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Cliffe Fort, Hoo Peninsula, Medway, Kent Investigation and Analysis Of Historic Places Investigation Cliffe Fort, Hoo Peninsula, Medway, Kent Investigation and analysis of the 19th-century Coastal Artillery Fort Andrew Williams and Sarah Newsome Discovery, Innovation and Science in the Historic Environment Research Report Series no. 15-2011 Research Report Series 015- 2011 CLIFFE FORT HOO PENINSULA MEDWAY, KENT INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE 19TH-CENTURY COASTAL ARTILLERY FORT Andrew Williams and Sarah Newsome NGR: TQ 7068 7671 © Historic England ISSN 1749-8775 The Research Report Series incorporates reports by the expert teams within the Investigation & Analysis Division of the Heritage Protection Department of Historic England, alongside contributions from other parts of the organisation. It replaces the former Centre for Archaeology Reports Series, the Archaeological Investigation Report Series, the Architectural Investigation Report Series, and the Research Department Report Series. Many of the Research Reports are of an interim nature and serve to make available the results of specialist investigations in advance of full publication. They are not usually subject to external refereeing, and their conclusions may sometimes have to be modified in the light of information not available at the time of the investigation. Where no final project report is available, readers must consult the author before citing these reports in any publication. Opinions expressed in Research Reports are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Historic England. For more information contact [email protected] or in writing to: Historic England, Fort Cumberland, Fort Cumberland Road, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LD © HISTORIC ENGLAND 015 - 2011 SUMMARY In 2010 the former English Heritage Archaeological Survey and Investigation team undertook a detailed survey of Cliffe Fort, a coastal artillery fort built in the 1860s. The fort is located on the Hoo Peninsula, Medway, in the parish of Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, on the south side of the Thames. It is 3 km west of Cliffe village in the area of the former cement works. The fort is a Scheduled Monument and is on the Heritage at Risk register, where, due to flooding, vandalism and partial collapse, the condition of the structure is described as ‘very bad’. The fort has had little previous investigation and was identified as needing detailed research by the Hoo Peninsula Historic Landscape Project, a multidisciplinary landscape project which aimed to increase our knowledge and understanding of the peninsula in order to contribute to strategic decision-making. The survey results will inform the future management of the site and provide an enhanced designation base. Cliffe Fort was part of a large and expensive defence infrastructure programme undertaken in the 1860s and incorporated the latest in fortification theory and technology. It was one of the last casemated forts with iron shields to be completed. Investigation revealed that despite some almost immediate alterations to the basement magazines, a lack of alteration in the 20th century has preserved a number of areas in the fort that reflect its late 19th century use. Later adaptations for rooftop guns reflect the changing nature of conflict through the 20th century. Research has also revealed that the fort contains one of the best preserved of the rare Brennan torpedo installations, including the remains of a unique rising observation tower. CONTRIBUTORS Sarah Newsome, Wayne Cocroft, Dave Went and Andrew Williams undertook the fieldwork. Derek Kendall undertook professional photography. Andrew Williams prepared the illustrations, researched and wrote the report with contributions from Sarah Newsome. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The project team is grateful to Brett Ltd for allowing access to the site and to the Kent Bat Group for their generous help and advice. The team would also like to thank Victor Smith for sharing his extensive knowledge of Kent's military defences. ARCHIVE LOCATION The project archive is located at the Historic England Archive, Swindon. It includes a hand-written gazetteer of survey notes. DATE OF SURVEY The survey was undertaken between June and September 2010. CONTACT DETAILS Historic England, Brooklands, 24 Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 8BU Sarah Newsome Tel: 01223 582771. Email [email protected] © HISTORIC ENGLAND 015 - 2011 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 3 3. PREVIOUS RESEARCH 5 4. DOCUMENTARY SOURCES 6 5. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FORT 9 6. THE FORT AROUND 1870: THE BASEMENT 33 7. THE FORT AROUND 1870: THE BATTERY 60 8. THE FORT AROUND 1870: THE GORGE RANGES 79 9. THE LATER 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY 111 10. THE BRENNAN TORPEDO INSTALLATION 146 11. SUBMARINE MINING AND DEFENCE ELECTRIC LIGHTS (DEL) 183 12. CLIFFE FORT 1919 - 1970 193 13. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 215 14. CLIFFE FORT’S SIGNIFICANCE IN THE NATIONAL CONTEXT 221 15. BIBLOGRAPHY 224 16. ARCHIVE REFERENCES 229 17. METHODOLOGY 235 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 015 - 2011 1. INTRODUCTION In 2010 the former English Heritage Archaeological Survey and Investigation team undertook a detailed survey of Cliffe Fort, a coastal artillery fort built in the 1860s. The fort is located on the Hoo Peninsula, Medway, in the parish of Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, on the south side of the Thames at NGR TQ7068 7671. It is 3km west of the village of Cliffe in the area of a former cement works (Figs 1 and 3). The fort is a Scheduled Monument (ME269/1003403) and is on the Heritage at Risk register, where, due to flooding, vandalism and partial collapse, the condition of the structure is described as ‘very bad’ (English Heritage 2011, 61). The slipways relating to the Brennan torpedo are not covered by the scheduling. The fort has had little investigation in the past and was identified as a key site in need of more detailed research by the Hoo Peninsula Historic Landscape Project, a multidisciplinary landscape project which aimed to increase our knowledge and understanding of the peninsula in order to contribute to strategic decision-making. The results of the survey will inform the future management of the site and provide an enhanced designation base. Harlow Chelmsford Essex Brentford Greater London Southend-On-Sea Cliffe Fort Thames Estuary R .Thames HOO PENINSULA Gravesend Rochester Canterbury Maidstone GN Kent Ashford Tunbridge Wells Folkestone East Sussex 10km Figure 1: The location of Cliffe Fort © Crown Copyright [and database rights] 2017. OS 100024900 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 1 015 - 2011 The fort was surveyed in six weeks between June and September 2010. The survey involved producing room-by-room descriptions and taking record photographs. Using a set of plans dating to 1899 (TNA: WO78/4963; App Figs 1, 2, and 3), any differences or alterations were identified. These were recorded using graphical survey techniques. Professional photographs were also taken. In some areas flooding, unsafe structures or the presence of bats restricted the survey. Electronic survey techniques were used to record alterations to the roof of the fort and a rapid walk-over survey of the glacis (at the front of the fort) was undertaken. Further details are given in the Methodology section at the end of this report. The fort is currently in the ownership of Brett Aggregates Ltd and there is no public access to the site. © HISTORIC ENGLAND 2 015 - 2011 2. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Cliffe Fort is located on the south bank of the River Thames, between Higham and Cliffe Creeks, at the point where the river turns north before heading east once more towards the Thames Estuary. It now appears isolated within the extensive quarries relating to the former Portland cement works (Fig 2). The fort is located to the north of Shornemead Fort and opposite the Coalhouse Fort at East Tilbury in Essex (Fig 3). The fort is situated on a low-lying area of reclaimed salt marsh at a height of around 3m above Ordnance Datum. It sits on alluvium which overlies Lewes Nodular, Seaford and Newhaven Chalk formations (http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyviewer/ - accessed 9/3/12). Cliffe Fort provides a habitat for a variety of wildlife including a number of protected species. It is home to a maternity roost of Daubenton bats as well as other bat species and water voles. Figure 2: The topographic setting of Cliffe Fort. (HEA 26474/018) © HISTORIC ENGLAND 3 015 - 2011 River Thames East Tilbury Former Cement Works Cliffe Fort Cliffe Coalhouse Fort Shornemead Fort Cliffe Gravesend 0 1 2 km Woods Figure 3: The location of Cliffe Fort in relation to Coalhouse Fort, Shornemead Fort, Cliffe village and the former cement works © Crown Copyright [and database rights] 2017. OS 100024900 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 4 015 - 2011 3. PREVIOUS RESEARCH Previous research into Cliffe Fort has been limited, at least in part, by access restrictions. The only known detailed archaeological survey of part of Cliffe Fort was conducted in April 1993 by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (Pattison 1993). This survey was conducted following a request from Kent County Council and recorded the two launching bays of the Brennan torpedo installation which were threatened by repairs to the river bank. Profiles and plans of both launching bays were produced using electronic survey techniques and a photographic survey (HEA photographic job: 93/48019) was also undertaken. The measured survey only records the launching slipways and the section of sea wall between them and the current fort boundary. The photographic survey includes the interior of the torpedo store and the engine room. A short report describes the condition of the launching bays and places them in historical context (Pattison 1993). Cliffe Fort is briefly noted in a number of other reports including the North Kent Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Phase II (Wessex Archaeology 2005). The majority of these reports are not detailed and none of the authors appear to have entered the fort. The North Kent Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment identifies a number of features on the shoreline which could be the remains of the pier and observation post for the Brennan torpedo installation.
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