DOCSLIB.ORG

The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War INDOCHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH Ji/t INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War ALLAN E. GOODMAN INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY The Institute of East Asian Studies was established at the University of Califor nia, Berkeley, in the fall of 1978 to promote research and teaching on the cultures and societies of China, Japan, and Korea. It amalgamates the following research and instructional centers and programs: Center for Chinese Studies, Center for Japanese Studies, Center for Korean Studies, Group in Asian Studies, East Asia National Resource Center, and Indochina Studies Project. INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES Director: Robert A. Scalapino Associate Director: John C. Jamieson Assistant Director: Ernest J. Notar Executive Committee: Joyce K. Kallgren Herbert P. Phillips John C. Jamieson Irwin Scheiner Michael C. Rogers Chalmers Johnson Robert Bellah Frederic Wakeman, Jr. CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES Chair: Joyce K. Kallgren CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES Chair: Irwin Scheiner CENTER FOR KOREAN STUDIES Chair: Michael C. Rogers GROUP IN ASIAN STUDIES Chair: Lowell Dittmer EAST ASIA NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTER Director: John C. Jamieson INDOCHINA STUDIES PROJECT Director: Douglas Pike The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War A publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720 The Indochina Monograph series is the newest of the several publications series sponsored by the Institute of East Asian Studies in conjunction with its constituent units. The others include the China Research Monograph series, whose first title appeared in 1967, the Korea Research Monograph series, the Japan Research Monograph series, and the Research Papers and Policy Studies series. The Insti tute sponsors also a Faculty Reprint series. Correspondence may be sent to: Ms. Joanne Sandstrom, Editor Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720 INDOCHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES A UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War ALLAN E. GOODMAN Although the Institute of East Asian Studies is responsible for the selection and acceptance of manuscripts in this series, responsibility for the opinions expressed and for the accuracy of statements rests with their authors. Allan E. Goodman is associate dean of the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and director of the Master of Science in Foreign Service program there. He founded the "Women in Foreign Service" pro gram designed to enhance the operational effectiveness of women in inter national service careers, public or private. Dr. Goodman is also on the faculty of the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State and is co-director of the Georgetown Leadership Seminar. He serves as a consultant to the Rockefeller Foundation, Levi- Strauss, the U.S. Army's Center of Military History, and the Inter-Matrix Group, and is on the editorial boards of the Asian Survey and World Affairs journals. The author of five books and more than forty articles on international affairs. Dr. Goodman now does a weekly commentary on foreign affairs for the Voice of America's "Viewpoints" program. Copyright © 1986 by the Regents of the University of California All rights reserved ISBN 0-912966-90-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 86-81533 Printed in the United States of America Contents Acknowledgments vii Preface ix Map xii I. 1962-1965: First Contacts 1 II. 1965-1968: The Search for Negotiations Protracts the War 9 III. 1968: Fighting while Negotiating 37 IV. 1969-1972: The Nixon Administration's Search for a Negotiated Settlement 47 V. From Breakthrough to Breakdown 75 VI. From the Breakdown to the Christmas Bombing 93 VII. What Went Wrong? 113 Appendix 119 Selected Bibliography 122 Acknowledgments The Lost Peace: America's Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam Warwas originally published by the Hoover Institution Press in 1978 and focused on what was known through 1975 about the di plomacy behind the longest, most costly, least successful war in U.S. history. This monograph is an abridgement of my original account and highlights the major forces that shaped Washington's search for a negotiated settlement and motivated Hanoi's repeated rejection of one. I am very grateful to the Institute of East Asian Studies for the chance to publish a text which can be used in today's classroom at a time of renewed interest in the Vietnam war and to the Hoover Insti tution for their permission to draw extensively on the manuscript of Lost Peace. I am also grateful to my students at Georgetown, espe cially Matthew Doyle and Linda Powers who helped check my facts against recent research and who suggested how the story of the negotiations could be presented to a generation for whom the Viet nam War is ancient history. Preface The American conception of negotiation is a process of bar gaining and concession, the outcome of which is compromise. Amer icans expect to bargain, and we expect that a military stalemate will cause our adversaries to do the same. In the case of the Vietnam negotiations, this expectation proved unwise and frustrating. Hanoi used negotiations as a tactic of war fare to buy time to strengthen its military capabilities in South Viet nam and weaken the will of those on the side of Saigon. Rather than serving as an alternative to warfare, consequently, the Vietnam negotiations were an extension of it. In describing the decade-long search for a negotiated settlement of the Vietnam War, it was not my original objective to develop or test theories of negotiation. Looking back today on the experience—and in light of the course I now teach at Georgetown's School of Foreign Service on the theory and practice of international negotiation —I do find that in each phase of the negotiations there is considerable support for the theories of bargaming that underscore the importance of adroit public diplomacy and internal policy coordi nation to effective international negotiation. Where the U.S. govern ment, in particular, fell short on these qualities—and why—is highlighted in the chapters that follow. Butit is alsoimportantto remember that many American policy makers knew at the time that they were negotiating under less than optimal conditions and in ways that raised doubts about the efficacy of U.S. strategy and tactics. Vietnam, thus, is not a case where American diplomats were all too eager to sacrifice vital interests for the sake of an agreement; as U.S. presidents repeatedly demonstrat ed, they were not after a settlement at any price. Instead, the United States consistently sought the status quo ante helium (though fre quently lowering our expectations of what Hanoi was required to give to attain that condition). IX Preface The experience suggests, moreover, that even a high degree of negotiating skill is not a sufficient condition for success. For a nego tiated settlement might still have been unattainable even if U.S. poli cy had been better coordinated, or more adroit at countering Hanoi's tactics, or better able to retard the rapid rise of domestic and interna tional public sentiment against the war. This is not a case of a nego tiation where some commonsense formulas for effectiveness and suc cess should have been applied and weren't. The Vietnam War was just plain difficult to end by diplomacy in the first place, and this most U.S., South Vietnamese and North Vietnamese negotiators knew. In the end, they got in the Paris Agreement a set of terms that allowed each party to continue to try to win by force what they realized they could not achieve through diplomacy. The account that follows is based on interviews in 1974 and 1975 with decision makers in Washington and Saigon and a review of the government documents, officials' memoirs, and academic literature that have appeared since. The reader will note that I draw especially heavily on interviews conducted with virtually all of the U.S. and South Vietnamese officials who participated in the Vietnam negotiations. At these officials' request, the interviews were off the record. I find that even a decade later, I cannot yet identify the source of the quotations without violating the conditions under which I had access to such officials and their viewpoints. Of the more than 75 persons interviewed, only one has died (Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge); many are still on active duty or are quite in volved in the politics of the expatriat Vietnamese communities where they now live in exile. However, I did make a memo of conversation after each interview, and these are contained in twelve notebooks on deposit at the Hoover Institution archives where they can now be in spected by scholars on the condition that they agree not to identify any living person mentioned. In addition, I donated all of the ma terial on which Lost Peace was based to this archive, where it has been catalogued and extensively indexed to facilitate others' research. 100 J04 CHINA^^ CHINA BURMA > ANOI ^KD RIVtR DtLTA LAOS GULF OF TONKIN HAINAN ^lORMER DEMARCATION LINE THAILAND 14 TONLE KAMPUCHEA f MeVcong PHNOM PENiljq VIETNAM Ho Chi Minh CUyi INDOCHINA 1 DAO PHU QUOC (Vietnam) 50 100 150 Miles 0 50 100 150 Kilometers CON SON 104 MCS AND nOUNOARV P^CPRCStNTATION 108 APE NOT MeCESSAWILY AUTHORITATIVE 1962-1965: First Contacts The first diplomatic contacts between Washington and Hanoi did not go well. To avoid giving an impression of weakness, both sides stressed their readiness to fight if talking proved fruitless. Each badly misjudged the other's response to such hard-line rhetoric. Hanoi, in addition, miscalculated that political instability in South Vietnam would dampen U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diplomatic Dictionary
    DIPLOMATIC DICTIONARY A | B | C | D | E | F | I | M | N | P | R | S | T | V A ACCESSION The procedure by which a nation becomes a party to an agreement already in force between other nations. ACCORDS International agreements originally thought to be for lesser subjects than those covered by treaties, but now really treaties by a different name. AMBASSADOR The chief of a diplomatic mission; the ranking official diplomatic representative of a country to the country to which s/he is appointed, and the personal representative of his/her own head of state to the head of state of the host country. Ambassador is capitalized when referring to a specific person (i.e., Ambassador Smith) AMERICAN PRESENCE POSTS (APP) A special purpose overseas post with limited staffing and responsibilities, established as a consulate under the Vienna Convention. APPs are located cities outside the capital that are important but do not host a U.S. consulate. Typically these posts do not have any consular services on site, so the APP’s activities are limited or narrowly focused on priorities such as public outreach, business facilitation, and issue advocacy. Examples of American Presence Posts include: Bordeaux, France; Winnipeg, Canada; Medan, Indonesia and Busan, Korea. ARMS CONTROL Arms Control refers to controlling the amount or nature of weapons-such as the number of nuclear weapons or the nature of their delivery vehicles -- a specific nation is allowed to have at a specific time. ATTACHÉ An official assigned to a diplomatic mission or embassy. Usually, this person has advanced expertise in a specific field, such as agriculture, commerce, or the military.
    [Show full text]
  • Postwar Thailand: Indochinese Domino Or Chinese Checker?
    SOUTHEAST ASIA SERIES Vol. XXIII No. 5 (Thailand) POSTWAR THAILAND: INDOCHINESE DOMINO OR CHINESE CHECKER? by Brewster Grace October 1975 The American withdrawal from Indochina left ruling junta, many more are active in the political Thailand disoriented, exposed, and compromised. wings and able to obstruct and undermine civilian For decades, hardline, corrupt, anticommunist Thai government. Inevitably, new Thai foreign policy military generals had been building their political initiatives in postwar Southeast Asia will be powers and financial fortunes from the American accompanied at home by far more public debate and war effort and Thailand's communist phobia. outcry, and the opposition's barely concealed efforts Suddenly, in April 1975, Asia's image of an at sabotage. American umbrella was gone-crushed in the massive retreat from Saigon to Guam to Camp The second salient fact of Thai political life is the Pendleton-and Thailand found itself on the losing continued but substantially reduced American team. presence, influence, and political will. It was, after all, only two years ago that Thailand reached secret A logical choice for Thai officials in April seemed understandings and agreements with American clear enough: make new friends with former generals and ambassadors. Yet, in spite of postwar enemies and expect little from former friends. The United States pronouncements of a new posture Thais are finding, however, that making friends is toward Asia and asserted intentions of gearing its almost as difficult as fighting enemies, especially involvement to Thailand's invitation and desires, when the potential new friends, the Vietnamese, the long legacy of American paternalism as well as have been Thailand's enemy on many occasions important American strategic and economic through many centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical” Nixon Tapes”, President Richard Nixon, Washington Post and the New York Times, and Dan Elsberg
    Historical” Nixon Tapes”, President Richard Nixon, Washington Post and The New York Times, and Dan Elsberg NIXON TAPES: "Get the Son of a B*tch" Ellsberg (Pentagon Papers) President Richard Nixon talks with his Attorney General John Mitchell about the leaked secret government documents about the Vietnam War, the Pentagon Papers. They first discuss the position of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, who did not want to investigate the leaker, Daniel Ellsberg, because of his friendship with Ellsberg's father-in-law. Nixon descries some of the "softheads" in his administration who want him to go easy on Ellsberg. He notes that they need to "get the son of a b*tch" or else "wholesale thievery" would happen all over the government. The president feels that the P.R. might not be bad on their part, because people don't like thieves. (Photo: President Richard Nixon and his wife First Lady Pat Nixon walk with Gerald and Betty Ford to the helicopter Marine One on the day of Nixon's resignation from the presidency.) Uploaded on Aug 26, 2008 John Mitchell 006-021 June 29, 1971 White House Telephone NIXON TAPES: Angry at the New York Times (Haldeman) President Richard Nixon talks with his Chief of Staff H. R. (Bob) Haldeman about the press. In particular, he tells Haldeman about Henry Kissinger urging him to do an interview with New York Times reporter James (Scotty) Reston, Sr. Nixon, however, banned all interviews with the New York Times after the paper released the Pentagon Papers and ran an interview that Nixon disliked with Chinese leader Chou Enlai.
    [Show full text]
  • City Research Online
    Keeble, R. (1996). The Gulf War myth: a study of the press coverage of the 1991 Gulf conflict. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University London) City Research Online Original citation: Keeble, R. (1996). The Gulf War myth: a study of the press coverage of the 1991 Gulf conflict. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University London) Permanent City Research Online URL: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7932/ Copyright & reuse City University London has developed City Research Online so that its users may access the research outputs of City University London's staff. Copyright © and Moral Rights for this paper are retained by the individual author(s) and/ or other copyright holders. All material in City Research Online is checked for eligibility for copyright before being made available in the live archive. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to from other web pages. Versions of research The version in City Research Online may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check the Permanent City Research Online URL above for the status of the paper. Enquiries If you have any enquiries about any aspect of City Research Online, or if you wish to make contact with the author(s) of this paper, please email the team at [email protected]. The Gulf war myth A study of the press coverage of the 1991 Gulf conflict by Richard Keeble PhD in Journalism May 1996; Department of Journalism, City University, London CONTENTS Abstract ix Acknowledgements x Introduction xi-iii A.1 The war problematic xi
    [Show full text]
  • Will the “Tuesday Night Massacre” Be Trump's Demise?
    Will the “Tuesday Night Massacre” be Trump’s Demise? Richard Levick, Esq., Chairman and CEO, LEVICK President Donald Trump’s abrupt and bizarre firing of FBI Director James Comey has all the trappings of the Saturday Night Massacre, the epochal moment in the Watergate saga that ultimately proved Richard Nixon’s undoing. Will the Tuesday Night Massacre spell Trump’s demise? At this point, no one – not even the savviest observer – knows. But this much is certain: from a purely communications point of view, the last thing Donald Trump wanted was to invite television networks to exhume archival footage of Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox and Attorney General Elliot Richardson defying an out-of-control president, as their anchors invoke phrases like “constitutional crisis,” “the rule of law,” and “Hamilton’s and Madison’s checks and balances.” Donald Trump is about to find out how seriously many Members of Congress – Republicans among them – take their oaths to uphold the Constitution and how conscientious members of the press are in exercising their First Amendment freedoms. Suddenly the Trump presidency has taken on a whole new patina – and the optics are not good. Trump’s signature phrase from reality TV, “You’re fired!”, may backfire in the unsparing reality that is the nation’s capital. His campaign and perhaps his administration, after all, are being investigated by the FBI, the House, and the Senate for potentially treasonous ties to Russia and Vladimir Putin, the people whose computer hacks and phony news undermined American democracy last fall. Thomas M. Boyd, the co-chair of DLA Piper’ Government Affairs Practice Group, served Republican presidents as a senior official in the Justice Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    bindex.qxd 6/9/06 10:19 AM Page 307 INDEX ABC News, 98 Aspin, Les, 235 Abraham Lincoln, 272 atomic bombs Abrams, Creighton, 147, 148, 155, 158–159 Hiroshima and, 33, 44–45 Abrams, Elliott, 203–204 Korean War and, 42 Abu Ghraib, 277–280 mutual assured destruction (MAD) and, 48 Acheson, Dean, 39 See also nuclear weapons Cuban Missile Crisis and, 84, 87 Korean War and, 35, 36, 39, 41, 44 Baathist regime, 272. See also Iraq Vietnam War and, 131–132 Bacon, Augustus O., 23 Adams, John, 14 Baker, James, 190, 231, 237 Adams, John Quincy, 17 Panama, 223 Adams, Sherman, 55 Yugoslavia and, 237 Adelman, Kenneth, 261 Balaguer, Joaquin, 129 Adenauer, Konrad, 94 Balkans, 237–242, 245 Afghanistan, 287–288 Ball, George, 105 Carter and, 187–189 Cuban Missile Crisis, 78 Clinton and, 243, 244, 245 Vietnam War, 120–121, 124, 132 George H. W. Bush and, 222, 223–224 Barzani, Mustafa, 184 George W. Bush and, 249, 252–256, 257, Batista, Fulgencio, 61–62 269, 280 Battle of New Orleans, 15 Reagan and, 191, 193, 200–201 Bay of Pigs, 64–71, 77, 85, 235 Africa, 233–234, 245. See also individual names Beckwith, Bob, 254 of countries Beecher, William, 149, 159 Aidid, Mohammed Farrah, 234, 236 Begin, Menachem, 193 Allen, Richard, 190 Beirut. See Lebanon Allende Gossens, Salvador, 164–166 Bennett, Tapley, 129 al-Qaeda, 243–245, 249–253 Berger, Sandy, 234, 244, 249 Iraq and, 250–256, 257–269, 274–276 Berlin Wall, 34, 221 prisoners of United States and, 276–280 Biden, Joseph, 248–249 September 11 attacks and, 253–256, 269 Bin Laden, Osama, 227, 243–245, 248–256 Al-Shiraa
    [Show full text]
  • Video File Finding
    Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum (714) 983 9120 ◦ http://www.nixonlibrary.gov ◦ [email protected] MAIN VIDEO FILE ● MVF-001 NBC NEWS SPECIAL REPORT: David Frost Interviews Henry Kissinger (10/11/1979) "Henry Kissinger talks about war and peace and about his decisions at the height of his powers" during four years in the White House Runtime: 01:00:00 Participants: Henry Kissinger and Sir David Frost Network/Producer: NBC News. Original Format: 3/4-inch U-Matic videotape Videotape. Cross Reference: DVD reference copy available. DVD reference copy available ● MVF-002 "CNN Take Two: Interview with John Ehrlichman" (1982, Chicago, IL and Atlanta, GA) In discussing his book "Witness to Power: The Nixon Years", Ehrlichman comments on the following topics: efforts by the President's staff to manipulate news, stopping information leaks, interaction between the President and his staff, FBI surveillance, and payments to Watergate burglars Runtime: 10:00 Participants: Chris Curle, Don Farmer, John Ehrlichman Keywords: Watergate Network/Producer: CNN. Original Format: 3/4-inch U-Matic videotape Videotape. DVD reference copy available ● MVF-003 "Our World: Secrets and Surprises - The Fall of (19)'48" (1/1/1987) Ellerbee and Gandolf narrate an historical overview of United States society and popular culture in 1948. Topics include movies, new cars, retail sales, clothes, sexual mores, the advent of television, the 33 1/3 long playing phonograph record, radio shows, the Berlin Airlift, and the Truman vs. Dewey presidential election Runtime: 1:00:00 Participants: Hosts Linda Ellerbee and Ray Gandolf, Stuart Symington, Clark Clifford, Burns Roper Keywords: sex, sexuality, cars, automobiles, tranportation, clothes, fashion Network/Producer: ABC News.
    [Show full text]
  • Irresponsible Scienctists and Prohibiting Human Reproductive Cloning Before the First Clone Is Born
    93 irresponsible scienctists and prohibiting human reproductive cloning before the first clone is born. Limiting the scope of a future UN Convention to a prohibition of reproductive cloning even seems promising taking into account those countries whose final goal is to reach a UN Convention on a complete ban of cloning.432 For it is notable that some of these countries signed the Council of Europe’s Protocol and thus agreed to a partial ban on reproductive cloning, namely Spain, Italy, and Portugal. Likewise, these same countries have, as UNESCO member states, agreed to the UNESCO Declaration which also just spells out a partial ban. Given the overall experience the international community has made with the two documents of UNESCO and of the Council of Europe, prohibiting reproductive cloning only at this point in time in a UN Convention seems preferable and more promising than to negotiate a comprehensive prohibition or regulation of human cloning. C. The history and the achievements of the UN negotiations aiming at a Convention against human reproductive cloning Over a period of almost three years, from February 2002 until November 2004, the member states of the United Nations were negotiating on a possible prohibition of human reproductive cloning through a UN Convention. The subject of biomedicine is new to international law and human cloning is even newer. The debates on a prohibition in the forum of the UN General Assembly, the Sixth Committee and special Sub- Committees have insofar broached questions, highlighted affinities 432 For a list of such countries, see the list of co-sponsors of a draft Convention against “human cloning” L.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War
    Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page i The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War COLUMBIA GUIDES TO AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page ii Columbia Guides to American History and Cultures Michael Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War Catherine Clinton and Christine Lunardini, The Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century David Farber and Beth Bailey, editors, The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page iii The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War David L. Anderson columbia university press new york Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page iv Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2002 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, David L., 1946– The Columbia guide to the Vietnam War / David L. Anderson. p. cm. — (Columbia guides to American history and cultures) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–231–11492–3 1. Vietnamese Conflict, 1961–1975. I. Title. II. Series. DS557.5 .A54 2002 959.704Ј3—dc21 2002020143 ∞ Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page v contents Introduction xi List of Abbreviations xiii part i Historical Narrative 1 1. Studying the Vietnam War 3 2. Vietnam: Historical Background 7 Roots of the Vietnamese Culture and State 7 The Impact of French Colonialism 10 The Rise of Vietnamese Nationalism 11 The Origins of Vietnamese Communism 12 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia Inventory 1974
    John Gunther Dean’s introductory comments to the 30 files on Cambodia and complete inventory of the individual folders [85 pages] donated to the National Archives of the USA [The Jimmy Carter Library in Atlanta, Georgia]. [1974 – 1975]. 1 John Gunther Dean’s introductory comments to the 30 files on Cambodia and complete inventory of the individual folders [85 pages] donated to the National Archives of the USA [The Jimmy Carter Library in Atlanta, Georgia]. [1974-1975]. John Gunther Dean’s introductory comments to the files on Cambodia donated by him to the National Archives of the USA [The Jimmy Carter Library], followed by a listing of the individual folders and their content. The ample documentation in this “Cambodia File” on the last year of the American presence in the Khmer Republic is probably unique. Why? Because 1. Some messages from Phnom Penh during the year were destroyed before the withdrawal of the American Embassy from Cambodia 2. Messages from Phnom Penh addressed to different departments and agencies in Washington were either retired to different sites in the US, or destroyed by the individual receivers. In this donation, reports from different departments and agencies are included. 3. American reporting on Cambodia did not end on April 12, 1975 with the evacuation of Phnom Penh. The US team from Phnom Penh worked together for two weeks at the American Embassy in Bangkok. This permitted among other subjects the team to report on the last day in Phnom Penh [April 12, 1975]. For example the text of the heart-breaking letter from Prince Sirik Matak to Ambassador Dean, dated April 12, in which he accuses the United States of abandoning Cambodia and condemning him to certain death from the hands of the Khmer opposition, was sent to Washington after the US evacuation from Bangkok [see File 9].
    [Show full text]
  • Teacher's Guide Produced and Distributed By
    Cold War Teacher’s Guide Produced and Distributed by: www.MediaRichLearning.com AMERICA IN THE 20TH CENTURY: THE COLD WAR TEACHER’S GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS Materials in Unit .................................................... 3 Introduction to the Series .................................................... 3 Introduction to the Program .................................................... 3 Standards .................................................... 6 Instructional Notes .................................................... 7 Suggested Instructional Procedures .................................................... 7 Student Objectives .................................................... 7 Follow-Up Activities .................................................... 8 Answer Key .................................................... 10 Script of Video Narration .................................................... 17 Blackline Masters .................................................... 45 Media Rich Learning .................................................... 72 PAGE 2 OF 105 MEDIA RICH LEARNING AMERICA IN THE 20TH CENTURY: THE COLD WAR Materials in the Unit • The video program The Cold War • Teachers Guide This teacher's guide has been prepared to aid the teacher in utilizing materials contained within this program. In addition to this introductory material, the guide contains suggested instructional procedures for the lesson, answer keys for the activity sheets, and follow-up activities and projects for the lesson. • Blackline Masters Included
    [Show full text]
  • SLOVENSKI DIPLOMATSKI POJMOVNIK Več Strokovnih in Leposlovnih Del
    0.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 (0.8 všteto) 2.3 1.8(0.8 všteto) 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.3 Dr. Božo Cerar je diplomat, pravnik in publicist. Kot slovenski veleposlanik je služboval v Kanadi, na Poljskem, pri zvezi NATO, v Mehiki in v ZDA. Napisal je Božo Cerar SLOVENSKI DIPLOMATSKI POJMOVNIK Božo Cerar SLOVENSKI DIPLOMATSKI več strokovnih in leposlovnih del. V knjigi »Slovenski diplomatski pojmovnik« pojasnjuje posamezne pojme, ki so se v zadnjih sto letih uveljavili v mednarodni diplomaciji. Ker na enem mestu zbere vse temeljne diplomatske pojme, je ta knjiga izjemnega pomena za slovensko diplomacijo in mednarodnopravno stroko. Njihovo poznavanje je nujno za dobro opravljanje diplomatskega poklica. Za slovenskega diplomata je knjiga nepogrešljiva tudi zato, ker razlaga pojme, iz katerih izhaja slovenska diplomacija. S tega vidika ne gre le za slovenski prispevek v kanon diplomatskih pojmovnikov, temveč za izvirno avtorsko delo. Božo Cerar “Še posebna dodana vrednost h kakovosti njegovega diplomatskega pojmovnika je, da se Cerar ne ustavi na ravni že omenjenih podobnih klasičnih del. V besedilo vključi tudi izraze, dogajanja in osebnosti iz slovenske diplomatske zgodovine. Prav to pa je posebnost tega pojmovnika. V njem je najti na kratko opredeljene vse pomembnejše dogodke in dokumente iz naše diplomatske zgodovine, zlasti po letu 1991, pa tudi pred tem. … [M]enim, da je prav »Slovenski diplomatski pojmovnik« tisto njegovo delo, ki bo med temelji slovenskega diplomatskega razmisleka indelovanja še dolgo ostalo živo.” (Iz predgovora prof. dr. Ernesta Petriča) SLOVENSKI DIPLOMATSKI POJMOVNIK Zbirka Mednarodno pravo 1.2 1.5 0.3 Božo Cerar SLOVENSKI DIPLOMATSKI POJMOVNIK Zbirka Mednarodno pravo Dr.
    [Show full text]