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Full Text Article wjpls, 2017, Vol. 3, Issue 8, 139-143 Research Article ISSN 2454-2229 Abdel et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical World Journal and Life of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Life Sciences WJPLS www.wjpls.org SJIF Impact Factor: 4.223 ANTIFUNGAL ACETYLATED FLAVONOL FROM THE SUDANESE MATERIAL OF VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS RUBIACEAE Prof. Abdel Karim*1, M. Dalia1, A. Kamal, M. S.1 and Khalid M. S.2 1Sudan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science. 2International University of Africa, Faculty of Pharmacy. *Corresponding Author: Prof. Abdel Karim. M. Sudan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science. Article Received on 15/08/2017 Article Revised on 06/09/2017 Article Accepted on 27/09/2017 ABSTRACT The authors report on the isolation of a flavonol from the Sudanese material of Vangueria madagascariensis. The flavonoid was isolated from the ethanolicextract by column and thin layer chromatography. The structure was 1 elucidated by a combination of analytical tools (UV, IR, H NMR, MS). In cup plate agar diffusion assay, compound I and the chloroform fraction of Vangueria infausta were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against six standard human pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). The chloroform fraction did not show antibacterial activity, but it showed significant inhibitory activity against the fungi: Candida albicans and Aspergantillus niger. Compound I also showed antifungal activity. However, it did not reveal antibacterial activity. KEYWORDS: Vangueria madagascariensis, Isolation, Flavonol, Antimicrobial Activity, INTRODUCTION Different In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that some flavonoids exhibit antimicrobial potential[16-23] others Flavonoids are among the most ubiquitous group of plant exert anispasmodic activity.[24] Several flavonoids have secondary metabolites distributed in varios plants. been shown to have potential as hepaoprotective During the past decade an interesting number of agents[25] Flavonoids like gossypin and morin were found publications on the health benefiting effects of to show significant analgesic activity.[26] flavonoids, such as those on cancer and coronary heart diseases have appeared Vangueria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains over 50 species Flavonoids encompass a large group of polyphenolic distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species substances which are widely distributed in plants and occurring in Madagascar (V. madagascariensis). The foods of plant origin. Flavonoids share a common basic centre of diversity is in east Africa (Kenya, Tanzania) skeleton consisting of two benzene rings joined by a and they are rare in west Africa.[27] linear three carbon bridge. They are divided into subclasses: flavans, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, [1-4] Several Vangueria species - V. latifolia, V. pygmaea, V. isoflavones, aurones, chalcones, and anthocyanins. thamnus - are known to cause heart failure four to eight Recently, and due to their health benefits, research on weeks after ingestion of certain rubiaceous plants.[28] the of flavonoids gained an increased pulse. Vangueria infausta, the medlar or African medlar, is a In vitro, flavonoids are effective scavengers of free [5,6] species of plant in the family Rubiaceae, which is native radicals Several prospective cohort studies have to the southern and eastern Afrotropics. The fruits are examined the relationship between some measure of consumed by humans and have a pleasant apple- like dietary flavonoid intake and coronary heart disease [7-14] flavor. The specific name infausta alludes to the (CHD) risk Some of these studies have found that misfortune believed to result from its use as higher flavonoid intakes is associated with significant firewood.[29,30] reduction in CHD risk[7-11,15] In general, the foods that contributed most to total flavonoid intake in these cohorts were black tea, apples, and onions. www.wjpls.org 139 Abdel et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences MATERIALS AND METHODS Antimicrobial assay Materials In cup plate agar diffusion assay, compound I and the Plant material chloroform fraction of Vangueria madagascariensis The fruits of Vangueria madagascariensis were collected were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against six from Niala, west Sudan. The plant was identified and standard human pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacillus authenticated by the Department of Phytochemistry and subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas Taxonomy, National Research Center, Khartoum. aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). Instruments Preparation of bacterial suspensions UV spectra were run on a Shimadzu UV – 2401PC UV- One ml aliquots of 24 hours broth culture of the test Visible Spectrophotometer. NMR spectra were measured organisms were distributed onto agar slopes and on a Joel ECA 500 NMR Spectrophotometer.Mass incubated at 37o C for 24 hours. spectra were run on a Joel Mass Spectrometer (JMS- AX500). The bacterial growth was harvested and washed off with sterile normal saline, and finally suspended in 100 ml of Methods normal saline to produce suspension containing about Extraction of Flavonoids from the fruits of Vangueria 108 104 colony forming units per ml. The suspension was madagascariensis - stored in refrigerator at 4oC until used. The average Powdered shade -dried fruits (1kg) of Vangueria number of viable organism per ml of the saline madagascariensis were extracted with 95% ethanol at suspension was determined by means of the surface ambient temperature for 24h. The solvent was removed viable counting technique. under reduced pressure giving a brown solid. Serial dilutions of the stock suspension were made in Column chromatography sterile normal saline in tubes and one drop volume (0-02 Open column (80x 4 cm) was used for fractionation of ml) of the appropriate dilution was transferred by the ethanolic extract. Silica gel with particle size 100-200 adjustable volume micropipette onto the surface of dried mesh from LOBA chemicals was used as stationary nutrient agar plates. The plates were allowed to stand for phase. The column was packed with slurry of silica gel two hours at room temperature, and then incubated at 37o with chloroform and then allowed to equilibrate for two C for 24 hours. hours before use. Preparation of fungal suspensions The column was successively eluted with chloroform: Fungal cultures were maintained on Saboraud dextrose methanol (4:1), (3:1) and (2:3).The ratio 3:1(chorofrom: agar incubated at 25oC for four days. The fungal growth methanol) gave a fraction rich in flavonoids and it was was harvested, washed with sterile normal saline and the further purified by TLC. suspension was stored in the refrigerator until used. Preparative thin – layer chromatography Testing for antibacterial activity (0.5g) of the crude product was dissolved in minimum The cup plate agar diffusion method was adopted to amount of 95%ethanol and applied on (20x20 cm) silica assess the antibacterial activity .( 2 ml) of the gel plates as narrow strips. The plates were developed standardized bacterial stock suspension were mixed with with (chlorlform: methanol; 3: 2) and the chromatograms 200 ml of sterile molten nutrient agar which was were located under UV light .Bands were scratched and maintained at 45o C in water bath.(20 ml) aliquots of the eluted from silica with absolute ethanol .After filtration, incubated nutrient agar were distributed into sterile Petri the solvent was removed in vacuo to leave compound I . dishes. The agar was left to settle. In each of these plates, which were divided into two halves, two cups in each Stepwise procedure for the use of shift reagents half (10 mm in diameter) were cut using sterile cork -Methanolic solution of the compound was first recorded borer (No. 4). Each of the halves was designed a test in UV. solution. -3 drops of NaOMe were added to the cuvette and after mixing, the NaOMe spectrum was recorded. The agar discs were removed and cups were filled with -6 drops of AlCl reagent were added to the methanolic 3 (0.1 ml) of each test solution and allowed to diffuse at solution of the flavonoid, and the AlCl spectrum was 3 room temperature for two hours. The plates were then measured. incubated in the upright position at 37o C for one hour. -3 drops of HCl were then added and after mixing, the After incubation the diameters of the resultant growth AlCl /HCl spectrum was measured. 3 inhibition zones were measured. -Powdered NaOAc was added to fresh flavonoid stock solution in the cuvette, the mixture was shaked and the The above mentioned method was adopted for antifungal NaOAc spectrum was recorded. activity, but instead of nutrient agar Saboraud dextrose -NaOAc/H3BO3 spectrum was then measured after adding H3BO3 www.wjpls.org 140 Abdel et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences agar was used. Samples were used here by the same concentrations used above. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characterization of isolated compound A successive silica gel column chromatography followed by further purification via thin layer chromatography allowed for the isolation of a flavonoid – compound I. Identification of this compound was based on extensive UV shifting reagents,IR, 1HNMR and mass spectroscopy data. Fig. 3: Sodium methoxide spectrum of compound I. Compound I was isolated from fruits of Vangueria madagascariensis as yellow solid.The IR spectrum The shift reagent sodium methoxide is a strong base (Fig.1) displayed absorption bands at ν(KBr) 673( C-H , capable of ionizing all hydroxyl functions in the Ar.) ,1105 (C-O) ,1550 , 1645 (C=C , Ar ) 1689 (C = O) -1 flavonoid nucleus , but it is diagnostic of 3- and 4'- OH , 2854 (C- H) aliphatic ,3429cm ( OH). groups .In both case it gives a bathohromic shift but with decrease in intensity in case 3-OH. Addition of the strong base NaOMe to a methanolic solution of compound I caused (Fig.3) a bathochromic shift (84nm) with decrease in intensity. This indicates the presence of a hydroxyl group at C-3.
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