''The Major Powers Still Play for Keeps in Indo-China", Southeast Asia Chronicle, no. 64 (September-October 1978), pp. 19-30. Finley, Lowell, ''The Propaganda War: The Bitter Exchange Reveals Little Ground for Compromise", Southeast Asia Chronicle, no. 64 (September-October 1978), pp.31-6. Foster, Douglas Zoloth, "Photos of 'Horror' in Cambodia: Fake or Real?" Columbia Journalism Review (March/April 1978), pp. 46-7. Groueff, Stiphane, ''The Nation as Concentration Camp", National Review, vol. 29, no. 34 (2 September 1977), pp. 988-90. Heder, Stephen, "Origins of the Conflict", Southeast Asia Chronicle, no. 64 (September-October 1978). Hiebert, Murray and Linda Gibson Hiebert, "Famine in Kampuchea: Politics of a Tragedy", Indo-China Issues, vol. 4 (December 1979), pp. 1-7. Hiebert, Linda Gibson, "Kampuchea: Breaking the Cyc1e",lndo-China Issues, vol. 5 (April 1980), pp. 1-7. Hildebrand, George, "Cambodian Military Seeks Repatriation", USIIndo-China Report (20 February 1976). Hildebrand, George, "Cambodian Terror Reports Unfounded", Us/Indo-China Report (20 March 1976). Bibliography of Primary Sources 253

Hoar, William P., "The Human Cost of Betrayal", American Opinion (October 1977), pp. 5-10, 77-88. Holbrooke, Richard, "Crisis and Catastrophe", New Republic (30 July 1984), pp. 31- 7. Howe, Irving, "The Crucifixion of Cambodia", Dissent, vol. 26 (Autumn 1979), pp.391-4. Jackson, Karl D., "Cambodia 1977: Gone to Pot", Asian Survey, vol. xvm, no. 1 (January 1978), pp. 76-90. Jackson, Karl D., "Cambodia 1978: War, Pillage, and Purge in Democratic Kampuchea", Asian Survey, vol. XIX, no. 1 (January 1979), pp. 72-84. "Des journalistes am~ricains au Kampuch~a d~mocratique", L'Humanite Rouge (26-27, 28 May 1978), p. 7. "Kampuchea, Three Years Old", Seven Days, vol. n, no. 8 (19 May 1978), pp. 14- 16. Kiernan, Ben, "Cambodia in the News; 1975n6", Melbourne Journal of Politics, vol. 8 (December 19751January 1976), pp. 6-12. Kiernan, Ben, "Social Cohesion in Revolutionary Cambodia", Australian Outlook, vol. 30, no. 3 (DecemberJ976), pp. 371-86. Kiernan, Ben, "Vietnam and the Governments and People of Kampuchea", Bul­ letin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. II, no. 4 (October-December 1979), pp. 19-25. Lacouture, Jean, "The Bloodiest Revolution", New York Review of Books (31 March 1977), pp. 9-10. Lacouture, Jean, "Cambodia: Corrections", New York Review of Books, vol. XXIV, no. 9 (26 May 1977), p. 46. Lacouture, Jean, 'The Revolution that Destroyed Itself", Encounter, vol. Ln, no. 5 (May 1979), pp. 53-7. Lazar, Ed, 'The Peace Movement and Cambodia", Peacework (December 1987), pp.4-5. Leighton, Marian Kirsch, "Perspectives on the Vietnam-Cambodia Border Con­ flict", Asian Survey, vol. 18, no. 5 (May 1978), pp. 448-57. "Lies, Lies, Lies", The Progressive, vol. 37, no. 9 (September 1973). "A Look at New CIA Overseer Leo Cherne", USIlndo-China Report (20 March 1976), p. 7. Myrdal, Jan, "Why is there Famine in Kampuchea?", Southeast Asia Chronicle, no. 77 (February 1981), pp. 16-18. Oksenberg, Michel, "A Decade of Sino-American Relations", Foreign Affairs, vol. 61, no. 1 (Autumn 1982), pp. 175-95. Palmieri, Victor, "Famine, Media, and Geopolitics: The Khmer Relief Effort, 1980", in Cahill, Kevin (ed.), Famine (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1982), pp. 19-27. Pilger, John, "America's Second War in Indo-China", New Statesman (1 August 1980), pp. 10-15. Pilger, John, 'The 'Filthy Affair' of Denying Relief", New Statesman (12 October 1979), pp. 546-7. Pilger, John, "Letting a Nation Die", New Statesman (21 September 1979), pp. 410- 12. Poole, Peter A., "Cambodia 1975: The GRUNK Regime", Asian Survey, vol. XVI, no. 1 (January 1976), pp. 23-30. 254 Bibliography of Primary Sources

Porter, Gareth, "Kampuchea's UN Seat: Cutting the Pol Pot Connection", Indo­ China Issues, no. 8 (July 1980), pp. 1-7. Porter, Gareth, ''TIle Myth of the Bloodbath: North Vietnam's Land Refonn Recon­ sidered", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 5, no. 2 (September 1973), pp.2-15. Porter, Gareth and Edward S. Hennan, ''TIle Myth of the Hue Massacre", Ram­ parts, vol. 13, no. 8 (May-June 1975), pp. 8-13. Porter, Gareth and G. C. Hildebrand, ''TIle Politics of Food: Starvation and Agri­ cultural Revolution in Cambodia", Indo-China Resource Center Report (Septem­ ber 1975). Porter, Gareth and William Shawcross, "An Exchange on Cambodia", New York Review of Books, vol. XXV, no. 12 (20 July 1978), pp. 48-9. ''TIle Press and Genocide: Chronology of Silence", ITEM (July/August 1976), pp. 183-203. Quinn, Kenneth, M., "Cambodia 1976: Internal Consolidation and External Expan­ sion", Asian Survey, vol. xvn, no. 1 (January 1977), pp. 43-54. Quinn, Kenneth, "Political Change in Wartime: The Khmer Krahom Revolution in Southern Cambodia, 1970-1974", Naval War College Review (Spring 1976), pp. 3-31. Rithauddeen, Tengku Ahmad, ''TIle Kampuchean Problem and the Non-Aligned Movement", Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 1, no. 3 (December 1979), pp.205-1O. Rousset, Pierre, "Cambodia: Background to the Revolution", Journal of Contem­ porary Asia, vol. 7, no. 4 (1977), pp. 513-28. Sangkim, Mean, "Democratic Kampuchea: An Updated View", Southeast Asian Affairs (1977), pp. 93-106. Shawcross, William, "Cambodia Under its New Rulers", New York Review of Books, vol. xxm, no. 3 (4 March 1976), pp. 24-7. Shawcross, William, ''TIle End of Cambodia?", New York Review of Books, vol. XXVI, nos 21 and 22 (24 January 1980), pp. 25-9. Shawcross, William, ''TIle Third Indo-China War", New York Review of Books, vol. XXV, no. 5 (6 April 1978), pp. 15-22. Sheehan, Neil, "Should We have War Crimes Trials?", New York Times Book Review, 28 March 1971. Summers, Laura, "Defining the Revolutionary State in Cambodia", Current His­ tory (December 1976), pp. 213-17, 228. Tan, Lek Hor, "Cambodia's Total Revolution", Index on Censorship, vol. 8, no. 1 (January-February 1979), pp. 3-10. Vickery, Michael, "Looking Back at Cambodia", Westerly, no. 4 (December 1976), pp. 14-28. West, Richard, "Was Cambodia Different?". Spectator (18 August 1979), pp. 17- 18. Index

Abromowitz, Morton, 123 Brevi6 Line, 41 Abzug, Bella, 13 Brezlmev, Leonid, 100, 128 Accuracy in Media Report, 122 British Labour Party, 178, 182 Afghanistan, 100, 180 Brown, Harold, 135, 161 American Friends Service Committee, Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 90, 92, 99-100, 27 120 American Jewish Committee, 107 Buckley, William, Jr, 134 Amin, Idi, 95, 135 Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Amnesty International, xiii, xvii, 8, 122 28, 52, 62, 63, 64, 82, 95, 117, Burcett, Wilfred, 9, 54 118, 122, 123 Buriram, 76 Anderson, Jack, 25, 48, 79, 107, 108, Burstein, Dan, 105 114, 122 Anderson, John, 163, 178 Caldwell, Malcolm, 53, 105, 110-11 Angkor, 33, 106 Callaghan, James, 88, 94 Aranyaprathet, 28 Cam Ranh Bay, 72, 152 Arendt, Hannah, 26, 66 Cambodia Year Zero, 56, 182 ASEAN, xiv xix, xiii, 52, 62-4, 77, Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution, 82, 95, 117-18, 122-3, 129, 150, 55 152, 154, 158, 159, 160, 169, Cambodian Crisis Committee, 178 174, 176, 177, 179, 184, 187 Cambodian Solidarity Conference, 10 Ashbrook William, 72 Canadian Communist League, 105 Asillweek, 81 Canadian House of Commons, 116 Assemble Nationale, 60, 117 Cardamom Mountains, 44, 163 Association Glnlrale des Khmers a CARE, 163 L' Etranger, 52 Carney, Timothy, 84 Auschwitz, 58, 114 Carter, Hodding, 130 Carter, Jimmy, xvi, 64, 65, 71, 77, Baez, Joan, 163, 170 85, 87, 92, 94, 100, 108, 113, Bang, Sangae, 165 liS, 117, 120, 137, 138, 139, Bangkok Post, 69, 81, 170 140, 161, 163, 178, 182, 183 Barron, John, 56-68, 80-1, 83-4, 95, Carter, Rosalynn, 163, 187 103, 108, 118, 121, 122, 140 CBS, 109 Battambang, 3,4,17 Chalk and Jonassohn, xvii Beaumont, Jacques, 147 Cham Muslims, xvii, 40 Becker, Elizabeth, 10, 57, lOS, 176 Chanda, Nayen, 42, 49, SO, 53, 63 Beijing Review, 152, 169 Chandernagor, AndI6, 179 Belsen, 114 Chandler, David, 83, 121 Bhichai,43 Chea Sim, 124 Bjork, Kaj, 46 Chelmo,114 Blue Peter (television programme), Cherne, Leo, 24, 108, 122 163 China Boubdiba Report, 172 accusation of UN of genocide, 169 Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab, 142-3 1979 invastion of UN, 137

255 256 Index

Cholon,98 Facts and Evidences of the Acts of Chomsky, Noam, 12, 58, 59, 64, Aggression and Annexation of 81-2, 111 Vietnam against Kampuchea, Christian Science Monitor, 10 103 Christopher, Warren, 85, 86, 87, 115, Falk, xvii, 122 167 Famiglia Christiana, 57, 59, 82, 84, CIA, 18, 28, 57, 67, 81, 102, 169 95 Clark, Dick, 13 Famine, 145 Comecon, 45, 72, 98 DK accusations of, 148 Communist Party of Cambodia, 71 media reports, 162 Communist Party of Thailand, 33 Vietnamese accusations of, 148 Convention on the Prevention and Far Eastern Economic Review, 27-8, Punishment of the Crime of 49, 63, 80, 82, 89, 90, 105, 110, Genocide, xvii 124 Costello, Elvis, 163 Far Eastern Economic Review Asia Crane, Phillip, 25 Year Book, 124, 141 Feray, Richard-Pierre, 52 Daily Telegraph, 23-5, 28, 107, 122 Financial Times, 147 Danang,15 Firyubin, Nikolai, 104 Dawson, Alan, 170 Fontaine, Andr~, 48, 53 DeBeer, Patrice, 23-5, 28, 107, 122 Ford, Gerald, 11, 22, 30, 50, 61, 63, de Gaulle, Charles, 117 66, 77, 181 Democratic Kampuchea, 38, 39-40, France, consideration of representation 67-8, 126, 130-1, 144-5, 172, issue. 179 175, 176, 182, 184, 188 Freedom House, 24, 108-9 accusation of genocide, 168-9 French Union. 2 assertion of support for democracy, From Phnom Penh to Kabul. 161 149 FUNK. 11 forces, 146 purges, 167 Gang of Four, 45 regime of, 115, 172 Gantier, Gilbert, 179 relations with PRC, 35, 71 General Accounting Office, 50 relations with Thailand, 43, 68-9, Geneva Declaration, 2 76-7 Geng Biao, 161 relations with Vietnam, 69, 74, 97 Genocide Tribunal, 140 Deng Xiaoping, 45, 76, 104, 123 Genocide Convention, xvii. 150 visit to US, 137, 161, 176 Gilmour, Sir Ian, 139, 171, 178 Deng Yingchao, 75 Giscard-d'Estaing, Valery, 94 Der Stern, 81 Goodfellow, William, 25 Derian, Patricia, 85 Goronwy-Roberts, Lord, 88 Dien Bien Phu, 2 GRUNK,9,1O Dole, Robert, 113 Guardian, 9, 13-14, 46-7, 54, 79, Doman, Robert, 114 95, 110, 121, 146, 169 Dudman, Richad, 105 Hamel, Bernard, 56-8 East Timor, 135 Hannum, Hurst. xvii Economist, 80, 81 Harper, Malcolm, 157 European Economic Community, Hawk, David, xvii 160 Hebei earthquake, 46 Index 257

Helsinki Final Act, xv, xvi Kampong Cham, 107 Heng Samrin, 124, 129, 130, 132, Kampong Chhnang, 40 160, 167, 170, 172, 179 Kampong Saom, 3,35, 160 Herman, Edward, 58, 59, 64, 81, Ill, Kampong Speu, 40 182 Kampot, I, 40 Herzog, Chaim, 87, 88, 123 Kampuchea Dossier, 98, 140 Hesburgh, Reverend Theodore, 178 Kampuchea Emergency Group, 176 Hildebrand, George, 53, 55-8, 64 Kampuchea: From Tragedy to Hitler, Adolf, 108, 134, 148-9, 159, Rebirth, 140 179 Kampuchea: The Crimes and Hoang Tung. 44 Col/apse of Maoism: The Soviet Hoang Van Hoan, 45 Point of View, 140 Holbrooke, Richard, 84, 152, 160-1, Kampuchean People's Revolutionary 176 Council, 128, 130 Holocaust, xvii, 107-8, 113, 121 Kennedy, Edward, 163 HouYuon,2-4,18.67 Kennedy, John, 34 House of Commons (UK), 172, 182 Khao Din, 166 House of Representatives (US), 25, Khao-I-Dang, 165 61, 113, 115, 123 Khieu Samphan, 2, 3, 9, 10, 18, 35, Howard, Jim, 147 57, 82, 171 Hu Nim. 2, 3. 4, 67 's National Liberation Hua Guofeng. 45, 128, 161 Front, 165 Huang Hua, 70 , 4, 8, 16, 33 , 124, 131, 145-7, 156, 167, Khmer Rouge, 10, 13 177 Khmer Rumdoah, 5 Khmer Serei, 146, 165 Ieng Sary, 2, 3, 67, 69. 76, 81, 101, Kiernan, Ben, xvii, 53, 121 104. 105. 118. 128. 141. 149 Kissinger, Henry, 22, 26, 34, 63, 72, In Tam, 33, 52, 92 77, 122, 181, 182 Indochina Resource Center, 122, 157, Koh Kong, 40 165, 167 Kosygin, Alexei, 128 International Commission of Jurists, Koy Thuon, 67 xvii. 62-4. 82-3, 117, 122 Kratie,20 International Commission of the Red Kiangsak, Chamanand, 129 Cross, xvii, 17, 25, 52, 55, Kumpuchean United Front for 146-7, 157, 165, 167 National Salvation, 124 International Covenant of Civil and Kuper, Leo, xvii Political Rights, 171 International Disaster Institute, 157 L'Aurore, 21, 48 International Herald Tribune, 118, L' Express, 48 144 L'Humanite, 25, 53, 113 International Monetary Fund. 72 Lacouture, Jean, xviii, 58, 80, 84, International Rescue Committee, 108 88, 108-11, 121, 143, 182, Ith Sarin, 5. 10 187 Izvestia, 140 Land Bridge, 168 Lazar, Ed, 121 Jackson, Sir Robert, 121 Le Duan, 33, 36, 41, 44 Journal of Contemporary Asia, 12, Lee Kuan Yew, 124 53,81, 122 Le Figaro, 48 258 Inde~

Le Monde, 9, 21, 23, 25, 46, 48, 61, Newsweek, 22, 25, 29, 47-8, 59, 80, 95, 110, 116, 123, 183, 110 79-80,90,95,140,162 Le Quotidien de Paris, 48 Nguyen Duy Triuh, 77 Le Thanh Nghi, 36, 72 Nban Dan, 42,44, 128,173 Levin, Bernard, 47-8, 58, 111, 122, Nixon, Richard, 34, 71, 77 182 Noeu Samoun, 145 Lewis, Anthony, 12,26, 58 Non-Aligned Movement, 95, 150 Uberation, 48 Nong Pm, 165 , I, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, Nong Samet, 165, 166 14. IS, 35, 107 Norodom Sihanouk, 1-5,9-11, 13, Los Angeles Times. 24, 95 18,28, 105-6, 165 Luard, Evan, 89, 95, 116, 123, 183 Norway, 133 Lusty, Tim, 157 Oakley, Robert, 115, 139 Mat Mun, 165, 166 Observer, 8, 81, 162 March for Survival, 170 Organization for African Unity, 95 Max, Pierre, 81 Oslo Examination Commission of Mayaguez Affair, 24, 26, 30,47, 50, Cambodian Atrocity reports, 108, 87,90, 109 110, 113, liS, 117 McCartney, Paul, 163 Owen, David, 89 McGovern, George, 114, liS, 178 OXFAM, 147, 157, 162, 163, 167 McHenry, Donald, 152 Mitterand, Fran~ois, 54 Paracel Islands, 33, 70 Mondale, Walter, 149, 153, 176 Paringaux, Roland Pierre, 80 Montevideo Convention, 175 Paris-Match, 48, 81 Morgenthau, Hans, 186 Pathet Lao, 9 Morice, Jean, 81 Paul, Anthony, 56-8, 80, 81, 84,95, Moulinaka, 165 103, 108-9, lIS, 121, 140 Murder of a Gentle Land, 56 Peagan, Norman, 27 Pen Sovan, 170 National Front for Kampuchea, 48 Pentagon Papers, 26 National United Front for the People's Daily, 99, 128 Salvation of Kampuchea, 126, People's Republic of Kampuchea, 127 127, 140, 145, 157, 165, 167, National United Front of Kampuchea, 168, 170, 174, 176, 179, 184 10,11 Pham Van Dong, 72, 104, 127, Nations Richard, 110 137 Nazis, xv, xvii, xviii, II, 12, 24-5, Pham Voan Dong, 72, 104, 137 66, 84, 103, 108, Ill, 113, 149 Philippines, 104 NBC, 110 Phnom Chat, 165 Neak Long, 14 Phu Quoc, 32 New Statesman, 10 Pilger, John, 147, 163 New Times, 42, 73, 75, 104, 124, 140 Pin Yathay, 80 New York Review 0/ Books, 58, 84, Piquart, Bernard, 23, 24 87, 88, 143, 182 Pol Pot, 3, 5, 8, 38-9, 41-2, 67, 71, New York Times, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 82, 92, 102, lOS, 108, 116, 130, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 55, 58, 59, 141, 142, ISO, 167, 170, 179, 61, 88, 103, 108, 109, Ill, 121, 187 140, 160 Poncet, Iean-Fran~ois, 179 Index 259

Ponchaud, Fran~is, 46, 48, 52, 55-8, Solarz, Steven, 83-~, 123 80, 84, 88, 95, 103, 108, liS, Son Sann, 52, 165 117, 121, 182 , 3 Poole, Peter, 83, 121 Soviet Union, 35 Porter, Gareth, 55-9, 64, 82-4, HI, invasion of Afghanistan, 160 122, 181 invasion of Hungary and Pt'avada, 103 Czechoslovakia, 135 Preah Vihear, 144 lies to PRK, 160 Prey Veng, 67 Spratley Islands, 33, 70 Provisional Revolutionary Stalin, 111 Government of Vietnam, 4 Summers, Laura, 52 Puolo Wai, 33, 41 Sunday Telegraph, 8, 14, 49 Sunday Times, 8, 12 Quality of Mercy, 122 Survive Ie Peuple Cambodgienl, III Queen (pop group), 163 Swain,lohn, 13,21,23,53 Quotidien du Peuple, 49 Swedish-Kampuchea Friendship Association, III Radio Hanoi, 97, 103 Sydney Morning Herald, 81 Radio Phnom Penh, 69, 110 Reader's Digest, 56, 84, 109, 140 Taiwan, 71, 87, 101 refoulement, 144 Takeo, 1,40 Regrets of tht Khmtr Soul, 5, 10 Tanzanian invasion of Uganda, 135 Retblilll, Torben, 81 Tap Prik, 165 Rouge, 49 Tapbraya, 43 Rowlands, Ted, 60 Tass, 128 Royal Government of the National Tay, Ninh, 70, 75, 103 Union of Cambodia, 9-10, 28, Telegraph,9, 10,46,47,49, 53, 54, 61 59,80 Thai Communist Party, 104 Sa Keo, 165, 170, 177 Thai Red Cross, 129 Safire, William, 108 Thanin Ktaivixien, 43 . Saloth Sars, 2, 6 The Australian, 53 SALT,16O Thioun Mumm, 2 Sam, Prasith, 81 Thiounn Prasith, 9, 88, 136-7, 160 Sangkum Reastr Niyum, 2 Tho Chu, 32 Sarpordarmean Kampuchea, 129, 140, Thoolen, Hans, 83 145, 170, 176 Times Magazine, 14, 47, 48, 59. 61, Sartre, lean Paul, 12 80.81, 162 Saunders,lohn, 152 Times Uterary Supiemefll, 81 Schanberg, Sydney, 12,21-3,55 Times, The, 9, 13. 21. 23-4. 47-8. Scowcroft, Brent, 61 79, 88. 95. 109. 111. 132. 140 Second Indochina War, xiii, xviii, 7 Tiv 01, 67 Sereilul, 52 Toch Phoeun, 67 Seven 'Super' Traitors, 29 Tou Samouth. 3 Shawcross, William, 79, 82, 122 Treaty of Peace. Friendship and Siem Reap, 20, 67 Cooperation. 127 Simons, Lewis, 82 Treblinka, 114 Sirilc, Matak, 4 Tuol Sleng. 20, 40, 67, 107, 141 So Hong, 165 Twining. Charles, 61. 63, 84-5 260 Index

Uganda, 64, 86, 95, 152 US military assistance, to ASEAN, 161 United Nations: US News and World Report, 80, 122 UN Assembly Empty Seat US relations with PRC, 71, 102 Proposal, 153-4 US relations with Vietnam, 72, 100 UN Charter, xv, 92, 93, 131, ISO, US Senate, 61. 85, 113, 168 159, 190 Sub-Committee on East Asian and UN Commission on Human Rights, Pacific Affairs, 114 xvi, xix, 61, 62, 85. 87. 89. 93-5.97. 114-20, 123. 134-5. Vance, Cyrus, 71, 101, 114, 130, 145. 140-2. 153. 174. 177-9. 183. 152 187-9 Vickery, Michael, xvii, 52, 57 UN Committee: Amnesty Viet Cong, 3, 6, 9 Intemational Submission to. Vietnam Courier, 42, 103 ll8 Vietnamese incursion into Cambodia, UN Committee: British Submission 73 to. 116 Vietnam UN Committee: Canadian relations with USSR, 72, 100 Submission to, ll6-17 relations with China, 98-9 UN Committee: French failure to Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, 125 submit information, 117 ASEAN response, 129-30 UN Economic and Social Council. Chinese response, 128-9 87, 93-4. 188 Soviet response, 128 UN General Assembly. xix. 93, Thai response. 129 114. 123. 149. 153. 175 US response, 130 1979 Representation Data. ISO Village Voice, 81 UN Food and Agriculture Vincent, R. J., xiv Organization. 145 Vo Nguyen Giap, 70 UN General Assembly, 29, 148. 158 Waldheim, Kurt, 105, 115, 143, 162 UN High Commissionary for Walker, Brian, 162, 167 Refugees. 165 Wall, Patrick, 59 UN Security Council. 77. 130. 134. Wall Street Journal, 12, 24, 25, 108, 138. 150. 188 132 ~CEF. 145-7. 157. 165. 167 Washington Post, 10, 22, 24-5, 29, Union Democratique Franfais, 179 48, 61, 79, 81-2, 121, 162 United Front for the National Washington Star, 25 Salvation of Kampuchea. 133 Watergate, 26 Universal Declaration of Human Whitten, Les, 48, 79 Rights, xv. 86. 116-17. 142 Wicker. Tom, 13 Upadit. 69. 76-7 Woodcock, Leonard, 72 UPI. 8. 29 Woolacott, Martin. 13. 14.79 USAID.18 World Bank, 45, 72 US arms sales to Thailand. 177 World Food Program, 145 US Communist Party. 105 World Health Organization, 7 US Congress. 113. 167, 182 World War n, 2 Department of State. 61-2. 64, 85. 114. US. 117, 124, 169, 178 Young, Andrew. 115. 131. 134 US House of Representatives, 72 US/Indochina Report, 81 Zablocki, Clement, 114